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Chelated platinum

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Chelated platinum is an ionized form of platinum that forms two or more bonds with a counter ion.[1] Some platinum chelates are claimed to have antimicrobial activity.

Synthesis

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Although the concept and practical use of metal chelation is common, chelation of inert metals, such as platinum, has been rarely reported and the yield was extremely low.[2] To produce chelated platinum solution, tetraammonium EDTA, NTA, DTPA or HEDTA type chelating agent was mixed with platinum or platinum chemical compounds. The resulting chelated platinum would be in 4 forms:

  • EDTA: (i) (NH4)4-(EDTA)n•Pt, (ii) (NH4)4-n(EDTA•Pt), (iii) K4-n(EDTA•Pt) or (iv) K2-n(EDTA•Pt).
  • NTA: (i) (NH4)4-(NTA)n•Pt, (ii) (NH4)4-n(NTA•Pt), (iii) K4-n(NTA•Pt) or (iv) K2-n(NTA•Pt).
  • DTPA: (i) (NH4)4-(DTPA)n•Pt, (ii) (NH4)4-n(DTPA•Pt), (iii) K4-n(DTPA•Pt) or (iv) K2-n(DTPA•Pt).
  • HEDTA: (i) (NH4)4-(HEDTA)n•Pt, (ii) (NH4)4-n(HEDTA•Pt), (iii) K4-n(HEDTA•Pt) or (iv) K2-n(HEDTA•Pt).

The core technique was the usage of a bridge-type heterogeneous chelation architecture to capture metal in a stable water-soluble state. Surprisingly, platinum ion in this particular multi-phase bridged chelated state is amazingly stable. Chelated platinum solution is in the form of high energy dielectric aqueous solution.

Silver, platinum and gold are best known precious metals. However, from a more comprehensive and chemistry point of view, they should be described as inert metals. Inert metals are very stable. They are difficult to participate directly in ordinary acid-base reactions and turn into metal compounds. Therefore, they can stay alone in the form of single element in nature. To turn silver, platinum and gold into metal complex, it can only be performed in very special and particular reaction environment. Furthermore, it is much more difficult to make inert metals into its chelated form which is stable in acidic and basic conditions. The critical reason is that it should undergo a treatment process that involve a great amount of energy in order to achieve a water-soluble state.

Antimicrobial and antiviral properties

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Generally, it is not a simple process to turn an inert precious metal directly into its water-soluble ionic state. Material under high energy treatment would gain certain amount of energy according to energy storage effect. Therefore, when inert metal directly turns into its ionic water-soluble state under high energy treatment, it is certain that this aqueous solution would possess large amount of energy. Due to the high energy state and dielectric properties of platinum metal ion in chelated state, the energy conversion at the contact point between platinum ion and bacteria, which is similar to the situation of electrical short circuit, would lead to cell burst and trigger bactericidal effect. Furthermore, platinum ion in chelated state is much more stable than ordinary metal ion in aqueous solution. Also, the concentration and density of chelated platinum ion can be freely adjusted, this characteristic provides effective concentration for anti-microbial and anti-viral activity. Besides, platinum is known to be the best catalyst in the world. The concept of catalyst is that on one hand it triggers catalyzing and reversible reactions, but on the other hand, it does not involve directly in the chemical reaction. Thus, during the microbial eliminating process, there is no deterioration in chelated platinum ion content, such that the bactericidal effective can be continued and sustainable.

Besides the effect surface energy, it is also speculated that the antimicrobial and antiviral properties of platinum would involve the following aspects. Same as other antimicrobial and antiviral metal ions, such as silver,[3] gold,[4] and copper[5] platinum ion is also positively charged. Based on the chemical characteristics, the surface of either Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria is negatively charged[6] Meanwhile, similar surface characteristics could be found in fungi and enveloped virus.[7] The positively charged platinum ions would be attracted by the negatively charged cell surface through electrostatic interaction and involved in electron transfer. With the destabilization of cell membrane, change in membrane potential, pH and local conductivity, the permeability of the membrane would be significantly increased, leading to the rupture of microbe or virus outer membrane layer. Furthermore, some functional group of proteins might bind to metal ion that would cause protein denaturation. Eventually cell death or disruption of virus structure would be triggered.[5][7][8][9][10] Apart from the structural damage of membrane, metal ions also contribute to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside the cell. ROS would oxidize glutathione, which is vital compound in bacteria carry out antioxidant defense system to combat against ROS.[8] Consequently, the cell would be destructed due to the reduction of intracellular ATP level, cellular enzyme denaturation, interruption of protein synthesis and DNA damage contributed by the oxidative stress or direct interaction with the metal ion.[11][12] Since the interaction of metal ion with some atoms, such as nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur, which are abundant in most cellular biomolecules, is very strong and non-specific, therefore, metal ion could possess a broad spectrum of antimicrobial property.[13]

Safety

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Regarding safety concern, platinum cannot be absorbed by the body. Platinum has widely been used in numerous kinds of medical implants, such as dental alloys, aneurysm coils, medical device electrodes, coronary stents and catheters.[14] Allergy of platinum metal in human has rarely been reported. Only platinum compounds which possess labile leaving groups coordinated to platinum, such as complex halogenated platinum salts or cisplatin, show hypersensitivity and/or toxicity to human.[15][16] Since the chelated platinum ion is tightly bound to the chelating agent in the form of macromolecule, therefore, toxicity problem would not be an issue.

References

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  1. ^ MacNevin, W. M.; Kriege, O. H. (1955-04-01). "Chelation of Platinum Group Metals". Analytical Chemistry. 27 (4). U.S.: American Chemical Society: 535–536. doi:10.1021/ac60100a012.
  2. ^ Pomogailo AD, Uflyand IE (October 1990). "Macromolecular platinum metals chelates" (PDF). Platinum Metals Review. 34 (4): 185–91.
  3. ^ Chen X, Schluesener HJ (January 2008). "Nanosilver: a nanoproduct in medical application". Toxicology Letters. 176 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.10.004. PMID 18022772.
  4. ^ Abdel-Kareem MM, Zohri AA (November 2018). "Extracellular mycosynthesis of gold nanoparticles using Trichoderma hamatum: optimization, characterization and antimicrobial activity". Letters in Applied Microbiology. 67 (5): 465–475. doi:10.1111/lam.13055. PMID 30028030. S2CID 51701685.
  5. ^ a b Lara HH, Ayala-Nuñez NV, Ixtepan-Turrent L, Rodriguez-Padilla C (January 2010). "Mode of antiviral action of silver nanoparticles against HIV-1". Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 8 (1): 1. doi:10.1186/1477-3155-8-1. PMC 2818642. PMID 20145735.
  6. ^ Slavin YN, Asnis J, Häfeli UO, Bach H (October 2017). "Metal nanoparticles: understanding the mechanisms behind antibacterial activity". Journal of Nanobiotechnology. 15 (1): 65. doi:10.1186/s12951-017-0308-z. PMC 5627441. PMID 28974225.
  7. ^ a b Kim J, Lee J, Kwon S, Jeong S (February 2009). "Preparation of biodegradable polymer/silver nanoparticles composite and its antibacterial efficacy". Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. 9 (2): 1098–102. doi:10.1166/jnn.2009.C096. PMID 19441464.
  8. ^ a b Stensberg MC, Wei Q, McLamore ES, Porterfield DM, Wei A, Sepúlveda MS (July 2011). "Toxicological studies on silver nanoparticles: challenges and opportunities in assessment, monitoring and imaging". Nanomedicine. 6 (5): 879–98. doi:10.2217/nnm.11.78. PMC 3359871. PMID 21793678.
  9. ^ Dakal TC, Kumar A, Majumdar RS, Yadav V (2016-11-16). "Mechanistic Basis of Antimicrobial Actions of Silver Nanoparticles". Frontiers in Microbiology. 7: 1831. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01831. PMC 5110546. PMID 27899918.
  10. ^ Ren G, Hu D, Cheng EW, Vargas-Reus MA, Reip P, Allaker RP (June 2009). "Characterisation of copper oxide nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 33 (6): 587–90. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.12.004. PMID 19195845.
  11. ^ Das B, Dash SK, Mandal D, Ghosh T, Chattopadhyay S, Tripathy S, et al. (2017). "Green synthesized silver nanoparticles destroy multidrug resistant bacteria via reactive oxygen species mediated membrane damage". Arabian Journal of Chemistry. 10 (6): 862–876. doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.08.008.
  12. ^ Cui Y, Zhao Y, Tian Y, Zhang W, Lü X, Jiang X (March 2012). "The molecular mechanism of action of bactericidal gold nanoparticles on Escherichia coli". Biomaterials. 33 (7): 2327–33. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.11.057. PMID 22182745.
  13. ^ Yuan P, Ding X, Yang YY, Xu QH (July 2018). "Metal Nanoparticles for Diagnosis and Therapy of Bacterial Infection". Advanced Healthcare Materials. 7 (13): e1701392. doi:10.1002/adhm.201701392. PMID 29582578. S2CID 4430566.
  14. ^ Lambert JM (July 2006). "The nature of platinum in silicones for biomedical and healthcare use". Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials. 78 (1): 167–80. doi:10.1002/jbm.b.30471. PMID 16470825.
  15. ^ "Platinum (EHC 125, 1991)". inchem.org.
  16. ^ "Toxicity of Platinum and Platinum Compounds (with Summaries for Other PGMs). Safe Use Platin Gr Met Work" (PDF).[permanent dead link‍]
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