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Castros in Portugal

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A castro is a fortified settlement, usually pre-Roman, associated with the Celtic culture. These are frequently found in Portugal, usually in the North, but can also be found elsewhere. The word castro comes from the Latin castrum, which means "hill fort". The first Castros where just small residences with rudimentary stone walls.

Northwestern Castro Network

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Castro houses reconstructed by Martins Sarmento at the Citânia de Briteiros

The Northwestern Castro Network (Rede de Castros do Noroeste), was established in 2015 grouping the most important sites in Northern Portugal as founding members out of 2,000 archaeological sites:

Despite its name, the network includes, for the time being, only Portuguese partners, and froze the idea to world heritage candidacy to UNESCO, given the disparities in archaeological research, and the necessity to create visitation and promotion conditions. This is especially true in the municipality of Vila do Conde, which holds Cividade de Bagunte, one of the largest sites, along with seven other castros. The Vila do Conde city hall managed to obtain its Cividade's land area only in 2015, after 60 years of negotiations and legal confrontation.[1]

Map of National Monument Castros in Portugal

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Lists of Castros in Portugal

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Name Municipality Region Initial occupation period Last occupation period
Citânia de Briteiros Guimarães North Atlantic Bronze Age[2] High Middle Ages[2]
Citânia de Sanfins Paços de Ferreira North Iron Age[3] Middle Ages[3]
Citânia de Santa Luzia Viana do castelo North Iron Age[4] Modern[4]
Cividade de Âncora Caminha North
Cividade de Bagunte Vila do Conde North
Cividade de Terroso Póvoa de Varzim North Bronze Age[5] Classical antiquity[6]
Castro de Alvarelhos Trofa North
Castro de Castelo Velho Alandroal Alentejo Chalcolithic[7] Early Middle Ages[7]
Castro de Carmona Barcelos North
Castro de Chibanes Palmela Lisboa Chalcolithic[8] Early Middle Ages[9]
Castro de Cidadelhe Mesão Frio North
Castro da Cola Ourique Alentejo
Castro de Eiras Vila Nova de Famalicão North
Castro de Leceia Oeiras Lisboa Final Neolithic[10] Chalcolithic[10]
Castro de Monte Castelo Matosinhos North Chalcolithic[11]
Castro de Monte Mozinho Penafiel North
Castro de Monte Valinhas Arouca North
Castro de Sacóias Bragança North
Castro de São Julião Vila Verde North
Castro de São Lourenço Esposende North
Castro of Vieito Viana do Castelo North Classical antiquity[12] Classical antiquity[12]
Castro de Vila Nova de São Pedro Azambuja Alentejo Chalcolithic[13]
Castro de Zambujal Torres Vedras Center Chalcolithic[14]
Cabeço do Vouga Águeda Center Iron Age[15]
Castro de Conímbriga Condeixa-a-Nova Center Bronze Age[16] Early Middle Ages[16]
Castle of Geraldo Évora Alentejo Bronze Age[17] Middle Ages[17]
Outeiro de Baiões São Pedro do Sul Center
Outeiro de Cárcoda São Pedro do Sul Center
Outeiro Carvalhelhos Boticas North
Outeiro Lesenho Boticas North
Outeiro do Pópulo Alijó North
Outeiro de Romariz Santa Maria da Feira North

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Região Norte quer valorizar património castrejo" (in Portuguese). CMPV. 12 March 2015. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  2. ^ a b Francisco Sande Lemos & Gonçalo Correida da Cruz (2007)
  3. ^ a b Silva, Armando; Centeno, Rui (2014). "Escavações arqueológicas na Citânia de Sanfins (Paços de Ferreira): 1977-1978" (PDF). Portugália.
  4. ^ a b "DGPC | Pesquisa Geral". www.patrimoniocultural.gov.pt. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
  5. ^ Flores Gomes, José Manuel & Carneiro, Deolinda: Subtus Montis Terroso. CMPV (2005), "Cultura castreja - A Cividade de Terroso", pp.97-131
  6. ^ Flores Gomes, José Manuel & Carneiro, Deolinda: Subtus Montis Terroso CMPV (2005), "Origens do Povoamento" pp.74-76
  7. ^ a b Amendoeira, Paula (1999), SIPA (ed.), Povoado fortificado de Castelo Velho/Castro de Castelo Velho (IPA.00008904/PT040701050001) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, retrieved 10 April 2017
  8. ^ Pereira, Vera; Soares, Joaquina; Tavares da Silva, Carlos (2017). "Understanding the First Chalcolithic Communities of Estremadura: Zooarchaeology of Castro de Chibanes, Portugal. Preliminary Results". Papers from the Institute of Archaeology. 27. doi:10.5334/pia-483. hdl:10451/30544.
  9. ^ "Castro de Chibanes". Palmela Municipality. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  10. ^ a b "DGPC | Pesquisa Geral". www.patrimoniocultural.gov.pt. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
  11. ^ Sereno, Isabel; Amaral, Paulo (1994), SIPA (ed.), Povoado fortificado do Monte Castelo de Guifões/Monte Castelo (IPA.00004978/PT011308020006) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, retrieved 14 April 2017
  12. ^ a b António José Marques da Silva (20 April 2012), p.1
  13. ^ Martins, A. (2011). IGESPAR (ed.). "Castro de Vila Nova de São Pedro" (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal. Archived from the original on 16 April 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
  14. ^ Noé, Paula (1991). Monumento pré-histórico no Casal do Zambujal / Castro do Zambujal (v.PT031113130010) (Report) (in Portuguese). Lisbon, Portugal: Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico (SIPA). Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2012.
  15. ^ "Estação arqueológica do Cabeço do Vouga". igespar.pt (in Portuguese). Instituto de Gestão do Património Arquitectónico e Arqueológico. Retrieved 8 August 2014.
  16. ^ a b Cravo, João; Bonifácio, Horácio; Amaral, Carlos (2005), Cidade romana de Conímbriga/Ruínas de Conímbriga (IPA.00002710/PT020604050001) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, retrieved 19 April 2015
  17. ^ a b Gordalina, Rosário (2002), SIPA (ed.), Castelo de Geraldo/Castelo de Giraldo (IPA.00001159/PT040705040076) (in Portuguese), Lisbon, Portugal: SIPA – Sistema de Informação para o Património Arquitectónico, archived from the original on 11 June 2016, retrieved 21 May 2016


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