Charaxes varanes

Pearl emperor
	In Malawi
	Underside
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Nymphalidae
Genus:	Charaxes
Species:	C. varanes
Binomial name
	Charaxes varanes; (Cramer, 1764)
Synonyms
	Papilio varanes Cramer, 1777; Palla vologeses Mabille, 1876; Charaxes nigrescens Butler, 1896; Charaxes varanes brachycauda Le Cerf, 1923; Charaxes varanes vologeses ab. minor Storace, 1948; Charaxes varanes vologeses ab. antinorii Storace, 1948;

Charaxes varanes, the pearl emperor, Karkloof emperor, or pearl charaxes, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae, found in Africa from Saudi Arabia to South Africa.^[1]^[2]

The wingspan is 65–70 millimetres (2.6–2.8 in) in males and 70–90 millimetres (2.8–3.5 in) in females. Its flight period is year round.^[3]

Larvae feed on Allophylus species and Cardiospermum halicacabum.^[2]^[3]

Description

The upperside of the body and roughly the inner half of the wings is white, sharply delineated on the forewings parallel to the length of the body, and diffusely delineated parallel to the margin of the hindwing. Outside the white area of the upperside, the wings are orange to brown, with a pattern of lighter and darker flecks. The underside of the body and wings mimic a dead leaf. A slightly diffuse but clear, sepia brown straight line divides the under wing in a zone next to the body and a zone near the wings' edges. The inner zone is mostly light beige with three parallel, curved, interrupted, grey-brown wavy lines, circling the wings' attachment to the body. A triangle based on the front of the forewing and bordering the division line has the dark grayish-brown color of the outer zone. The outer zone of the underside of the hindwing has a line of clear eyespots while the forewing has vaguer markings. The outer spur on the hindwing is well developed. Male and female are alike.^[4] A full description is given by Rothschild, W and Jordan, K.^[5]

Behaviour

The pearl emperor is a large, actively, fast and high-flying butterfly. It is the most common Charaxes in the Gambia, where it is present throughout the year in various habitats. They are usually observed as single individuals flying fast and high. They mostly rest with closed wings, although males may sit high with slightly opened wings.^[4]

Taxonomy

Charaxes varanes group. Type species of subgenus Stonehamia (Hadrodontes) The group members are:

Charaxes varanes
Charaxes fulvescens very similar to varanes
Charaxes acuminatus very pointed forewing
Charaxes balfouri
Charaxes analava
Charaxes nicati
Charaxes bertrami perhaps subspecies of varanes
Charaxes saperanus
Charaxes defulvata

Subspecies

Listed alphabetically:^[2]

C. v. bertrami Riley, 1931^[6] – (Oman, eastern Yemen)
C. v. torbeni Turlin, 1999^[7] – (Yemen) Perhaps full species
C. v. varanes (Cramer, 1764) – (southern Mozambique, South Africa, Eswatini)
C. v. vologeses (Mabille, 1876) ^[8] (Africa)

References

^ Cramer, P. [1777]. De Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld-deelen Asia, Africa en America. Amsteldam & Utrecht. 2: 151 pp
^ ^a ^b ^c Charaxes varanes at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
^ ^a ^b Woodhall, Steve (2005). Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik. ISBN 978-1-86872-724-7.
^ ^a ^b Penney, David (2009). Field Guide to Butterflies of the Gambia, West Africa. Siri Scientific Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0955863622.
^ Rothschild, W. and Jordan, K. (1900). Novitates Zoologicae 7:287-524. [1] page 354; for terms see Volume 5:545-601 [2]
^ Riley, N.D. 1931. Two new Charaxes from southern Arabia. Entomologist 64: 279-280.
^ Turlin, B. 1999. Observations sur les especes insulaires Africaines de la sous-famille des Charaxinae Lambillionea 99 (2): 171-182.
^ Mabille, P. 1877– [La description de trois especes nouvelles de lepidopteres de Madagascar]. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France (5) 7: 37-39.

Victor Gurney Logan Van Someren (1974). Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Part IX. Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Entomology). 29(8):415-487. [3]

External links

Images of C.varanes vologeses Royal Museum for Central Africa (Albertine Rift Project)
Charaxes varanes images at BOLD
Charaxes varanes varanes images at BOLD
Charaxes varanes vologeses images at BOLD
Charaxes varanes bertrami images at BOLD
Charaxes varanes torbeni images at BOLD
Charaxes torbeni images at BOLD
Charaxes bertrami images at BOLD

[1] Cramer, P. [1777]. De Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld-deelen Asia, Africa en America. Amsteldam & Utrecht. 2: 151 pp

[funet-2] Charaxes varanes at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms

[Woodhall-3] Woodhall, Steve (2005). Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: Struik. ISBN 978-1-86872-724-7.

[Penney-4] Penney, David (2009). Field Guide to Butterflies of the Gambia, West Africa. Siri Scientific Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0955863622.

[5] Rothschild, W. and Jordan, K. (1900). Novitates Zoologicae 7:287-524. [1] page 354; for terms see Volume 5:545-601 [2]

[6] Riley, N.D. 1931. Two new Charaxes from southern Arabia. Entomologist 64: 279-280.

[7] Turlin, B. 1999. Observations sur les especes insulaires Africaines de la sous-famille des Charaxinae Lambillionea 99 (2): 171-182.

[8] Mabille, P. 1877– [La description de trois especes nouvelles de lepidopteres de Madagascar]. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France (5) 7: 37-39.

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