Catholicism and socialism
The relationship between Catholicism and socialism has been debated by various experts and theologians over the years. While some argue for the incompatibility of the two,[1] movements like liberation theology argue for the compatibility of them, and forms like Latin American Liberation Theology have synthesized Christian theology with Marxian socio-economic analysis.
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Official Church stance
[edit]The Catechism of the Catholic Church condemns "atheistic and totalitarian" ideologies associated with socialism and communism.[2]
Communism and socialism have been condemned by Pope Pius IX, Pope Leo XIII, Pope Pius X, Pope Benedict XV, Pope Pius XI, Pope Pius XII, Pope John XXIII, Pope Paul VI, and Pope John Paul II. Many of these popes, Leo XIII and Pius XI in particular, have also condemned unregulated capitalism. Pope Benedict XVI condemned both ideologies, while distinguishing them from democratic socialism, which he praised.
Camilo Torres Restrepo
[edit]Camilo Torres Restrepo, a Catholic priest ordained in 1954, was a known advocator of socialism, and eventually joined the National Liberation Army. Camilo Torres' political programme was read by Catholic bishop Joseph Blomjous and was found to contain no contradictions to the Papal encyclicals.[3]
Pope John Paul II
[edit]In 1981, John Paul II released the papal encyclical Laborem exercens. The encylical was hailed by the followers of liberation theology and socialist circles, as in it John Paul II acknowledged the existence of a great conflict of interest between capital and labor, and the class struggle employed as a means of resolving social injustice; in Centesimus annus from 1991, John Paul II went further and spoke of "positive role of class conflict when it takes the shape of a struggle for social justice."[4] Additionally, Laborem exercens argued that the church had always taught the priority of labor over capital, denounced capitalism as a system which treats man as "an instrument of production". Additionally, the pope also stated in it that "the right to private property is subordinated to the right to common use", and in regards to the means of production, "whether in the form of public or collective ownership is that they should serve labor and make possible the right to common use."[5] Gregory Baum noted that the encyclical appropriated Marxist terminology, such as "labor," "social leader," "alienation," "transformation of nature," "proletarianization," "social subject," and "opposition between capital and labor".[6] Baum concludes that Laborem exercens was a way of John Paul II to offer his own conclusions based on the Marxist social analysis:
While the encyclical remains in continuity with the Church's social teaching, it introduces new ideas, derived from a critical and creative dialogue with Marxism, which allow the author to reread the Catholic tradition in a new light. Yet in the discussion of these insights he opens them up, overcomes their rigidity, expands them towards new meaning, and thus produces a social philosophy which transcends Marxism from within.[6]
Liberation theologians Leonardo and Clodovis Boff also commented on the encyclical, seeing it as affirmation of the Church's use of Marxist elements:
Christian communities and the bishops of Latin America do use "elements" borrowed from Marxism. (...) Pope John Paul II does much the same in many of his own messages, especially in his encyclical Laborem Exercens, where he uses, with perfect freedom and against the horizon of faith, categories he borrows from Marx: alienation, exploitation, means of production, dialectic, praxis, and so on.[7]
In his travel to Managua, Nicaragua in 1983, John Paul II harshly condemned what he dubbed the "popular Church", referencing the ecclesial base communities supported by the Latin American Episcopal Conference, and the Nicaraguan clergy's tendencies to support the leftist Sandinistas, reminding the clergy of their duties of obedience to the Holy See. During that visit Ernesto Cardenal, a priest and minister in the Sandinista government, knelt to kiss his hand. John Paul withdrew it, wagged his finger in Cardenal's face, and told him, "You must straighten out your position with the church."[8]
However, in March 1986, the Vatican published an Instruction on the subject in which, while warning against reducing "the salvific dimension of liberation to the socio-ethical dimension which is a consequence of it," it supported "the special option for the poor" favored by the liberation theologians, and described the Basic Christian Communities which they had promoted as "a source of great hope for the church." A few weeks later, the pope himself seemed to endorse the movement when he wrote to the Brazilian bishops that as long as it is in harmony with the teaching of the Church, "we are convinced, we and you, that the theology of liberation is not only timely but useful and necessary. It should constitute a new state-- in close connection with the former ones—of theological reflection."[9]
Pope Francis
[edit]Pope Francis has stated that "it is the communists who think like Christians,"[10] and has praised liberation theology founder Gustavo Gutierrez.[11] In 2013, he stated that while Marxist ideology is wrong, many Marxists he had met were good people.[12] He has also encouraged cooperation between Marxists and Christians.[13]
Catholic and socialist interactions
[edit]According to John Hellman, "Not long before he died, Lenin told a French Catholic visitor that "only Communism and Catholicism offered two diverse, complete and inconfusible conceptions of human life".[14] This led Maurice Thorez of the French Communist Party to offer "an outstretched hand" to French Catholics in 1936, wishing "to achieve a tactical alliance to head off fascism in France and Europe and to promote social progress".[14] A large number of French Catholics did enter a dialogue with the party, but to Thorez's surprise, "these Catholics were not, for the most part, the Catholic workers, clerks, artisans, peasants to whom Maurice Thorez had addressed his appeal, but rather Catholic philosophers, "social priests," journalists, and cardinals".[14] While Catholics were wary of the socialist concept of the revolution, and strongly opposed to the atheism of most socialist movements, "strong criticism of capitalism and economic liberalism was a persistent theme in episcopal pronouncements and Catholic literature".[14] The attempt of a Communist-Catholic unity in France is considered successful, as most French Catholics were opposed to fascism and when offered an alliance on grounds of anti-fascist unity, "saw the Communist offer as a religious and moral rather than political issue".[14]
Similar alliances took place in Italy.[15] According to a historian Elisa Carrillo, the Vatican was sceptical of "condemning any variety of communism", and Italian Catholics cooperated with Communists in the anti-fascist resistance. After WWII, members of the Italian Catholic Action "saw no essential incompatibility between Marxism and Catholicism" and established close ties with Communists such as Mario Alicata and Pietro Ingrao.[15] Catholic Communists in Italy also had contacts with the clergy, such as with the priest Giuseppe De Luca. The church made "no attempt to suppress or condemn the efforts of these young people to reconcile Catholicism with Marxism", and in 1943, Cardinal Luigi Maglione intervened on behalf of 400 Communist Catholics who were arrested for anti-government demonstrations.[15]
Catholic-Soviet interactions
[edit]During a private meeting, Stalin assured Orlemanski that the USSR was not hostile to the Catholic Church.[16]
In 1949, Boleslaw Bierut contributed 100.000 zlotys from his personal funds for the construction of a church.[17]
Notable Catholic socialists
[edit]See also
[edit]- Christian communism
- Catholic communism
- Christian socialism
- Catholic Worker Movement
- Catholic social teaching
References
[edit]- ^ Catholic University of America. "Can a Catholic Be a Socialist?". The Catholic University of America. Retrieved 2024-09-28.
- ^ "Catechism of the Catholic Church – Paragraph # 2425". www.scborromeo.org. Retrieved 2024-09-28.
- ^ Broderick, Walter J. Camilo Torres: a biography of the priest-guerillo.
- ^ Kleeb, Sarah Lynn (2015). "Gustavo Gutiérrez's Notion of "Liberation" and Marx's Legacy of "Ruthless Criticism"". University of Toronto. p. 58.
- ^ Sigmund, Paul E. (1990). Liberation Theology at the Crossroads: Democracy or Revolution?. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 171. ISBN 0-19-506064-4.
- ^ a b Min, Anselm K. (1985). "The Vatican, Marxism, and Liberation Theology". CrossCurrents. 34 (4). Wiley: 442.
- ^ Stevick, Katherine (2018). "Immoral Economies: Liberation Theology as Ethical Criticism". Major Honors in Political Science. Houghton College: 43.
- ^ "Religion: Berating Marxism's False Hopes – TIME". 2010-10-29. Archived from the original on 2010-10-29. Retrieved 2024-09-28.
- ^ Sigmund, Paul E. Liberation Theology: An Historical Evaluation.
- ^ Skojec, Steve (2016-11-11). "Pope: "It is the Communists Who Think Like Christians"". OnePeterFive. Retrieved 2024-09-28.
- ^ Arocho Esteves, Junno (2018-06-11). "Pope Francis praises founder of liberation theology". Catholic Herald. Retrieved 2024-09-28.
- ^ Davies, Lizzy (2013-12-15). "Pope says he is not a Marxist, but defends criticism of capitalism". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-09-28.
- ^ "Pope: Marxists and Christians have a common mission". english.katholisch.de (in German). Retrieved 2024-09-28.
- ^ a b c d e Hellman, John (December 1976). "French "Left-Catholics" and Communism in the Nineteen-Thirties". Church History. 45 (4). Cambridge University Press: 507–523. doi:10.2307/3164351. JSTOR 3164351. S2CID 159877362.
- ^ a b c Carrillo, Elisa A. (October 1991). "The Italian Catholic Church and Communism, 1943–1963". The Catholic Historical Review. 77 (4). Catholic University of America Press: 644–657. JSTOR 25023639.
- ^ Polec, Patryk. Hurrah Revolutionaries: The Polish Canadian Communist Movement, 1918–1948. pp. 93–94.
- ^ "How Boleslaw Bierut helped build a church".