Jump to content

Culture of Chicago

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Chicago cuisine)

People walking around Buckingham Fountain to attend a rally (2013)
Location of Chicago in the United States
Location of Chicago in the United States
class=notpageimage|
Location of Chicago in the United States

The culture of Chicago, Illinois is known for the invention or significant advancement of several performing arts, including improvisational comedy, house music, industrial music, blues, hip hop, gospel, jazz[1] and soul.[2]

The city is known for its Chicago School and Prairie School architecture. It continues to cultivate a strong tradition of classical music, popular music, dance, and performing arts, rooted in Western civilization, as well as other traditions carried forward by its African-American, Asian-American, European American and Hispanic and Latino American citizens.

The city is additionally known for various popular culinary dishes, including deep-dish pizza, the Chicago-style hot dog and the Italian beef sandwich.

Food and drink

[edit]
Part of a series on
American cuisine
Regional cuisines
Northeastern
Midwestern
Mid-Atlantic
Southern (list)
Western
Southwestern
Other
History
Ingredients and foods
Styles
Ethnic and cultural
Holidays and festivals
See also: Chicago farmers' markets, Food manufacturers of Chicago, and Cuisine of the Midwestern United States

Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties that reflect the city's ethnic and working-class roots. Among these are its nationally renowned deep-dish pizza; this style is said to have originated at Pizzeria Uno. The Chicago-style thin crust is also popular in the city. A number of well-known chefs have had restaurants in Chicago, including Charlie Trotter, Rick Tramonto, Grant Achatz, and Rick Bayless.

In 2003, Robb Report named Chicago the country's "most exceptional dining destination" and in 2008, Maxim awarded Chicago the title of "Tastiest City."

Local specialties

[edit]
Chicago-style hot dog

The most popular Chicago-style foods are:

  • The Chicago-style hot dog, traditionally a steamed or boiled, natural-casing all-beef wiener on a poppy-seed bun, topped with yellow mustard, chopped onion, sliced tomato, neon-green sweet-pickle relish, sport peppers, a dill pickle spear, and a sprinkling of celery salt—but never ketchup.[3][4][5]
  • Chicago-style pizza includes deep-dish pizza with a tall outer crust and large amounts of cheese, with chunky tomato sauce on top of the cheese instead of underneath it.[6][7] Similar to this is stuffed pizza, with even more cheese, topped with a second, thinner crust.[8] Also very popular in Chicago is a type of thin-crust pizza called "tavern style", which has a very thin, crispy crust and is cut into squares instead of wedges.[8][9]
  • The Italian beef, a sandwich featuring thinly sliced roast beef simmered in a broth (known locally as "gravy") containing Italian-style seasonings and served on an Italian roll soaked in the meat juices. Most beef stands offer a "cheesy beef" option, which is typically the addition of a slice of provolone or mozzarella. A "combo" is a beef sandwich with the addition of grilled Italian sausage. Italian beef sandwiches are traditionally topped with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera.[10][11]

Other Chicago-style dishes include:

  • A francheezie is a variation of the Chicago-style hot dog. The hot dog is wrapped in bacon and deep-fried, and either stuffed or topped with cheese.[12][13]
  • Maxwell Street Polish, named after Maxwell Street where it was first sold. It is a Polish sausage made with beef and pork, and with garlic and other spices, served on a bun with grilled onions.[14][15][16][17]
  • The jibarito is a specialty sandwich that originated in the heart of Chicago's Puerto Rican community. Invented by Borinquen Restaurant in the Humboldt Park neighborhood, a jibarito is made with meat or chicken, and condiments, placed between two pieces of fried and flattened plantain instead of bread.[18][19][20]
  • Chicken Vesuvio, an Italian-American dish made from chicken on the bone and wedges of potato, celery, and carrots; sauteed with garlic, oregano, white wine, and olive oil, then baked until the chicken's skin becomes crisp.[21][22]
  • Shrimp DeJonghe, a casserole of whole peeled shrimp blanketed in soft, garlicky, sherry-laced bread crumbs.[23][24]
  • The mother-in-law is a tamale on a hot dog bun, topped with chili.[19][25]
  • Chicago also has its own unique style of tamale, machine-extruded from cornmeal and wrapped in paper, and typically sold at hot dog stands.[26]
  • Gyros are popular in Chicago. While some restaurants still make their own gyro cones, Chicago is the hometown of mass-produced gyros.[27][28]
  • Flaming saganaki was popularized by restaurants in the Greektown neighborhood. A square piece of kasseri, kefalotyri, or a similar cheese is fried in a small, two-handled pan, topped with a splash of brandy, and served flambé-style, traditionally with a cry of "Opa!" from the waiter.[29][30][31]
  • A pizza puff is a deep-fried dough pocket filled with cheese, tomato sauce, and other pizza ingredients such as sausage. Indigenous to Chicago, pizza puffs can be found at some hot dog restaurants.[32][33][34][35]
  • A pepper and egg sandwich combines scrambled eggs and grilled bell peppers, served on French bread. Originally eaten during Lent by Italian immigrants in Chicago, it now can be found in some casual dining restaurants.[36][37][38]
  • The big baby, a style of a double cheeseburger with the cheese in between the hamburger patties, ketchup, mustard, and pickle slices underneath them, and grilled onions on top; said to have originated at Nicky's The Real McCoy in the Gage Park neighborhood.[39][40][41]
  • The breaded-steak sandwich, a specialty particularly found in the Bridgeport neighborhood, which consists of a flattened inexpensive cut of beef that has been breaded, fried Milanesa-style and served on an Italian bread roll with marinara sauce, topped with optional mozzarella cheese with a choice of green peppers or giardiniera.[42]
  • The Freddy, a sandwich consisting of an Italian sausage patty topped with green peppers, mozzarella and marinara served on a bun. It is typically found in sandwich shops and pizzerias on the South Side and its adjacent suburbs.[43][44][45]
  • Pork chop sandwiches, served bone-in with mustard and grilled onions, are popular on the South Side.[46]
  • The gym shoe (sometimes spelled Jim Shoe or Jim Shoo), a submarine sandwich made with a combination of corned beef, gyros, and either roast beef or Italian beef.[47][48][49][50]
  • Chicago-style barbecue, particularly rib tips and hot links. This is barbecue that has been cooked in an aquarium smoker, a rectangular indoor smoker with glass sides and a large compartment for a wood fire under the grill.[51][52][53][54][55] Barbecued ribs are also very popular in Chicago.[56][57]
  • Mild sauce, a condiment made with barbecue sauce, ketchup, and hot sauce, and sometimes other ingredients such as honey or sugar. Mild sauce is used as a topping on fried chicken and other foods, and was popularized at fast food restaurants in Chicago's African-American community including Harold's Chicken Shack, Uncle Remus Saucy Fried Chicken, and Coleman's Barbecue.[58][59][60][61]
  • Giardiniera – spicy, chopped, pickled vegetables in oil – is popular as a condiment in the Chicago area. For example, it is commonly used as a topping on Italian beef sandwiches. Giardienera was brought to the city by immigrants from Sicily, where it is served as a side dish. Chicago-style giardiniera has vegetables that are chopped very finely, and uses oil and not vinegar as a base.[62]
  • Popcorn from Garrett Popcorn Shops, including their "Garrett Mix" flavor that is a combination of cheddar cheese popcorn and caramel popcorn.
  • Atomic cake, featuring banana, yellow, and chocolate cake layers alternating with banana, strawberry, and fudge fillings.[63][64]
  • Chicago Brick ice cream, a Neapolitan-style three-flavor ice-cream with orange sherbet, vanilla, and caramel flavors.[65][66]

Restaurant scene

[edit]
See also: List of Michelin starred restaurants in Chicago

Chicago features many restaurants that highlight the city's various ethnic neighborhoods, including Chinatown on the South Side, Swedish/Nordic Andersonville on North Clark Street, Greektown on Halsted Street, and Little Italy on Taylor Street and the Heart of Italy. The South Asian community along Devon Avenue hosts many Pakistani and Indian eateries. The predominantly Mexican neighborhoods of Pilsen and Little Village are home to numerous eateries ranging from small taquerías to full scale restaurants. Several restaurants featuring Middle Eastern fare can be found along Lawrence Avenue, while Polish cuisine is well represented along Milwaukee Avenue on the Northwest side and Archer Avenue on the Southwest side. A large concentration of Vietnamese restaurants can be found in the Argyle Street district in Uptown.[67]

Along with ethnic fare and fast food, Chicago is home to many steakhouses, as well as a number of upscale dining establishments serving a wide array of cuisine. Some notable destinations include Frontera Grill, a gourmet Mexican restaurant owned by chef and Mexico: One Plate at a Time host, Rick Bayless; Graham Elliot's eponymous restaurant, Graham Elliot; Jean Joho's Everest, a new-French restaurant located on the top floor of the Chicago Stock Exchange building downtown, and Tru from chefs Rick Tramonto and Gale Gand.

Chicago has become known for its ventures in molecular gastronomy, with chefs Grant Achatz of Alinea,[68] Homaro Cantu of Moto,[69] and Michael Carlson of Schwa.

Black restaurants

[edit]

Many African American migrants who were entrepreneurs would open restaurants, female entrepreneurs especially. Food-related businesses had a low threshold for entry because many African Americans were raised in environments where food was a central part of life.[70]

The Chicago Tribune in 2019 identified five "iconic black restaurants" run by five families as having some of the best food in the city. They were Harold's Chicken Shack (founded 1950), Lem's Bar-B-Q (founded 1954), Uncle Remus Saucy Fried Chicken (founded 1963), Taurus Flavors (founded 1966) and Old Fashioned Donuts (founded 1972).[71] The city is also home to many fried-shrimp shacks.[72][73][74]

Conferences and events

[edit]

Taste of Chicago is a large annual food festival held in early July in Grant Park in downtown Chicago. It features booths from dozens of Chicago-area restaurants, as well as live music.[75]

Beginning in 2015, Chicago Black Restaurant Week is an annual celebration of various Black cuisines where more than 20 different restaurants come together in February during Black History Month to share their foods.[76]

In 2001, the Culinary Historians of Chicago held a "Grits and Greens" conference at Harold Washington College. The conference was focused on highlighting the contribution of African-American women in shaping the culinary culture of Chicago's black community. Over the course of two days, the event brought together an array of people, including authors, chefs, and professors. The programming of the event featured a variety of activities, such as a gala held at Roosevelt University and tours of the southwest neighborhoods of Chicago.[77]

Brewing

[edit]

Chicago has a long brewing history that dates back to the early days of the city.[78] While its era of mass-scale commercial breweries largely came to an end with Prohibition, the city today has a large number of microbreweries and brewpubs.[79][80] According to 2018 report by the Brewers Association, Chicago had the most breweries of any metropolitan area in the country, with 167 total.[81] Included among these are craft brewers like Half Acre, Metropolitan, Off Color, Pipeworks and Revolution Brewing.[82][83]

The two largest breweries in Chicago[84] are Lagunitas, based in Petaluma, California and now owned by Heineken International,[85] and Goose Island, founded in Chicago in 1988 and now owned by Anheuser-Busch InBev.[86]

Annual events include Illinois Craft Beer Week,[87][88] the Festival of Barrel-Aged Beers (known as FOBAB),[89][90] the Chicago Beer Festival,[91] and the Chicago Beer Classic.[92][93]

In the mid- to late-20th century, the most popular beer in Chicago was Old Style, a mass-produced lager that at the time was brewed by G. Heileman in La Crosse, Wisconsin. The Old Style brand is now owned by the Pabst Brewing Company which supervises its production under contract by MillerCoors.[94][95][96][97][98]

Distilled spirits

[edit]

Jeppson's Malört is a brand of bäsk, a Swedish-style liqueur flavored with wormwood. Known for its bitter taste, it can be found in some Chicago-area taverns and liquor stores, but is seldom seen elsewhere in the country. The Carl Jeppson Company was founded in Chicago in the 1930s.[99] Malört was made in Chicago until the mid-'70s, when the Mar-Salle distillery that produced it for the Carl Jeppson Company closed. It was made in Kentucky briefly, after which it was produced in Florida for many years.[100] In 2018, Jeppson's Malört was acquired by Chicago-based CH Distillery,[101] and in 2019 production was moved back to Chicago.[102]

Koval, Chicago's first distillery to operate within city limits since Prohibition, began operation in 2008. Located in the Andersonville neighborhood on the city's North Side, Koval offers a wide range of spirits and was featured on the Chicago ("World's Greenest Beer") episode during the second season of the Esquire Network show Brew Dogs in 2014.[103]

Cohasset Punch is a brand of rum-based drink first created by Chicago bartenders Lewis Williams and Tom Newman in the 1890s.[104] Officially classified as a liqueur, Cohasset Punch can also be considered a bottled cocktail or punch. It has been referred to as "the definitive Chicago cocktail",[105] and a 1902 trade journal remarked that "what the mint julep is to the South, Cohasset Punch is to Chicago."[106] Cohasset Punch was produced until the late-1980s, and was relaunched under new ownership in 2024.[107][108]

Music

[edit]
Main article: Music of Chicago
See also: Chicago record labels and List of musicians from Chicago

Chicago has made many significant pop-cultural contributions in the field of music: Chicago blues, Chicago soul, jazz, gospel, indie rock, hip hop, industrial music, punk rock, and acid house. With the advent of the Chicago house in the 1980s, the city is also the birthplace of the house style of music, which helped lead to the development of techno music in Detroit, Michigan.

Chicago artists have played an influential role in the R&B–soul genre. Popular R&B or soul artists to hail from Chicago include Sam Cooke, R. Kelly, Curtis Mayfield, The Impressions, Jerry Butler, The Chi-Lites, Ahmad Jamal, Dave Hollister, Jennifer Hudson, Baby Huey, and Carl Thomas.

Willie Dixon

Prominent figures from Chicago blues include Sunnyland Slim, Howlin' Wolf, Muddy Waters, Sonny Boy Williamson, Willie Dixon, Elmore James, Albert King, Koko Taylor, Otis Spann, Little Walter, Lonnie Brooks, Junior Wells, Syl Johnson, Buddy Guy, Magic Sam, Magic Slim, Luther Allison, Freddie King, Eddy Clearwater, and Otis Rush.

Jazz musicians based in Chicago have included Jelly Roll Morton, Bix Beiderbecke, Benny Goodman, Sun Ra, Von Freeman, and Dinah Washington. The city is the home of the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians, a group of musical artists who helped pioneer avant-garde jazz.

The hip hop scene in Chicago is also very influential, with major artists including Kanye West, Chance the Rapper, Twista, Common, Lupe Fiasco, Crucial Conflict, Psychodrama, Cupcakke, Da Brat, Shawnna, Chief Keef, King Louie, Lil Reese, and Rhymefest.

The rock band Chicago was named after the city, although its original name was the Chicago Transit Authority. The band's name was shortened to Chicago after the CTA threatened to sue them for unauthorized use of the original trademark. Popular 1980s band Survivor is from Chicago.

Many mainstream rock bands hail from Chicago or were made famous there. Among these are The Blues Brothers, the aforementioned Chicago, Styx, Cheap Trick, REO Speedwagon, Survivor, the Butterfield Blues Band, and the Siegel–Schwall Band.

Chicago has also been home to a thriving folk music scene, particularly in the 1960s and 1970s. John Prine, Steve Goodman and Bonnie Koloc were the most prominent folk singer–songwriters of that time.

In the late 1970s, local band The Shoes arguably started indie rock with a power pop album recorded in their living room.[citation needed] 1980s and 1990s alternative bands Local H, Eleventh Dream Day, Ministry, Veruca Salt, My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult, Material Issue, Liz Phair, Urge Overkill, and The Smashing Pumpkins hail from Chicago. Contemporary rock bands The Lawrence Arms, Soil, Kill Hannah and Wilco are also Chicago-based. The 2000s have seen local artists Disturbed, Alkaline Trio, The Academy Is, Rise Against, The Audition, Spitalfield, Chevelle, the Plain White T's, Kanye West, Lupe Fiasco, and Fall Out Boy also attain success in the U.S.

Chicago has become known for indie rockers following in the paths of the Smashing Pumpkins, Urge Overkill, Wilco, and The Jesus Lizard; bands like The Sea and Cake, Califone, OK Go, Andrew Bird and Umphrey's McGee hail from the city. Tim and Mike Kinsella, hailing from Chicago, fronted several seminal 90s emo bands: Cap'n Jazz, American Football, Owen, Joan of Arc, and Owls. Matthew and Eleanor Friedberger of The Fiery Furnaces, who now reside in Brooklyn, New York are originally from Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. Chicago is also home to many independent labels like Thrill Jockey, Drag City, and others, and to the popular music-news website Pitchfork Media.

A handful of punk rock bands are based in Chicago. Some of the more famous punk rock products of the city are Naked Raygun, The Effigies, Big Black and Shellac (featuring Steve Albini), and Screeching Weasel. Many of these punk and indie bands got their start at noted alternative music venues Metro (originally Cabaret Metro), Lounge Ax, Empty Bottle, Double Door, and The Fireside Bowl.

Chicago is also known for being the "birthplace of American Industrial Music",[This quote needs a citation] as many bands got their start in Chicago. The city was also home of the now-defunct Wax Trax! Records record label which once had KMFDM, Ministry, Front 242, PIG, Front Line Assembly, My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult, Coil, and more on its roster.

The Chicago Symphony Orchestra is one of the nation's oldest and most respected orchestras. It is well regarded throughout the world through tours in both Asia and Europe and also through a large number of recordings widely available. Perhaps because of Chicago's historically large German-American population, the CSO is particularly well known for its performances of pieces by German composers.

Chicago also has a thriving and youthful contemporary classical scene. Major venues for new music include concerts by the International Contemporary Ensemble, Ensemble Dal Niente, Third Coast Percussion, Fulcrum Point and the CSO's MusicNOW series. Composers of note include Augusta Read Thomas, Lee Hyla, Marcos Balter, Kirsten Broberg, Hans Thomalla, Jay Alan Yim and Shulamit Ran.

While lacking a school of music with the stature of the Juilliard School or the Curtis Institute of Music, the Chicago area does have a number of colleges. The best known outside of the region is the Northwestern University Bienen School of Music. The Chicago College of Performing Arts at Roosevelt University and the School of Music at DePaul University are both working to expand their reputations.

Chicago's colorful history and culture have provided inspiration for a wide variety of musical compositions. In the 19th century, the chain of events surrounding the Great Chicago Fire led Chicago resident Horatio Spafford to write the hymn "It Is Well With My Soul".

Annual music festivals in Chicago with free admission include the Chicago Blues Festival, the Chicago Jazz Festival, the Grant Park Music Festival, and World Music Festival Chicago. Annual ticketed festivals in the city include Lollapalooza, Pitchfork Music Festival, Riot Fest, North Coast Music Festival, Spring Awakening, Ruido Fest, and Chicago Open Air.

Performing arts

[edit]
Main article: Theater in Chicago
Chicago Theatre

Chicago is a major center for theater and is the birthplace of modern improvisational comedy.[109] The city is home to two renowned comedy troupes: The Second City and iO Theater (formerly known as ImprovOlympic). The form itself was invented at the University of Chicago in the 1950s by an undergraduate performance group called the Compass Players, whose members went on to found Second City. It was also home to one of the longest running plays in the country—the Neo-Futurists' Too Much Light Makes the Baby Go Blind, an ensemble of 30 plays in 60 minutes.

Since their foundings in 1925 and 1974, Goodman Theatre, downtown, and Steppenwolf Theatre Company on the city's north side have nurtured generations of actors, directors, and playwrights. They have grown into internationally renowned companies of artists. Many other theaters, from nearly 100 black box performances spaces like the Strawdog Theatre Company in the Lakeview area to landmark downtown houses like the Chicago Theatre on State and Lake Streets, present a wide variety of plays and musicals, including touring shows and original works such as the premiere in December 2004 of Spamalot. The Chicago Shakespeare Theater, Lookingglass Theatre Company, and the Victory Gardens Theater have won regional Tony Awards, along with Goodman and Steppenwolf. Broadway In Chicago, created in July 2000, hosts touring productions and Broadway musical previews at: Bank of America Theatre, Cadillac Palace Theatre, Ford Center for the Performing Arts Oriental Theatre. Broadway In Chicago provides over 7,500 jobs and an economic impact of over $635 million.[110] Polish language productions for Chicago's large Polish speaking population can be seen at the historic Gateway Theatre in Jefferson Park.

The Lyric Opera of Chicago, founded in 1954, performs in the Civic Opera House. The Civic Opera House was built in 1929 on the east bank of the South Branch of the Chicago River. The Lyric Opera purchased the Civic Opera House in 1993.[111]

The Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago was founded by Lithuanian Chicagoans in 1956,[112] and presents operas in Lithuanian. It celebrated fifty years of existence in 2006, and operates as a not-for-profit organization. It is noteworthy for performing the rarely staged Rossini's William Tell (1986) and Ponchielli's I Lituani (1981, 1983 and 1991), and also for contributing experienced chorus singers to the Lyric Opera of Chicago.[113] The opera Jūratė and Kastytis by Kazimieras Viktoras Banaitis was presented in Chicago, Illinois in 1996.[114]

The Joffrey Ballet makes its home in Chicago. Other ballet, modern and jazz dance troupes that are located in the city include Hubbard Street Dance Chicago, River North Chicago Dance Company, Gus Giordano Jazz Dance Chicago, Chicago Dance Crash, Thodos Dance Chicago, Chicago Festival Ballet and The Joel Hall Dancers.

The city's Uptown is reportedly the birthplace of Slam Poetry, a style of spoken word poetry that incorporates elements of hip hop culture, drama, jazz and lyricism.

Sports

[edit]
Main article: Sports in Chicago
See also: U.S. cities with teams from four major league sports

Chicago is one of 13 metropolitan areas that have major league baseball, football, basketball, and hockey teams. In four of these metropolitan areas the teams from all four sports play their games within the limits of one city — Chicago, Detroit, Philadelphia, and Denver. Four of the metropolitan areas have two baseball teams — Chicago, New York City, Los Angeles, and the San Francisco Bay Area — and of these four, only Chicago has had the same two teams since the American League was established in 1901.

The Chicago White Sox of the American League, who won the World Series in 1906, 1917, and 2005, play at Rate Field, located on the city's South Side in the Armour Square neighborhood.

Wrigley Field, home of the Chicago Cubs

The Chicago Cubs of the National League, who won the World Series in 1907, 1908, and 2016, play at Wrigley Field, located in the North Side neighborhood of Lakeview. The area of Lakeview near the stadium is commonly referred to as "Wrigleyville."

Soldier Field, home of the Chicago Bears

The Chicago Bears of the National Football League play at Soldier Field. The Bears have won nine American Football championships (eight NFL Championships and Super Bowl XX) trailing only the Green Bay Packers, who have 13.

The Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association are one of the world's most recognized basketball teams, thanks to their enormous success during the Michael Jordan era, when they won six NBA titles in the 1990s. The Bulls play at the United Center on Chicago's Near West side.

The Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League also play at the United Center. The Hawks are an Original Six franchise, founded in 1926, and have won six Stanley Cups, in 1934, 1938, 1961, 2010, 2013, and 2015.

The Chicago Fire, members of Major League Soccer, won one league and four US Open Cups since 1997. They play their home games at Soldier Field.

The Chicago Red Stars of the National Women's Soccer League play at SeatGeek Stadium. The team was founded in 2009.

The Chicago Sky of the Women's National Basketball Association play at Wintrust Arena. The Sky won the WNBA Championship in 2021.

The Chicago Wolves of the American Hockey League play at the Allstate Arena in nearby Rosemont. The Wolves won the league championships in 1998, 2000, 2002, and 2008. Their first season was 1994–95.

One NCAA Division I college football team plays in the Chicago area — the Northwestern Wildcats, in nearby Evanston. Chicago-area college basketball teams competing at the Division I level are the Northwestern Wildcats, the DePaul Blue Demons, the Loyola Ramblers, the UIC Flames, and the Chicago State Cougars.

Minor league baseball teams that play near Chicago include the Kane County Cougars, the Windy City ThunderBolts, the Schaumburg Boomers, the Joliet Slammers, the Gary SouthShore RailCats, and the Chicago Dogs.

The Chicago Bandits, a women's professional softball team, play their home games at Rosemont Stadium.

The Chicago Mustangs of the Major Arena Soccer League play at the Sears Centre in Hoffman Estates.

The Windy City Bulls are an NBA G League team affiliated with the Chicago Bulls. They play their home games at the Sears Centre in Hoffman Estates.

The city is home to several roller derby leagues, including the Windy City Rollers and the Chicago Outfit.

The Chicago Swans are the Australian rules football club in the city, competing in the Mid American Australian Football League.

Rugby teams in the city include the Chicago Lions and the Chicago Griffins.

There are two facilities for auto racing near Chicago, both of them in Joliet. Chicagoland Speedway hosts NASCAR races, and the Route 66 Raceway is the site of drag racing events.

Thousands of long-distance runners from around the world compete in the Chicago Marathon each October.

In most of the U.S., softball is played with a 12-inch ball, but in Chicago 16-inch softball is more popular.[115][116][117]

Chicago hosted the 1959 Pan American Games, and Gay Games VII in 2006. The city made an unsuccessful bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics, though it was heavily favored.[118][119]

Visual arts

[edit]
Main article: Visual arts of Chicago
The Chicago Picasso

Chicago is home to a lively fine arts community. A high concentration of contemporary art galleries can be found in the River North and West Loop neighborhoods, though a great amount of arts activity also centers around Ukrainian Village. Chicago visual art has had a strong individualistic streak, little influenced by outside fashions. "One of the unique characteristics of Chicago," said Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts curator Bob Cozzolino, "is there's always been a very pronounced effort to not be derivative, to not follow the status quo",[120] and arts pioneers such as Stanislav Szukalski who were tied to the "Chicago Renaissance" helped to fashion the city into a nexus for new trends in art.[121]

Chicago has long had a strong tradition of figurative surrealism, as in the works of Ivan Albright and Ed Paschke. In 1968 and 1969, members of the Chicago Imagists, such as Roger Brown, Leon Golub, Robert Lostutter, Jim Nutt, and Barbara Rossi produced bizarre representational paintings. Today Robert Guinan paints gritty realistic portraits of Chicago people which are popular in Paris, although he is little known in Chicago itself.

These same impulses also appeared in Chicago's lively street photography scene, gaining notoriety through artists centered around the Institute of Design such as Harry Callahan, Aaron Siskind, as well as in the work of nanny-savant Vivian Maier. Bob Thall's beautiful, bleak photographs of Chicago-area architecture have also won much acclaim.[122]

Chicago has a Percent for Art program of public artworks, although it is notoriously more opaque and secretive than that of most other cities; arts activist such as Paul Klein and attorney Scott Hodes have long criticized its lack of public accountability.[123]

Chicago is home to a number of large, outdoor works by well-known artists. These include the Chicago Picasso, Miró's Chicago, Flamingo and Flying Dragon by Alexander Calder, Batcolumn by Claes Oldenburg, Cloud Gate by Anish Kapoor, Crown Fountain by Jaume Plensa, Man Enters the Cosmos by Henry Moore, Agora by Magdalena Abakanowicz, Fountain of Time by Lorado Taft, and the Four Seasons mosaic by Marc Chagall.

Architecture

[edit]
Main article: Architecture of Chicago

The central part of Chicago was largely destroyed by the Chicago Fire in 1871. Almost all the buildings currently standing in the city's downtown area were built after that, one exception being the Chicago Water Tower.

The Wrigley Building and Tribune Tower

Around the turn of the twentieth century, Chicago was a key location in the development of the skyscraper. This movement was spearheaded by architects promoting the Chicago School design philosophy, including Louis Sullivan and others. Notable tall buildings and skyscrapers built before the mid-1930s include the Rookery Building, the Auditorium Building, the Chicago Cultural Center, the Monadnock Building, the Reliance Building, the Sullivan Center, the Marquette Building, the Chicago Building, the Wrigley Building, Tribune Tower, the London Guarantee Building, 333 North Michigan, the Jewelers' Building, the Palmolive Building, the Carbide & Carbon Building, Riverside Plaza, the Merchandise Mart, and the Chicago Board of Trade Building.

In the 1940s, a modernist Second Chicago School of architecture emerged from the work of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. Buildings that he designed include 860–880 Lake Shore Drive, Crown Hall, 330 North Wabash, and the Kluczynski Federal Building.

The tallest buildings in Chicago are Willis Tower, Trump Tower, the St. Regis Chicago, the Aon Center, and the John Hancock Center. Willis Tower was originally named Sears Tower, and was the tallest building in the world from 1973 to 1998. It is now the third-tallest building in the United States, after One World Trade Center and Central Park Tower, though the height to the roof of Willis Tower is greater than that of One World Trade Center.[124]

Other architecturally significant modern and postmodern skyscrapers in Chicago include the Inland Steel Building, Marina City, Lake Point Tower, the CNA Center, 333 Wacker Drive, the Crain Communications Building, the Thompson Center, the Harold Washington Library, and Aqua.

The Prairie School of architecture originated in Chicago, which is home to a number of buildings by Frank Lloyd Wright and other Prairie School architects. Examples include Robie House and the First Congregational Church of Austin.

The Pullman District was the first planned industrial community in the United States.

Some neighborhoods in the city have many Chicago bungalow houses. Built mostly between 1910 and 1940, these single-family homes are narrow, 1+1⁄2-story brick structures, with gables parallel to the street.

Literature

[edit]
Main article: Chicago literature

Early writers associated with Chicago include Theodore Dreiser, Eugene Field, Hamlin Garland, Edgar Lee Masters, and Frank Norris.[125] Poets have included Gwendolyn Brooks and Carl Sandburg. Other notable writers often associated with the city's literary tradition include Nelson Algren, Saul Bellow, John Dos Passos, James T. Farrell, Lorraine Hansberry, Ernest Hemingway, Upton Sinclair, Studs Terkel, and Richard Wright.

Public attractions

[edit]
The main hall of the Field Museum of Natural History in 2007, with Sue the T. rex in the foreground

Popular public attractions in Chicago include the Museum of Science and Industry, the Field Museum of Natural History, Adler Planetarium, Shedd Aquarium, Lincoln Park Zoo, the Chicago History Museum, Millennium Park, and Navy Pier.

The city has a number of art museums, of which the two largest are the Art Institute and the Museum of Contemporary Art.

One weekend each August the city hosts the Chicago Air & Water Show, a free exhibition on the shores of Lake Michigan.

Flag and municipal device

[edit]
Main articles: Flag of Chicago and Municipal device of Chicago
Flag of Chicago

The flag of Chicago consists of four red stars and two blue stripes on a white background. The stars represent events in the history of the city – the establishment of Fort Dearborn in 1803, the Chicago Fire in 1871, the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, and the Century of Progress Exposition in 1933. The stripes represent the North and South branches of the Chicago River. The flag is very popular in the city, both for its bold design and as a sign of civic pride.[126][127][128]

Less well-known is the Chicago municipal device, a symbol that looks like the letter Y inside a circle. According to the Municipal Code of Chicago, the device is "for use by the varied unofficial interests of the city and its people". Its design is inspired by the confluence of the North, South, and main branches of the Chicago River at Wolf Point. The municipal device can be seen in various places around the city – for example on the marquee of the Chicago Theatre.[129][130]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Research Resources on Chicago, Jazz, and the Great Migration" Archived February 21, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, University of Chicago Library. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
  2. ^ "Chicago Soul" Archived February 11, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, AllMusic. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
  3. ^ Zeldes, Leah A. (July 7, 2010). "Eat this! The Chicago Hot Dog, Born in the Great Depression" Archived January 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Dining Chicago. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
  4. ^ Zeldes, Leah A. (July 22, 2010). "Do Only Barbarians Put Ketchup on Hot Dogs?", Dining Chicago. Archived from the original on December 30, 2010. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
  5. ^ Adams, Cecil (August 30, 1991). "Why Is There No Ketchup on a Properly Made Hot Dog". The Straight Dope. Archived from the original on August 20, 2021. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
  6. ^ "Who Invented Deep Dish", Chicago Tribune, February 18, 2009. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
  7. ^ Kindelsperger, Nick (June 2, 2014). "The Best Deep Dish Pizza in Chicago" Archived January 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Serious Eats. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
  8. ^ a b Ali, Tanveer; Ludwig, Howard (January 13, 2015). "A Guide to Chicago Pizza: From Deep-Dish to Tavern-Style and Beyond" Archived January 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, DNAinfo. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
  9. ^ McClelland, Edward (June 30, 2020). "Tavern Style Isn't Just Chicago's Signature Pizza, but Its Signature Food". Chicago Magazine. Archived from the original on February 27, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
  10. ^ Pang, Kevin (December 6, 2015). "Hunting the Best Italian Beef in Chicago" Archived October 31, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
  11. ^ Dolinsky Steve (March 10, 2015). "The 31 Essential Italian Beef Joints in Chicago(land)" Archived October 18, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, SteveDolinsky.com. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
  12. ^ Bruno, Pat (April 14, 1989). "Frank Talk about Francheezies". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  13. ^ Brusin, Josh (September 15, 2005). "Francheezie... Cambridge House – RIP" Archived March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Chicago Foodies. Retrieved November 12, 2015.
  14. ^ Eng, Monica; Leroux, Charles (October 1, 2004). "The Original Maxwell Street Market", Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  15. ^ Zeldes, Leah A. (October 22, 2008). "Help for the Kielbasa Conundrum", Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on August 19, 2010. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
  16. ^ Kindelsperger, Nick (August 2009). "Standing Room Only: Polish Sausages at Jim's Original". Serious Eats. Archived from the original on May 11, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  17. ^ "Maxwell Street Polish from Jim's". Sandwich Tribunal. September 9, 2014. Archived from the original on August 3, 2016. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  18. ^ Eng, Monica (June 18, 2003). "Saga of a Sandwich", Chicago Tribune. Retrieved March 24, 2016.
  19. ^ a b Zeldes, Leah A. (January 22, 2010). "City of the Big Sandwiches: Four Uncommon Chicago Meals on a Bun". Dining Chicago. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved June 16, 2010.
  20. ^ Anderson, Lindsey (August 23, 2017). "Eight Places to Eat Puerto Rican Jibaritos in Chicago". Eater Chicago. Archived from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
  21. ^ Sarazen, Raeanne S. (June 13, 2001). "Would Appreciate It If You Would Send Me a Recipe For..." Archived January 5, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
  22. ^ Royer, Blake (December 15, 2011). "Dinner Tonight: Chicken Vesuvio" Archived February 3, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Serious Eats. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
  23. ^ Camp, Paul A.; Brownson, JeanMarie (January 27, 1985). "The Heavenly Recipe That Helped Make Henri De Jonghe Immortal", Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
  24. ^ Olvera, Jennifer (February 23, 2013). "Sunday Supper: Garlicky Shrimp de Jonghe" Archived September 21, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Serious Eats. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
  25. ^ Edge, John T. (May 19, 2007). "Making a Mother-in-Law Sandwich". NPR. Archived from the original on February 4, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
  26. ^ Zeldes, Leah A. (December 18, 2009). "The Unique Chicago Tamale, a Tuneful Mystery". Dining Chicago. Archived from the original on December 21, 2009. Retrieved December 18, 2009.
  27. ^ Segal, David (July 14, 2009). "The Gyro's History Unfolds" Archived April 22, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2016.
  28. ^ Kindelsperger, Nick (July 19, 2018). "Best Gyros in Chicago? Look for the Pork". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
  29. ^ Roy, Joe (February 10, 2012). "TGI Fry-Day: Saganaki at the Parthenon" Archived June 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Serious Eats. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
  30. ^ Johnson, Charles J. (September 8, 2014). "Parthenon Blazes a Trail" Archived June 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 5, 2016.
  31. ^ Procopio, Michael (September 29, 2010). "Saganaki, Unflamed" Archived June 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Food for the Thoughtless. Retrieved May 5, 2015.
  32. ^ Kindelsperger, Nick (December 7, 2017). "Where Did the Pizza Puff Come From? Can It Even Be Considered a Chicago Classic?" Archived April 12, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
  33. ^ "Pizza Puff: Your New Favorite Fried Pizza Product" Archived January 29, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, American Fun Fact of the Day, July 2, 2015. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  34. ^ Kuban, Adam (December 15, 2010). "What Is a Pizza Puff"? Archived October 16, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Serious Eats. Retrieved January 23, 2015.
  35. ^ Pirnia, Garin (February 15, 2015). "15 Foods Invented (or Perfected) in Chicago Besides Deep Dish Pizza" Archived February 28, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Mental Floss. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  36. ^ Ali, Tanveer (February 24, 2015). "Where to Get Pepper and Egg Sandwiches, a Chicago Lent Tradition" Archived January 29, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, DNAinfo. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  37. ^ Skoch, Rebecca (March 4, 2014). "4 Places for Pepper and Egg Sandwiches in Chicago" Archived January 26, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, TimeOut Chicago. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  38. ^ Vettel, Phil (February 18, 2015). "Go Meatless with These Pepper and Egg Sandwiches" Archived February 2, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  39. ^ Chu, Louisa (July 27, 2016). "Big Baby, Just a South Side Double Cheeseburger or the Chicago-Style Burger?". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on June 10, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  40. ^ "The Big Baby – The Chicago Classic You May Not Know". Eater Chicago. January 26, 2015. Archived from the original on March 24, 2017. Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  41. ^ Engler, Peter (January 28, 2005). "The Burger that Ate Chicago". Time Out Chicago. Archived from the original on September 15, 2015. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
  42. ^ Berg, Ted (March 3, 2015). "Chicago Has the Best Sandwich in the World and Most People Don't Even Know It". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
  43. ^ G., Renee (August 31, 2007). "The Freddy, Another Little Known Southside Sandwich". LTHForum. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  44. ^ "City of the Big Sandwiches: Four Uncommon Chicago Meals on a Bun". Dining Chicago. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  45. ^ "Calabria Imports". Food Network. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
  46. ^ "Bone-In Pork Chop Sandwich Recipe". www.seriouseats.com. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  47. ^ Konkol, Mark (June 5, 2015). "Decadent 'Gym Shoe' at Stony Sub Might Be South Side's Best Sandwich Ever". DNAinfo. Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
  48. ^ Kindelsperger, Nick (June 2012). "Standing Room Only: In Search of the Gym Shoe, Chicago's Unsung Sandwich". Serious Eats. Archived from the original on March 23, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
  49. ^ Chillag, Ian (August 12, 2013). "Sandwich Monday: The Jim Shoe". NPR. Archived from the original on June 6, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
  50. ^ Nolledo, Michael (April 7, 2017). "The Anatomy of the Gym Shoe, Chicago's Unsung Sandwich Hero". InsideHook. Archived from the original on October 4, 2017. Retrieved June 3, 2017.
  51. ^ Zeldes, Leah A. (2008). "Smoke 'Em If You Got 'Em". Dining Chicago. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2015. On the West and South sides, barbecue joints tend to be strictly take-out places, and the style is typically smokier and chewier, cooked in aquarium smokers. (Developed in the 1950s and unique to Chicago, these rectangular cookers with transparent doors get their name from their resemblance to fish tanks.)
  52. ^ Freeman, Sarah (June 15, 2016). "What Is Chicago-Style Barbecue, Anyway?" Archived June 18, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Chicago Eater. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  53. ^ Carter, Theresa (October 25, 2016). "Aquarium Smokers & Pitmaster Legends: The Great Chicago BBQ Tour". The Local Tourist. Archived from the original on March 23, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2017.
  54. ^ Owens, Hunter (August 3, 2016). "Welcome to America's Unsung Barbecue City: Chicago". Saveur. Archived from the original on April 26, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
  55. ^ Kindelsperger, Nick (June 26, 2019). "Where to Find the Best Barbecue on Chicago's South Side, Where the Rib Tip and Hot Link Combo Is King". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on June 26, 2019. Retrieved June 26, 2019.
  56. ^ Goldwyn, Meathead. "The History of Chicago Barbecue". Amazing Ribs. Archived from the original on July 29, 2017. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  57. ^ Kindelsperger, Nick (June 12, 2017). "Is Chicago Still a Rib Town? One Reporter Eats All Over the City to Find Out". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on July 22, 2017. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  58. ^ Daley, Bill (June 24, 2017). "What's the Story? Answering a Reader's Questions About Mild Sauce, the Condiment You'll Find Only in Chicago". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on March 30, 2020. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
  59. ^ Jackson, Scoop (November 6, 2019). "The Beauty and Mystery of Mild Sauce". Newcity. Archived from the original on November 7, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
  60. ^ Burress, Hannibal (February 13, 2017). "The Simple Genius of Mild Sauce". Chicago Magazine. Archived from the original on December 30, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
  61. ^ Infante, Dave (November 20, 2017). "Chicago's Most Underappreciated Food Icon". Thrillist. Archived from the original on November 8, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
  62. ^ Kindelsperger, Nick (May 19, 2017). "How Giardiniera Crossed an Ocean to Become Chicago's Favorite Condiment". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on March 31, 2022. Retrieved June 3, 2021.
  63. ^ Chu, Louisa (June 12, 2013). "Chicago Food and Drink Destinations: The Intangible Cultural Heritage List" Archived September 19, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, WBEZ. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
  64. ^ Chu, Louisa (March 10, 2017). "Celebrating Atomic Cake, the Iconic South Side Creation That Defies Gravity". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on March 10, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017.
  65. ^ "Dean's Country Fresh Classic Chicago Brick Ice Cream". Dean's Dairy. Archived from the original on February 8, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2018.
  66. ^ Gunderson, Erica (July 9, 2020). "Ask Geoffrey: The Scoop on Chicago's Brick Ice Cream". WTTW. Archived from the original on January 17, 2021. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
  67. ^ Thompson, Aimee (March 16, 2014). "Little Saigon: An Afternoon Exploring Chicago's Vietnamese Neighborhood with Your Family" Archived January 16, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, ChicagoNow. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
  68. ^ "Staff". Alinea Restaurant. Archived from the original on September 10, 2011.
  69. ^ "Review". metromix.com. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011.
  70. ^ Poe, Tracy N. (1999). "The Origins of Soul Food in Black Urban Identity: Chicago, 1915-1947". American Studies International. 37 (1): 4–33. ISSN 0883-105X. JSTOR 41279638. Archived from the original on October 27, 2022. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  71. ^ Chu, Louisa (June 25, 2019). "The founders of 5 iconic Black restaurants in Chicago, and how they helped form a culinary culture". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on June 26, 2019. Retrieved June 26, 2019.
  72. ^ Ruscitti, Titus (July 2, 2014). "The 10 Best Fried Shrimp Shacks in Chicago" Archived January 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Thrillist. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  73. ^ Dolinsky, Steve (February 10, 2011). "Top 5 Shrimp Shacks in Chicago" Archived January 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, WBEZ 91.5. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  74. ^ "The 15 Best Places for a Fried Shrimp in Chicago" Archived February 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Foursquare, January 20, 2016. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  75. ^ "History of the Taste of Chicago" Archived November 28, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, City of Chicago. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
  76. ^ "Chicago Black Restaurant Week: Steeped in history, the event is ever-evolving". Chicago Sun-Times. February 12, 2023. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved March 30, 2023.
  77. ^ Smith-Colin, Mattie (June 20, 2001). "'Grits And Greens' conference celebrates African American women". Chicago Defender. Real Times, Inc. p. 13. ISSN 0745-7014.
  78. ^ Kaplan, Jacob (August 20, 2009). "Bygone Breweries" Archived June 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Forgotten Chicago. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
  79. ^ Ori, Ryan (November 21, 2015). "Chicago Is the Craft-Brew Capital of the U.S. – By One Measure, at Least". Crain's Chicago Business. Retrieved August 29, 2017. Raise a glass, Chicago, to your new title: craft beer capital of the country. Craft brewers in the Chicago area occupy an estimated 1.6 million square feet of commercial real estate, more than any other metro area in the country, according to a report from Seattle-based brokerage Colliers International. The area also has the second-most craft breweries with 144, behind only Portland, Ore.'s 196.
  80. ^ Skotch, Rebecca (June 12, 2017). "With Nearly 200 Breweries and Counting, Here's How Chicago's Crowded Beer Scene Is Adapting". Ad Week. Archived from the original on August 30, 2017. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
  81. ^ Noel, Josh (December 11, 2018). "Cheers, Chicago! You're home to the most breweries in the U.S." chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on August 17, 2019. Retrieved August 22, 2019.
  82. ^ "Illinois Breweries" Archived June 5, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, RateBeer. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
  83. ^ "Updated: Chicago Brewery List" Archived February 24, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, The Hop Review. Retrieved February 23, 2015.
  84. ^ Karl (January 30, 2017). "Just How Big Is Lagunitas Chicago, Anyways?". Guys Drinking Beer. Archived from the original on August 29, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2017.
  85. ^ Noel, Josh (May 4, 2017). "Lagunitas Selling Remaining Stake to Heineken as Founder Magee Seeks Growth for Brand". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on May 4, 2017. Retrieved May 4, 2017.
  86. ^ MacArthur, Kate (March 28, 2011). "Chicago Craft-Beer Brewer Goose Island Sells to Anheuser-Busch". Crain's Chicago Business. Archived from the original on December 14, 2018. Retrieved April 4, 2017.
  87. ^ Noel, Josh (May 14, 2014). "Chicago Craft Beer Week Begins", Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
  88. ^ Noel, Josh (March 15, 2018). "Craft Beer Week Isn't Just for Chicago Anymore". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  89. ^ Montoro, Philip (November 18, 2013). "The Festival of Wood and Barrel Aged Beer: Still Completely Ridiculous, Still Definitely Great" Archived February 22, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Chicago Reader. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
  90. ^ Noel, Josh (October 26, 2022). "20 Years of FOBAB: How the Nation's Signature Barrel-Aged Beer Festival Grew into a Chicago Legend". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on November 2, 2022. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
  91. ^ Sudo, Chuck (March 27, 2012). "Chicago Beer Festival: Does Location Make the Festival?" Archived January 16, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Chicagoist. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
  92. ^ Thiel, Julia (May 15, 2013). "Drinking on Soldier Field: The First American Beer Classic" Archived March 11, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Chicago Reader. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
  93. ^ Zoller, Mike (April 11, 2016). "Chicago's Largest Beer Festival Returns as Chicago Beer Classic". PorchDrinking.com. Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
  94. ^ Jargon, Julie (August 13, 2005). "New Style for a 103-Year-Old Brand". Crain's Chicago Business. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved February 25, 2021. Old Style, once Chicago's best-selling beer, is attempting a comeback with a new marketing campaign aimed at Chicagoans too young to remember its 1970s heyday.... Hip probably has never been used to describe Old Style, a no-frills beer long favored by blue-collar workers. In the '80s, Old Style had more than 30% of the local beer market. But in recent years, internal strife and industry trends have taken their toll on the century-old beer, depressing Old Style's Chicago-area marketshare to less than 5%, according to ACNielsen Corp.
  95. ^ Karl (July 24, 2014). "Old Style: The Q&A". Guys Drinking Beer. Archived from the original on April 2, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
  96. ^ "It May Be a Crap Lager But It's Our Crap Lager". October. March 8, 2017. Archived from the original on April 2, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2017.
  97. ^ Fecile, John (December 28, 2019). "Signs of the Times: How Chicago Bars Got So Many Old Style Signs". WBEZ. Archived from the original on January 11, 2020. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
  98. ^ Chappell, Bill (November 29, 2018). "Pabst Blue Ribbon Gets a Reprieve, Will Continue to Be Brewed by MillerCoors". NPR. Archived from the original on March 20, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
  99. ^ Peters, Mark (November 20, 2012). "In Chicago, a Spirit Rises Despite Bitter Reviews" Archived October 22, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 22, 2015.
  100. ^ Brown, Mark (May 6, 2007). "What Drink Asks 'Are You Man Enough?'", Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine on September 30, 2007. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
  101. ^ Trotter, Greg (October 5, 2018). "Pilsen Distillery Acquires Malort, Aims to Bring Production of the Bitter Liquor Back to Chicago". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on October 5, 2018. Retrieved October 5, 2018.
  102. ^ Chu, Louisa (February 22, 2019). "After 30 Years, Malort Is Home. Production of the Bitter Liqueur Returned to Chicago This Week". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on February 23, 2019. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  103. ^ "Brew Dogs – Episode Descriptions" Archived February 24, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Esquire Network, May 20, 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2015.
  104. ^ Wondrich, David (2022). "Cohasset Punch". In Wondrich, David; Rothbaum, Noah (eds.). The Oxford Companion to Spirits and Cocktails. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 186–187. ISBN 978-0-19-931113-2.
  105. ^ Felten, Eric (December 20, 2008), "Drinking the Chicago Way", WSJ, retrieved May 20, 2024
  106. ^ "The Origin of Cohasset Punch". Bonfort's Wine & Spirit Circular. Vol. 58, no. 7. August 10, 1902. p. 305.
  107. ^ Hammond, David (January 12, 2024). "Want to party like it's 1899? One Chicagoan is working to revive Cohasset Punch liqueur". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 19, 2024.
  108. ^ Hurt, Jeanette (April 28, 2024). "Drinks Historian Revives Chicago's Signature Cocktail, Cohasset Punch". Forbes. Retrieved May 19, 2024.
  109. ^ Sawyer, R Keith (September 30, 2002). Improvised Dialogue. Ablex/Greenwood. p. 14. ISBN 1-56750-677-1.
  110. ^ Burghart, Tara (January 16, 2007). "Study Outlines Chicago Theater Impact", San Francisco Chronicle.
  111. ^ Morris, Noel (October 31, 2014). "Lyric Opera Timeline: The First 60 Years". WFMT. Archived from the original on May 25, 2019. Retrieved May 25, 2019.
  112. ^ "About the Lithuanian Opera Company, Inc. in Chicago". Lithuanian Opera Co. Archived from the original on December 21, 2005. Retrieved September 14, 2006.
  113. ^ Marsh, Robert C. (July 10, 2006). "Author's Preface". In Pellegrini, Norman (ed.). 150 Years of Opera in Chicago. DeKalb, Illinois: Northern Illinois University Press. xii. ISBN 0-87580-353-9.
  114. ^ "Posters by Ada Sutkus for the Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago". Lituanus.org. Archived from the original on December 17, 2010. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
  115. ^ Doster, Adam (August 9, 2012). "Gloves Off: The History and Uncertain Future of the Second City's Mutant Strain of Softball" Archived March 13, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, The Classical. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  116. ^ Raye-Stout, Cheryl (October 9, 2012). "What Is the Deal with Chicago's Ginormous 16-inch Softballs?" Archived January 16, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, WBEZ. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  117. ^ Owens, John (November 7, 2022). "'Chicago's Game': 16-Inch Softball, Created on Near South Side, Celebrates 135th Anniversary". ABC7 Chicago. Archived from the original on November 17, 2022. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  118. ^ Levine, Jay (July 26, 2006). "Chicago in the Running to Host 2016 Summer Games", CBS. Archived from the original on November 10, 2006. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
  119. ^ "Official Chicago 2016 Website Archived January 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine." Retrieved on December 1, 2006.
  120. ^ Joann Loviglio, "Chicago Art Stars in Philly Exhibition", Chicago Sun-Times, Wednesday, February 22, 2006, p. 49
  121. ^ Duffey, Bernard I. (February 2, 2008). "The Chicago renaissance in American letters: a critical history - Bernard I. Duffey - Google Books". Archived from the original on November 1, 2023. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
  122. ^ Warren, Lynn, Art in Chicago 1945-1995, Thames & Hudson, 1996 ISBN 978-0-500-23728-1
  123. ^ Nance, Kevin (June 10, 2007). "Artists Plan Protest on Public Art Policy", Chicago Sun-Times, p. 10A.
  124. ^ McGeehan, Patrick; Baglinov, Charles V. (November 12, 2013). "By a Spire, Manhattan Regains a Title from Chicago" Archived July 27, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, New York Times. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  125. ^ Centerstage Media, LLC. "19th Century - Chicago City Life in Chicago, Illinois". Centerstagechicago.com. Archived from the original on October 18, 2011. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
  126. ^ Rumore, Kori (June 13, 2016). "Chicago's Flag: The History of Every Star and Every Stripe". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on June 15, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  127. ^ Loerzel, Robert (August 22, 2013). "Chicago's Flag Is a Much Bigger Deal Than Any Other City's Flag". Chicago Magazine. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  128. ^ Ramos, Elliot (December 14, 2011). "In Chicago, the City Flag Is on Everything, Everyone". WBEZ. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  129. ^ Gill, Andrew (June 11, 2012). "Chicago's Municipal Device: The City's Symbol Lurking in Plain Sight". WBEZ. Archived from the original on October 25, 2019. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  130. ^ Kaplan, Jacob (December 10, 2008). "The Municipal Device". Forgotten Chicago. Archived from the original on April 9, 2011. Retrieved October 25, 2019.

Further reading

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Chicago&oldid=1263828949#Food_and_drink"