Catherine Duleep Singh
| Catherine Duleep Singh | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Singh at her debut, Buckingham Palace, 1894 | |||||
| Born | Catherine Hilda Duleep Singh 27 October 1871 Elveden Hall, Elveden, Suffolk, England | ||||
| Died | 8 November 1942 (aged 71) Penn, Buckinghamshire | ||||
| |||||
| Father | Duleep Singh | ||||
| Mother | Bamba Müller | ||||
Princess Catherine Hilda Duleep Singh (27 October 1871 – 8 November 1942), was the second daughter of Maharaja Sir Duleep Singh and Maharani Bamba (née Müller). She was educated in England and in 1894 she was presented at Court. She became a suffragist with her sisters, but did not take part in Emmeline Pankhurst’s Suffragette movement though her sister Sophia did.[1]
She was a lifelong romantic companion of governess Lina Schäfer and from 1904 lived with her in Germany until the latter's death in 1937. She requested her burial at Lina's side in her will. Catherine and Lina were instrumental in aiding many Jewish families escape from Germany during World War II.
In June 1997, her name was in the news upon the discovery of a dormant joint (with Schäfer) bank account in a Swiss bank. After several claimants had been rejected, the contents of the bank account were awarded by a Swiss tribunal to the family of a secretary of her elder sister Bamba in Pakistan.
Biography
[edit]
Singh was born on 27 October 1871 at Elveden Hall, Suffolk, in England. She was the second daughter of Maharaja Duleep Singh and Bamba Müller. She had an elder sister Bamba Sofia Jindan (1869–1957), a younger sister Sophia Alexandra (1876–1948), three brothers – Victor Albert Jay (1866–1918), Frederick Victor (1868–1926), and Albert Edward Alexander (1879–1942), and two half-sisters – Pauline Alexandra (1887–1941) and Ada Irene Beryl (1889–1926) by Duleep Singh's second marriage, to Ada Douglas Wetherill. Sophia was the best known of the sisters as she was an active suffragette.
In 1886 her father attempted to move to India with his daughters but was prevented from entering India and forced to return from Aden. Catherine and her sisters then stayed at Folkestone, at 21 Clifton Street. Initially, Queen Victoria had desired to put them under the care of Lady Login but on the advice of the India Office in London their care was entrusted to Arthur Oliphant and his wife; Oliphant's father had worked as an equerry.[2] It was during this period that the princess was introduced to Fräulein Lina Schäfer, a German teacher and governess from Kassel who was twelve years her senior. The Princess then developed a deep and intimate bond with Schäfer that lasted until the latter's death.[2]
Singh and her older sister Bamba were educated at Somerville College, Oxford.[3][4][5] During this period she received private instruction in violin and singing. She was also given swimming lessons.[2] She was considered the prettiest among the three sisters; she and her sisters were debutantes at Buckingham Palace in 1895, dressed gracefully in fashionable white silk.[6] Like her sister Sophia, Catherine also became a suffragist. She was a member of the Fawcett Women's Suffrage Group and the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), also known as the Suffragists.[7]
In 1903, she toured India, went to her ancestral home in Lahore and other places such as Kashmir, Dalhousie, Simla, and Amritsar. She also visited the princely states of Kapurthala, Nabha, Jind, and Patiala and interacted with both the royalty and the local people. After her return from India in March 1904 she lived in Europe with her former governess Lina Schäfer in the Black Forest, in Kassel and in Dresden and also visited her family in Switzerland.[2]
Singh spent most of her adult life with Lina Schäfer.[2][7] During World War I she lived with Schäfer in Germany at the risk of being called a traitor. None of the family members seemed to have opposed this relationship.[2][7] Schäfer died on 26 August 1938 at the age of 79,[8] leaving the Princess deeply saddened. After the Nazis came to power, on the advice of Dr. Fritz Ratig, her neighbour and accountant, she left Germany in November 1937 after disposing of all her property and moved to England via Switzerland.[2]
Death
[edit]Catherine Singh died due to a heart attack on 8 November 1942 at Penn. On the evening of her death she and her sister Sophia had attended a drama in the village, dined in Colehatch House, and retired for the night. The next morning, when the maid attending Singh found her room locked, she informed Sophia who rushed and broke open the door and found her sister dead. The doctor declared her death as due to heart failure. Sophia was inconsolable at her sister's death. She was the only relative who attended the cremation of Singh due to World War II. In memory of her sister, Sophia renamed the Colehatch House "Hilden Hall", adding Catherine's middle name, and sealed the room where she had died.[9]
When the princess died she left a will dated 1935 in which she stated "I, Princess Catherine Hilda Duleep Singh desire to be cremated and the ashes buried at Elveden in Suffolk. I give my gold jewellery, my long pearl necklace and my wearing apparel to my sisters Princess Bamba Sofia Jindan Sutherland and Princess Sophia Alexandra Duleep Singh". In a codicil she had also requested that a quarter of her ashes be "buried as near as possible to the coffin of my friend Fräulein Lina Schäfer at the Principal Cemetery at Kassel in Germany". However, there was no mention of a bank account and a vault in her name in a Swiss bank in Zurich, which were revealed to the public many years later.[10]
Legacy in Swiss bank
[edit]In July 1997 a news item appeared which was related to a list of more than 5,000 dormant accounts in Swiss banks published by the Swiss Bankers Association at the insistence of Holocaust survivors. This list contained the name of the Princess with the address recorded as "Duleep Singh, Catherine (Princess), last heard of in 1942 living in Penn, Bucks", as one of the account holders. These accounts had not been operated since the end of the Second World War.[3][10][11]
There were a large number of claimants to the joint account of the Princess with her governess Lina Schäfer, from the Government of India and relatives in Punjab and Pakistan. There were no recorded living direct descendants of the family as none of Duleep Singh's children had any offspring. A three-member Claims Resolution Tribunal was set up in Zurich to process the claims.
During the three years of hearing on the claims of various parties held by the tribunal, the Government of India's claim was considered untenable as the princess had not ruled over any princely state and her account in the bank was private. The tribunal also rejected all the claims from her relations in India and Europe.
The tribunal then identified the Supra family of Pakistan as potential beneficiaries. Catherine's 1935 will had named her sister Bamba as a beneficiary, and in 1942 Bamba, who was also childless, had bequeathed her fortune to her caretaker-cum-tutor Supra. The tribunal then gave its award in favour of Supra's "five living sons – four in Pakistan and one in India – and his deceased daughter's children will receive an equal share of the assets besides the interest on the amount". The assets totalled 137,323 Swiss Francs (Rs 39.8 lakh).[11]
References
[edit]- ^ "Celebrating Princess Catherine Duleep Singh". Essex Cultural Diversity Project. Retrieved 24 July 2024.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Essai de Généalogie par Alain Garric: Catherine Hilda Duleep Singh" (in Italian). Geneanet.org. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
- ^ a b Singh & Tatla 2006, p. 45.
- ^ Visram 2002, p. 103.
- ^ Bhupinder Singh Bance (October 2013). "Duleep Singh, Princess Catherine Hilda (1871–1942)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 21 April 2014.
- ^ "Princess Sophia Duleep Singh –Timeline". History Heroes organization. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
- ^ a b c Lyell, Carrie (21 October 2015). "Remembering Catherine Duleep Singh As part of Black History Month, we remember a Sikh suffragette". DIVA magazine. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
- ^ Information about Lina Schäfer and her residence in Kassel (in German) See text for house no. 15: "Sie starb am 26. August 1938 in ihrem Haus in der Schloßteichstraße 15 in Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe im Alter von 79 Jahren."
- ^ Anand 2015, pp. 367–68.
- ^ a b "Maharaja Dalip Singh". Victoria and Albert Museum. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
- ^ a b "Claim to fame Descendants of a Lahore-based Muslim family are the surprise inheritors of a Punjabi princess' legacy". India Today. 17 December 2001. Retrieved 16 June 2016.
Bibliography
[edit]- Anand, Anita (2015). Sophia: Princess, Suffragette, Revolutionary. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4088-3546-3.
- Singh, Gurharpal; Tatla, Darsham Singh (2006). Sikhs in Britain: The Making of a Community. Zed Books. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-84277-717-6.
- Visram, Rozina (2002). Asians In Britain: 400 Years of History. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-1378-8.