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Chief of Staff of the French Army

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Chief of the Army Staff
Chef d'état-major de l'armée de terre
Honor flag[1]
Incumbent
Army General Pierre Schill
since 22 July 2021
Ministry of the Armed Forces
TypeChief of Staff
AbbreviationCEMAT
Member ofChiefs of Staff Committee
Reports toChief of the Defence Staff
SeatHexagone Balard, Paris
AppointerPresident of the Republic
Requires the Prime Minister's countersignature
Formation8 June 1871; 153 years ago (1871-06-08)
First holderFrançois Hartung
DeputyMajor General of the Army
Websitedefense.gouv.fr/terre

The Chief of the Army Staff (French: Chef d'état-major de l'armée de terre,[a] CEMAT)[2] is the military head of the French Army.[3] The chief directs the army staff and acts as the principal advisor to the Chief of the Defence Staff on subjects concerning the Army.[4] As such, they ensure the operational preparedness of their service branch, express their need for military and civilian personnel, and are responsible for maintaining the discipline, morale and conduct of their troops.[5] Special responsibilities can be assigned to them in relation to nuclear safety.[6]

The chief does not have a fixed term, nor an attached rank. In practice, however, a term has never exceeded five years and all chiefs since the late 1950s have been five–stars generals (OF–09). They are assisted in their duties by the Major General of the Army who will deputise if needed.

General Pierre Schill is the current chief and has been serving since 22 July 2021.

History

[edit]

Creation

[edit]

The office was originally created on 8 June 1871 as Chief of the General Staff of the Army.[7] Following the fall of the Second French Empire, the central administration of the Ministry of War was reorganized. The Chief of Staff had full control of the operations of the army, military engineering services, military justice, and general resources such as the historic and geographic departments. The Chief reported directly to the Minister of War.

However, under some governments, the position was given a lesser importance and was attributed to a Général de brigade, the lowest of the two flag officer ranks existing at the time in the French Army. In normal circumstances, it was filled by a Général de division.

First World War

[edit]

In times of war, the Chief of Staff of the French Army took charge of general headquarters (Grand Quartier Général (1914–1919) (GQG)). During the First World War, the leader of the French Armies was variously referred to as generalissimo or commander-in-chief.[b][8] In the closing years of the First World War I, the establishment of the Supreme War Council in 1917 led to overall command being held by General Ferdinand Foch, and by mid-1918 French Army Chief Philippe Pétain was subordinate to Foch. Although the war ended with the armistice in November 1918, the war-time organisation persisted until 1920.

Interwar

[edit]

During the interwar period, command of the French Army was divided between the vice president of the Superior War Council and the chief of the general staff of the Armies. Marshal Philippe Pétain was vice president from 1920 to 1931, when he was replaced by General Weygand. After Weygand retired in 1935 he was succeeded by Gamelin who held the two positions simultaneously.

Second World War

[edit]

The position was abolished during the Battle of France and not reestablished until the end of the war.[9][10][11]

Postwar

[edit]

The modern-day office of Chief of Staff of the Army was created in 1951.[12] The Chief is placed under the authority of the Chief of the Defence Staff and is member of the Chiefs of Staff committee.

Office holders

[edit]

Third Republic

[edit]
No. Portrait Rank & Name Term Minister Commander-in-Chief Ref.
Took office Left office Duration
Office established
1 Brigade general
Edmond Hartung 		9 June 1871 2 June 1873 1 year, 358 days Ernest de Cissey
François du Barail 		Adolphe Thiers [13]
-
2 Division general
Jean-Louis Borel 		2 June 1873 2 June 1874 1 year, 0 days François du Barail
Ernest de Cissey 		Patrice de MacMahon [14]
-
3 Division general[c]
Henri Gresley 		2 June 1874 29 November 1877 3 years, 180 days Ernest de Cissey
Jean Berthaut
Gaëtan de Rochebouët 		[15]
-
4 Division general
Joseph de Miribel 		29 November 1877 25 January 1879 1 year, 57 days Gaëtan de Rochebouët
Jean-Louis Borel
Henri Gresley 		[16]
-
5 Division general
Léopold Davout 		25 January 1879 11 January 1880 351 days Henri Gresley
Jean-Joseph Farre 		Jules Grévy [17]
-
6 Division general
Omer Blot 		11 January 1880 16 November 1881 1 year, 309 days Jean-Joseph Farre
Jean-Baptiste Campenon 		[18]
-
7 Division general
Joseph de Miribel 		16 November 1881 18 February 1882 94 days Jean-Baptiste Campenon
Jean-Baptiste Billot 		[19]
-
8 Division general
Achile Vuillemot 		18 February 1882 5 January 1885 2 years, 322 days Jean-Baptiste Billot
Jean Thibaudin
Jean-Baptiste Campenon
Jules Lewal 		[20]
-
9 Division general[c]
Charles Warnet 		5 January 1885 9 April 1885 94 days Jules Lewal
Jean-Baptiste Campenon 		[21]
-
10 Division general
Amédée de Cools 		9 April 1885 10 January 1886 276 days Jean-Baptiste Campenon
Georges Boulanger 		[22]
-
11 Division general
Eugène Galland 		10 January 1886 14 January 1886 4 days Georges Boulanger [23]
-
12 Division general[c]
Savin de Larclause 		14 January 1886 6 July 1887 1 year, 173 days Georges Boulanger
Théophile Ferron 		[24]
-
13 Division general[c]
Charles Haillot 		6 July 1887 7 May 1890 2 years, 305 days Théophile Ferron
François Logerot
Charles de Freycinet 		Sadi Carnot [25]
-
14 Division general
Joseph de Miribel 		7 May 1890 29 September 1893 3 years, 145 days Charles de Freycinet
Julien Léon Loizillon 		[26]
[27]
15 Division general
Raoul de Boisdeffre 		29 September 1893 3 September 1898 4 years, 339 days Julien Loizillon
Auguste Mercier
[...]
Jean-Baptiste Billot
Jacques Cavaignac 		[28]
[27]
Jean Casimir-Perier
Félix Faure
16 Division general
Jean Renouard 		3 September 1898 5 November 1898 63 days Jacques Cavaignac
Charles Chanoine
Édouard Locroy
Charles de Freycinet 		[29]
-
17 Division general
Paul Brault 		5 November 1898 27 September 1899† 326 days Charles de Freycinet
Camille Krantz
Gaston de Galliffet 		[30]
[27]
Émile Loubet
18 Brigade general[d]
Alfred Delanne 		27 September 1899 5 July 1900 281 days Gaston de Galliffet
Louis André 		[31]
-
19 Division general[c][d]
Jean Pendézec 		5 July 1900 2 August 1905 5 years, 28 days Louis André
Maurice Berteaux 		[32]
[27]
20 Division general
Jean Brun 		2 August 1905 5 August 1909 4 years, 3 days Maurice Berteaux
Eugène Étienne
Georges Picquart
Jean Brun 		[33]
[27]
Armand Fallières
21 Division general
Édouard de Ladébat 		5 August 1909 31 May 1911 1 year, 299 days Jean Brun
Aristide Briand
Maurice Berteaux
François Goiran 		[34]
[27]
22 Division general
Augustin Dubail 		31 May 1911 29 July 1911 59 days François Goiran
Adolphe Messimy 		[35]
[27]
23 Division general
Joseph Joffre 		29 July 1911 14 December 1916 5 years, 138 days Adolphe Messimy
Alexandre Millerand
[...]
Pierre Roques
Hubert Lyautey 		[36]
[37]
Raymond Poincaré
24 Division general
Robert Nivelle 		14 December 1916 30 April 1917 137 days Hubert Lyautey
Lucien Lacaze
Paul Painlevé 		[38]
-
25 Division general
Philippe Pétain 		30 April 1917 16 May 1917 16 days Paul Painlevé [39]
-
26 Division general[e]
Ferdinand Foch 		16 May 1917 29 December 1918 1 year, 227 days Paul Painlevé
Georges Clemenceau 		[40]
-
27 Division general
Henri Alby 		29 December 1918 25 January 1920 1 year, 27 days Georges Clemenceau
André Lefèvre 		[41]
-
28 Division general
Edmond Buat 		25 January 1920 30 December 1923† 3 years, 339 days André Lefèvre
Flaminius Raiberti
Louis Barthou
André Maginot 		Paul Deschanel [42]
[43]
Alexandre Millerand
29 Division general
Eugène Debeney 		9 January 1924 3 January 1930 5 years, 359 days André Maginot
Charles Nollet
[...]
Paul Painlevé
André Maginot 		[44]
-
Gaston Doumergue
30 Division general
Maxime Weygand 		3 January 1930 10 February 1931 1 year, 38 days André Maginot
Louis Barthou
André Maginot 		[45]
-
31 Division general
Maurice Gamelin 		10 February 1931 20 May 1940 9 years, 100 days André Maginot
André Tardieu
[...]
Louis Maurin
Édouard Daladier 		[46]
[47]
Paul Doumer
Albert Lebrun
Office disestablished (1940–1945)

Fourth Republic

[edit]
No. Portrait Rank & Name Term Minister[f] Commander-in-Chief Ref.
Took office Left office Duration
Office reestablished
32 Army general
Jean de Lattre 		30 November 1945 12 March 1947 1 year, 102 days Edmond Michelet
Félix Gouin
Georges Bidault
François Billoux 		Charles de Gaulle [48]
-
Félix Gouin
Georges Bidault
Vincent Auriol
33 Corps general
Georges Revers 		12 March 1947 15 December 1949 2 years, 278 days François Billoux
Yvon Delbos
[...]
Paul Ramadier
René Pleven 		[49]
[50]
34 Corps general
Clément Blanc 		15 December 1949 16 June 1955 5 years, 183 days René Pleven
Jules Moch
[...]
Jacques Chevallier
Marie-Pierre Kœnig 		[51]
-
René Coty
35 Army general
André Zeller 		16 June 1955 2 March 1956 260 days Marie-Pierre Kœnig
Pierre Billotte
Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury 		[52]
-
36 Corps general
Jean Piatte 		2 March 1956 11 November 1956 254 days Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury [53]
-
37 Corps general
Henri Lorillot 		11 November 1956 2 July 1958 1 year, 233 days Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury
André Morice
Jacques Chaban-Delmas
Pierre de Chevigné
Charles de Gaulle 		[54]
-

Fifth Republic

[edit]
No. Portrait Rank & Name Term Minister Commander-in-Chief Ref.
Took office Left office Duration
38 Army general
André Zeller 		2 July 1958 1 October 1959 1 year, 91 days Charles de Gaulle
Pierre Guillaumat 		René Coty [55]
-
Charles de Gaulle
39 Army general
André Demetz 		1 October 1959 18 July 1962 2 years, 290 days Pierre Guillaumat
Pierre Messmer 		[56]
-
40 Army general
Louis Le Puloch 		18 July 1962 3 April 1965 2 years, 260 days Pierre Messmer -
[57]
41 Army general
Émile Cantarel 		3 April 1965 1 May 1971 6 years, 28 days Pierre Messmer
Michel Debré 		-
[58]
Georges Pompidou
42 Army general
Alain de Boissieu 		1 May 1971 1 April 1975 3 years, 335 days Michel Debré
Robert Galley
Jacques Soufflet
Yvon Bourges 		[59]
[60]
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
43 Army general
Jean Lagarde 		1 April 1975 1 October 1980 5 years, 183 days Yvon Bourges
Joël Le Theule 		[61]
-
44 Army general
Jean Delaunay 		1 October 1980 10 March 1983 2 years, 160 days Robert Galley
Charles Hernu 		[62]
[63]
François Mitterrand
45 Army general
René Imbot 		10 March 1983 25 September 1985 2 years, 199 days Charles Hernu [64]
[65]
46 Army general
Maurice Schmitt 		25 September 1985 16 November 1987 2 years, 52 days Paul Quilès
André Giraud 		[66]
[67]
47 Army general
Gilbert Forray 		16 November 1987 17 April 1991 3 years, 152 days André Giraud
Jean-Pierre Chevènement
Pierre Joxe 		[68]
[69]
48 Army general
Marc Monchal 		17 April 1991 28 August 1996 5 years, 133 days Pierre Bérégovoy
François Léotard
Charles Millon 		[70]
[71]
Jacques Chirac
49 Army general
Philippe Mercier 		28 August 1996 21 January 1999 2 years, 146 days Charles Millon
Alain Richard 		[72]
-
50 Army general
Yves Crène 		21 January 1999 1 September 2002 3 years, 223 days Alain Richard
Michèle Alliot-Marie 		[73]
[74]
51 Army general
Bernard Thorette 		1 September 2002 16 July 2006 3 years, 318 days Michèle Alliot-Marie [75]
[76]
52 Army general
Bruno Cuche 		16 July 2006 3 July 2008 1 year, 353 days Michèle Alliot-Marie
Hervé Morin 		[77]
[78]
Nicolas Sarkozy
53 Army general
Elrick Irastorza 		3 July 2008 1 September 2011 3 years, 60 days Hervé Morin
Alain Juppé
Gérard Longuet 		[79]
[80]
54 Army general
Bertrand Ract-Madoux 		1 September 2011 1 September 2014 3 years, 0 days Gérard Longuet
Jean-Yves Le Drian 		[81]
-
François Hollande
55 Army general
Jean-Pierre Bosser 		1 September 2014 31 July 2019 4 years, 333 days Jean-Yves Le Drian
Sylvie Goulard
Florence Parly 		[82]
-
Emmanuel Macron
56 Army general
Thierry Burkhard 		31 July 2019 22 July 2021 1 year, 356 days Florence Parly [83]
[84]
57 Army general
Pierre Schill 		22 July 2021 Incumbent 3 years, 116 days [85]
-

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Government of the French Republic (10 August 1939). "Marks, honors, salutes and visits in the naval forces and on board naval vessels". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  2. ^ French Army. "The Chief of the Army Staff" (in French). Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  3. ^ Defence Code – Article R3222–3 § 2
  4. ^ Defence Code – Article R*3121–25 § 1
  5. ^ Defence Code – Article R*3121–25 § 2
  6. ^ Defence Code – Article R*3121–25 § 3
  7. ^ Government of the French Republic (8 June 1871). "Décret portant organisation de l'administration centrale du ministère de la guerre". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  8. ^ Government of the French Republic (2 December 1915). "Décret portant réorganisation du haut-commandement". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  9. ^ Government of the French Republic (19 May 1940). "Décret portant réorganisation du haut-commandement". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  10. ^ Government of the French Republic (28 April 1948). "Décret portant réorganisation du haut-commandement". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  11. ^ Government of the French Republic (1 April 1950). "Décret portant réorganisation du haut-commandement". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  12. ^ Zeller, André (1974). Dialogues avec un général. Presses de la Cité. p. 14.
  13. ^ Government of the French Republic (8 June 1871). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  14. ^ Government of the French Republic (1 June 1873). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  15. ^ Government of the French Republic (1 June 1874). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  16. ^ Government of the French Republic (28 November 1877). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  17. ^ Government of the French Republic (24 January 1879). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  18. ^ Government of the French Republic (10 January 1880). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  19. ^ Government of the French Republic (15 November 1881). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  20. ^ Government of the French Republic (17 February 1882). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  21. ^ Government of the French Republic (4 January 1885). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  22. ^ Government of the French Republic (8 April 1885). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  23. ^ Government of the French Republic (9 January 1886). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  24. ^ Government of the French Republic (14 January 1886). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  25. ^ Government of the French Republic (5 July 1887). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  26. ^ Government of the French Republic (6 May 1890). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
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  34. ^ Government of the French Republic (4 August 1909). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  35. ^ Government of the French Republic (30 May 1911). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  36. ^ Government of the French Republic (29 July 1911). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  37. ^ Tucker, Spencer; Mary Roberts, Priscilla (2005). World War I: encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 616–617. ISBN 9781851094202. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
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  39. ^ Government of the French Republic (29 April 1917). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
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  41. ^ Government of the French Republic (29 December 1918). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  42. ^ Government of the French Republic (24 January 1920). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  43. ^ "French Members of Arms Parley Are Now on Scene". The Atlanta Constitution. 8 November 1921. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  44. ^ Government of the French Republic (8 January 1924). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  45. ^ Government of the French Republic (2 January 1930). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  46. ^ Government of the French Republic (9 February 1931). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". gallica.bnf.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  47. ^ "MACARTHUR RECEIVES HIGH FRENCH HONOR; Chief of Staff of Our Army Is Made Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor". The New York Times. 17 September 1931. Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
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  50. ^ M. Johnston, Andrew (2005). Hegemony and culture in the origins of NATO nuclear first-use, 1945–1955. Macmillan Publishers. p. 73. ISBN 9781403970244. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
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  52. ^ Government of the French Republic (15 June 1955). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
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  54. ^ Government of the French Republic (10 November 1956). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  55. ^ JORF #154 - P6178- 2 July 1958
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  65. ^ John Vinocur (10 March 1983). "French general ousted for disputing cutback". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
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  78. ^ Katrin Bennhold (1 July 2008). "French Army chief resigns over shooting accident". The New York Times. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
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  83. ^ Government of the French Republic (17 July 2019). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  84. ^ "Why the French army is not laughing at controversial Charlie Hebdo cartoons". France24. 2 December 2019. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  85. ^ Government of the French Republic (7 July 2021). "Décret portant affectation d'un officier général". legifrance.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved 1 September 2021.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ lit. 'Chief of Staff of the Land Army'
  2. ^ This official title (sometimes referred to as Généralissime) gave the Chief of Staff full authority over all French armies.
  3. ^ a b c d e Brigade general at the time of his appointment, promoted to Division general while in office.
  4. ^ a b Appointed "Chef d'état-major général avec le titre faisant fonction"; faisant fonction is a locution indicating that an officer is holding an office usually attached to a higher rank.
  5. ^ Subsequently appointed Supreme Allied Commander (1918–1920).
  6. ^ The Minister of War was responsible until 1947, after which the Minister of the Armed Forces took over.
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