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Chlamydia research

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Chlamydia research[1] is the systematic study of the organisms in the taxonomic group of bacteria Chlamydiota (formerly Chlamydiae), the diagnostic procedures[2] to treat infections, the disease chlamydia, infections caused by the organisms, the epidemiology of infection and the development of vaccines. The process of research can include the participation of many researchers who work in collaboration from separate organizations, governmental entities and universities.[3]

Funding

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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offers funding to research the biology, physiology, epidemiology, vaccine development, and publish systematic reviews of Chlamydia species. Other funding sources include the National Chlamydia Coalition.[4][5]

Institutes

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NIAID

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Studies continue to determine the organism's genetic makeup. NIAID-supported scientists have determined the complete genome (genetic blueprint) for C. trachomatis.[6]

Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology

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The Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology continues its research into chlamydia infection.[7][8][9] The institute has published over 140 studies related to chlamydia.[10]

Queensland University of Technology

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There are research projects in several areas at the Queensland University of Technology, including development of a human vaccine for chlamydial sexually transmitted disease and understanding basic mechanisms of regulation, including the importance of chlamydial proteases. Chlamydia infections in wildlife are part of the research into chlamydia, particularly koalas' genomics and gene regulation studies in chlamydia.[11]

A sample list of primary publications:[11]

10.1111/j.1574-695X.2011.00843.x
10.1186/1471-2334-6-152

University of Southampton

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Vaccine development at the University of Southampton continues.[12][13]

Vaccine

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Vaccine research is ongoing in independent and institutional settings.[14][15] CTH522 has completed phase 1 trials[16]

Clinical studies

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Clinical trials

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Clinical trials are used by researchers investigating the efficacy of interventions or protocol in the epidemiology, detection, prevention and treatment of chlamydia infections. Interventions are the use of medical products, medication, devices, procedures or changes in the participants' behavior. The effects on the participants are measured and compared to previous trials, placebo or a new medical approach, or to no intervention.[17] The National Institutes of Health support ongoing research in the study of chlamydia infection. At least 113 studies have been initiated as of 2015.[17][18] One example was the clinical trial of eye prophylaxis in newborns in the prevention of neonatal conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.[19]

Observational studies

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Research related to chlamydia can take the form of an observational study. This type of study assesses outcomes in groups of participants according to a research plan or protocol. The volunteers in the study may receive interventions such as medical products, medications, devices, or procedures as part of their routine medical care. The volunteers in this type of study are not assigned to specific interventions as in a clinical trial.[20] An example of an observational study regarding chlamydia infection was "Non-Invasive Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Testing in Women Seeking Emergency Contraception or Urine Pregnancy Testing: Meeting the Needs of an At-Risk Population" in 2010.[21] Observational studies employ the use of randomised control studies.[22]

Case studies

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Case studies that research the prevalence and prevention of chlamydia can include personal contact, a detailed history of the participants, extensive physical examinations, and related contextual conditions. Chlamydia case studies also can be produced by following a formal research method. These case studies are likely to appear in formal research venues, such as journals, professional conferences, and administrative science.[23][24]

In doing case study research, the case being studied may be an individual, organization, event, or action, existing in a specific time and place. For instance, clinical science has produced both well-known case studies of individuals and also case studies of clinical practices.[25][26][27]

Evidence-based research

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Evidence-based medicine chlamydia studies optimizes decision-making by employing the use of information based upon well-designed research. This approach to the study of chlamydia requires that only research conducted coming from meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and randomized controlled trials) can yield widely applied recommendations.[28][29][30] Some examples of evidence-based research on chlamydia include:

  • Chlamydia trachomatis and Genital Mycoplasmas: Pathogens with an Impact on Human Reproductive Health. Ljubin-Sternak S, Meštrović T. Journal Pathog. 2014;2014:183167. doi: 10.1155/2014/183167. Epub 2014 Dec 31.[31]
  • Screening for Gonorrhea and Chlamydia: Systematic Review to Update the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations [Internet]. Nelson HD, Zakher B, Cantor A, Deagas M, Pappas M.Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2014 Sep.[32]

References

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Using Wikipedia for Research

  1. ^ OECD (2002) Frascati Manual: proposed standard practice for surveys on research and experimental development, 6th edition. Retrieved 27 May 2012 from www.oecd.org/sti/frascatimanual.
  2. ^ Corsaro D, Greub G (2006). "Pathogenic Potential of Novel Chlamydiae and Diagnostic Approaches to Infections Due to These Obligate Intracellular Bacteria". Clin Microbiol Rev. 19 (2): 283–97. doi:10.1128/CMR.19.2.283-297.2006. PMC 1471994. PMID 16614250.
  3. ^ Valdivia, Raphael H.; Derré, Isabelle; Swiss, Rachel; Agaisse, Hervé (2011). "The Lipid Transfer Protein CERT Interacts with the Chlamydia Inclusion Protein IncD and Participates to ER-Chlamydia Inclusion Membrane Contact Sites". PLOS Pathogens. 7 (6): e1002092. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002092. ISSN 1553-7374. PMC 3121800. PMID 21731489.
  4. ^ "Supplemental FOA for Enhanced Evaluation". Center For Disease Control. July 29, 2014. Retrieved 2015-07-27.
  5. ^ "Innovative Strategies". National Chlamydia Coalition. Archived from the original on 2015-08-26. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
  6. ^ "Chlamydia Research". Retrieved 2015-07-25.
  7. ^ "Chlamydia promotes gene mutations". Max-Plank-Gesselshaft. June 20, 2013. Retrieved 2015-07-25.
  8. ^ "Max-Planck-Institut für Infektionsbiologie". Retrieved 2015-07-25.
  9. ^ Agermanguy, Prof. Dr. Thomas F. Meyer. "Chlamydien durchbrechen die körpereigene Krebsabwehr". Max-Planck-Institut für Infektionsbiologie. Archived from the original on 2015-09-08. Retrieved 2015-07-25.
  10. ^ "Search". Retrieved 2015-07-25.
  11. ^ a b "QUT - Chlamydia Research Program". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-07-25.
  12. ^ "Breakthrough chlamydia treatment". University of Southampton. Retrieved 2015-07-26.
  13. ^ "Crucial Breakthrough In Quest For Chlamydia Jab". 2011-10-17. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-07-26.
  14. ^ "Study brings chlamydia vaccine hope " The EPT". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-07-26.
  15. ^ "Significant breakthrough in study of chlamydia". ScienceDaily. October 12, 2011. Retrieved 2015-07-26.
  16. ^ Pollock, Katrina M; Borges, Álvaro H; Cheeseman, Hannah M; Rosenkrands, Ida; Schmidt, Kirstine L; Søndergaard, Rie E; Day, Suzanne; Evans, Abbey; McFarlane, Leon R; Joypooranachandran, Jennifer; Amini, Fahimah; Skallerup, Per; Dohn, Rebecca B; Jensen, Charlotte G; Olsen, Anja W (August 2024). "An investigation of trachoma vaccine regimens by the chlamydia vaccine CTH522 administered with cationic liposomes in healthy adults (CHLM-02): a phase 1, double-blind trial". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 24 (8): 829–844. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00147-6.
  17. ^ a b "Learn About Clinical Studies - ClinicalTrials.gov". Retrieved 2015-07-27.
  18. ^ "Clinical Trials.gov - A service of the U.S. National Institutes of Health". National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 2015-07-27.
  19. ^ "Clinical Trial of Eye Prophylaxis in the Newborn - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov". September 2009. Retrieved 2015-07-27.
  20. ^ "Learn About Clinical Studies - ClinicalTrials.gov". Retrieved 2015-07-27.
  21. ^ "Non-Invasive Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD) Testing in Women Seeking Emergency Contraception or Urine Pregnancy Testing: Meeting the Needs of an At-Risk Population". Retrieved 2015-07-27.
  22. ^ Oakeshott, P.; Kerry, S.; Aghaizu, A.; Atherton, H.; Hay, S.; Taylor-Robinson, D.; Simms, I.; Hay, P. (2010). "Randomised controlled trial of screening for Chlamydia trachomatis to prevent pelvic inflammatory disease: the POPI (prevention of pelvic infection) trial". BMJ. 340 (apr08 1): c1642. doi:10.1136/bmj.c1642. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 2851939. PMID 20378636.
  23. ^ Mills, Albert J.; Gabrielle Durepos; Elden Wiebe, eds. (2010). Encyclopedia of Case Study Research. California: Sage Publications. p. xxxi. ISBN 978-1-4129-5670-3.
  24. ^ Yin, Robert K. (2014). Case Study Research: Design and Methods (5th ed.). Sage Publications. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-1-4522-4256-9. Archived from the original on 2009-09-04. Retrieved 2015-07-28.
  25. ^ Rolls, Geoffrey (2005). Classic Case Studies in Psychology. Hodder Education, Abingdon, England.
  26. ^ Corkin, Suzanne (2013-05-14). Permanent Present Tense. New York: Basic Books (AZ). ISBN 978-0-465-03159-7.
  27. ^ Kessler, Rodger; Stafford, Dale (2008-04-04). Collaborative Medicine Case Studies. New York, NY: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-76893-9.
  28. ^ Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group (November 1992). "Evidence-based medicine. A new approach to teaching the practice of medicine". JAMA. 268 (17): 2420–5. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.684.3783. doi:10.1001/JAMA.1992.03490170092032. PMID 1404801.
  29. ^ Eddy DM (1990). "Practice Policies: Guidelines for Methods". JAMA. 263 (13): 1839–41. doi:10.1001/jama.263.13.1839. PMID 2313855.
  30. ^ Eddy DM (1990). "Guidelines for Policy Statements". Journal of the American Medical Association. 263 (16): 2239–43. doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03440160101046. PMID 2319689.
  31. ^ Ljubin-Sternak, S; Meštrović, T (2014). "Chlamydia trachomatis and Genital Mycoplasmas: Pathogens with an Impact on Human Reproductive Health". J Pathog. 2014: 1–15. doi:10.1155/2014/183167. PMC 4295611. PMID 25614838.
  32. ^ Nelson, HD; Zakher, B; Cantor, A; Deagas, M; Pappas, M (2014). Screening for Gonorrhea and Chlamydia: Systematic Review to Update the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations (Report). PMID 25356451.
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Case studies from the National Chlamydia Coalition

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