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Charter to the Normans

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Granting of the Norman Charter

The Charter to the Normans, or Norman Charter,[1] is a document granting certain rights or privileges to the Normans, issued on March 19, 1315,[2] by the King of France, Louis X, who, in response to the impatient Norman barons, confirmed all its terms in July 1315.[3]

To appease the Normans' periodic revolts, the king had to recognize the specificity of Normandy, and this charter, along with the second one from 1339, echoing Magna Carta or the Charter of Liberties of the English, would be considered until 1789 as the symbol of Norman particularism.

Context

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In 1314, Philip the Fair imposed a new tax to finance a Flemish expedition. This new contribution, deemed disproportionate given the stakes, would trigger a wave of protests throughout the kingdom. Philip the Fair's successor, his son Louis X, granted a series of provincial charters to calm the spirits. The Charter to the Normans was the first among them. It would be followed by: two charters to the people of Languedoc on April 1, 1315, and January 1316; the charter to the Bretons in March 1315; two charters to the Burgundians in April 1315 and May 17, 1315; two charters to the Champenois in May 1315 and March 1316; the charter to the Auvergnats in September 1315, reproduced for all the Lower Marches — namely, Poitou, Touraine, Anjou, Maine, Saintonge, and Angoumois —; the charter to the people of Berry in March 1316; and the charter to the people of Nivernais in May 1316.[4]

Versions

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Three versions of the Charter to the Normans appear in the collection of the Ordonnances des rois de France.[5] Two are dated March 19, 1315: one consists of fourteen articles in Latin; the other consists of twenty-four articles in French. The third consists of twenty-four articles in Latin and is dated from Vincennes, July 1315.[5][6][7][8]

Content

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This charter, which was to play a fundamental role in the collective consciousness and imagination of the Normans, ascended to the status of myth to become the very symbol of Norman protest, even as it was regularly violated and, over the centuries, Normans forgot its content altogether. It provided the province with guarantees in legal, fiscal, and judicial matters and will be regularly brandished during times of crisis, particularly when it came to opposing Norman's specificity to royal centralism. Rarely turned against the power itself, protest was more likely to be directed against its manifestations.

The charter of 1315, and then that of 1339,[9] guaranteed them the right to never be summoned before a jurisdiction other than that of their province. When a royal ordinance violated any provision thereof, the express reservation added to it recalled the existence of this right, even when it was infringed upon: Notwithstanding the clameur de haro and the Norman charter.[10]

The first two articles of the charter concern monetary issues.[11] Since the 11th century, all Normans paid the "monnéage" to the duke, a direct tax of twelve deniers per household every three years. In return, the duke waived his right to change the currency.[12] Article 2 relates to the hearth tax.[11] It specifies that it will be collected under custom, meaning for a fixed amount of twelve denarius per household, with numerous exemptions that the king now undertakes to respect.[11]

Articles 3 and 4 concern military issues.[13] Article 4 deals with the "ost."[13] The king renounced demanding more from his vassals than the service they owe according to custom, which is forty days.[13]

Articles 5 and 6 concern private property.[14] Article 13 deals with the right of shipwreck;[15] Article 20, with feudal and lineal withdrawals.[15]

Article 9 concerns third parties and danger, a double right owed to the king on the harvest and sale of wood from his domain; it excludes deadwood — meaning lower quality green wood: willow, blackthorn, thorns, brambles, elder, alder, broom, juniper, and blackberry — as well as trees felled by the storm.[16]

Article 15 limits the use of torture.[17]

Article 16 regulates lawyers remuneration.[17]

Article 18 recognizes the Normans' right to be judged in Normandy, according to Norman custom, and ultimately before the Exchequer;[18] it regains its status as a French ancien parliament, with its judgments no longer subject to appeal before the Parlement of Paris.[19]

Article 22 concerns the taxation issue.[20] It recognizes the king's right to collect customary aids, first documented in 1190 and known in the 13th century as the "three feudal aids," the "three capital aids," or the "three aids of Normandy."[21] The king renounces the levying of new taxes "except in cases of great necessity.”[20]

Confirmations

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The Charter to the Normands was confirmed by King Philippe VI of France in 1339 and then by his son, Duke Jean de Normandy.[22] King Charles V the Wise did not confirm the charter,[23] unlike his son and successor, King Charles VI, who confirmed it on January 25, 1381.[22][24] During the Hundred Years’ War, King Henri V of England confirmed the charter in 1419[citation needed], and then Duke Jean de Bedford, regent of the Kingdom of France, did it on behalf of King Henri VI of England on November 16, 1423.[22][25]

At the end of the Hundred Years' War, the King of France, Charles VII the Victorious, takes possession of Normandy. In early October 1449, he arrived at Pont-de-l’Arche.[26] The city of Rouen sent a delegation led by Archbishop Raoul Roussel to negotiate the terms of its surrender.[26] The king undertook to maintain the privileges of the Church of Rouen and those of the city, as well as to confirm the Charter to the Normans and the rest of Norman customary law.[26] However, the king delayed in keeping his promise, and on June 25, 1451, Rouen sent a new delegation to Tours to meet with him and obtain the charter confirmation.[26] The king ordered a meeting of commissioners in Vernon on August 1, 1451.[27] In the fall of 1452, the estates of Normandy requested confirmation of the charter.[28] Finally, the king confirmed it only in April 1458.[22][29][28] His son and successor, King Louis XI the Prudent, confirmed it on January 4, 1462,[22][30] at the request of the estates of Normandy.[31] During the Estates-General of Tours in 1484, the charter is barely mentioned,[32] but the son and successor of Louis XI, King Charles VIII the Affable, confirmed it on April 27, 1485.[33] The charter was then confirmed by Louis XII on September 30 and October 2, 1508;[33] by Francis I in 1517;[33][34] by Henry II in 1550;[33][34] and finally, by Henry III in April 1579.[33][34] Long respected, this charter ceased to be in force at the end of the sixteenth century and was only truly abolished under Louis XIV, but continued to appear in the ordinances and privileges of the king until 1789.

Archives

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The original of the charter has not been reached.[35] Its oldest known copy is preserved in the departmental archives of Calvados in the collection of the Abbey Saint-Martin de Troarn.[36]

Notes and references

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  1. ^ Floquet 1843, p. 48
  2. ^ Halphen, Louis (1974). Classiques de l'histoire de France au Moyen ge (in French). p. 239. Archived from the original on October 21, 2017.
  3. ^ Hoefer, Ferdinand (1860). Nouvelle biographie universelle générale (in French). p. 783. Archived from the original on November 20, 2017.
  4. ^ Van der Straeten 1952, p. 210
  5. ^ a b Bougy 2007, p. 6
  6. ^ Devèze, Michel (1961). La vie de la forêt française au XVIe siècle (in French). Vol. 1. Imprimerie Nationale. p. 65.
  7. ^ Denisart, Jean-Baptiste; François, Jean Baptiste (1786). Collection de décisions nouvelles et de notions relatives à la jurisprudence (in French). Vol. 4. Veuve Desaint. p. 490. Archived from the original on October 22, 2017.
  8. ^ Fourier, Charles (1849). La Phalange: revue de la science sociale (in French). Vol. 9. Bureaux de la Phalange. p. 484. Archived from the original on October 23, 2017.
  9. ^ Contamine, Philippe (1972). Guerre, état et société à la fin du Moyen Age (in French). Mouton. p. 39. ISBN 978-90-279-6991-0. Archived from the original on October 21, 2017.
  10. ^ Depping, Georges-Bernard (1826). Histoire des expéditions maritimes des Normands et de leur établissement en France au dixième siècle (in French). p. 255. Archived from the original on October 20, 2017.
  11. ^ a b c Bougy 2007, § 25.
  12. ^ Musset 1969, p. 261
  13. ^ a b c Bougy 2007, § 27.
  14. ^ Bougy 2007, § 23.
  15. ^ a b Bougy 2007, § 24.
  16. ^ Plaisse 1964, p. 418
  17. ^ a b Bougy 2007, § 30.
  18. ^ Weidenfeld 2007, § 3 and 4.
  19. ^ Bougy 2007, § 28.
  20. ^ a b Bougy 2007, § 29.
  21. ^ Power 2009, p. 126
  22. ^ a b c d e Bougy 2007, § 42, n. 60.
  23. ^ Contamine 1994, p. 225
  24. ^ Contamine 1994, p. 225 and n. 47
  25. ^ Contamine 1994, p. 225 and n. 48
  26. ^ a b c d Sadourny 2012, § 22.
  27. ^ Sadourny 2012, § 33.
  28. ^ a b Sadourny 2012, § 35.
  29. ^ Contamine 1994, p. 225 and n. 49
  30. ^ Contamine 1994, p. 225 and n. 50
  31. ^ Bougy 2007, § 58 and n. 76.
  32. ^ Contamine 1994, p. 225 and n. 51
  33. ^ a b c d e Contamine 1994, p. 226 and n. 52
  34. ^ a b c Bougy 2007, § 64.
  35. ^ Bougy 2007, § 9.
  36. ^ Bougy 2007, § 9, n. 12.

See also

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Bibliography

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References

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