Cheta (armed group)
A cheta (Albanian: çeta; Aromanian: ceatã; Bulgarian: чета; Greek: τσέτης; Romanian: ceată; Turkish: çete; Serbian: чета, romanized: četa), in plural chetas, were irregular armed bands present throughout the 19th-century Ottoman Empire, particularly in Anatolia and in the Balkans. The members of the chetas were called "chetniks".[1][2]
In the late Ottoman Empire, armed rebellions became a chronic feature during the struggle for Macedonia of 1893 to 1912 as armed groups of pro-Bulgarian,[3][4] as well as pro-Serbian, pro-Greek, Aromanian and Albanian formations fought against each other as well as against the Ottoman troops, trying to impose their nationality on the territory's inhabitants at a time when increasingly harsh Ottoman crackdowns indicated that reform and reconciliation of the Ottoman state with the various nationalist groups seemed increasingly less likely.[5][6][7] The cheta was usually led by a leader, called a voivoda.
The Serbian word četa ("troop") has a proto-Slavic origin; cognate words exist in most Slavic languages.[8]
Muslim chetas were active in Asia Minor after World War I. They were notorious for their assaults on Christian Orthodox Armenians, Greeks, and Assyrians during the late Ottoman genocides of c. 1913 to c. 1924.[9][10] The term was also used as a synonym for members of the Ottoman Empire's Special Organization[11] (operative c. 1913 to 1920).
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ The war correspondence of Leon Trotsky: The Balkan Wars 1912-13, Author: Leon Trotsky, Publisher Resistance Books, 1980, p. 227., ISBN 0-909196-08-7
- ^ Handan Nezir-Akmese: The Birth of Modern Turkey. The Ottoman Military and the March to WWI, I.B.Tauris, 2005, ISBN 1850437971, p. 52.
- ^ "The IMARO activists saw the future autonomous Macedonia as a multinational polity, and did not pursue the self-determination of Macedonian Slavs as a separate ethnicity. Therefore, Macedonian was an umbrella term covering Bulgarians, Turks, Greeks, Vlachs, Albanians, Serbs, Jews, and so on." Historical Dictionary of Macedonia, Historical Dictionaries of Europe, Dimitar Bechev, Scarecrow Press, 2009, ISBN 0810862956, "Introduction".
- ^ The political and military leaders of the Slavs of Macedonia at the turn of the century seem not to have heard the call for a separate Macedonian national identity; they continued to identify themselves in a national sense as Bulgarians rather than Macedonians.[...] (They) never seem to have doubted "the predominantly Bulgarian character of the population of Macedonia". The Macedonian conflict: ethnic nationalism in a transnational world, Princeton University Press, Danforth, Loring M. 1997, ISBN 0691043566, p. 64.
- ^ Vickers, Miranda (2011). The Albanians: A Modern History. I.B. Tauris: 28 January 2011.
- ^ "Vulturii Pindului – 13. Luptele fârșeroților cu antarții". Armatolii (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 13 September 2021.
- ^ The establishment of the Balkan national states, 1804-1920, Volume 8 from A History of East Central Europe, Barbara Jelavich, University of Washington Press, 1986, p. 135., ISBN 0-295-96413-8
- ^ https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/četa
- ^ Kevorkian, Raymond (2011). The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-0-85773-020-6.
- ^ Shirinian, George N. (2017). Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913-1923. Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-78533-433-7.
- ^ Akçam, Taner (2008). "Guenter Lewy's The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey". Genocide Studies and Prevention. 3 (1): 111–145. doi:10.3138/gsp.3.1.111.