Castilleja chromosa
| Castilleja chromosa | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Orobanchaceae |
| Genus: | Castilleja |
| Species: | C. chromosa
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| Binomial name | |
| Castilleja chromosa | |
Castilleja chromosa, the desert paintbrush, is a species of flowering plant in the family Orobanchaceae found in the western United States. They are distributed in dry scrub, steppe, and desert. They have colorful inflorescences which range from yellow to red in hue. This color is given not by the flowers, which are small, but by the colorful bracts. The plants grow up to nearly half a meter (~1.5 ft) tall and are slightly bristly and greyish-green. Their stems do not branch, and their leaves are small and lance-shaped. Partial parasites, they steal some of their nutrients from neighboring plants.
Description
[edit]
The desert paintbrush, which blooms between May and September, has large, colorful inflorescences between 2.5 and 15 centimeters (1 and 6 in) long and 1.5 to 5.5 cm (0.6 to 2.2 in) wide.[1] The inflorescence is also hirsute to sometimes pilose, covered in coarse hairs or covered in long soft hairs.[2] The bracts are often confused with the petals; the upper half of the bracts are orange or bright red, occasionally yellow, dull orange, or subdued pink. At their base they are more green or a muted purple,[1] but they are never purple towards their ends.[3] Each bract will usually be divided into three, five, or seven primary lobes;[2] however, they may occasionally lack divisions or have the lobes further divided into smaller secondary lobes.[1]
The actual flowers are yellowish-green with more or less reddish edges, tubular, and unremarkable.[4] The overall length is just 2.1 to 3.2 cm (0.8 to 1.3 in). The lower lip of the tube is reduced and dark green with incurving teeth, while the upper beak is more than half the total length of the flower.[3]
As flowering progresses and the seeds begin to develop, the inflorescence grows much longer.[2] The fruits measure between 1 and 1.5 centimeters (0.4 and 0.6 in) long and the seeds 2 mm (0.08 in).[4]
The plants are gray-green perennials that are at times subshrubs, having partly woody stems especially towards their bases. Underground, they have a thick taproot topped by a woody caudex. They grow between 15 and 35 centimeters (0.5 and 1.1 ft) tall, though in good conditions they may reach 45 cm (1.5 ft).[1] Plants frequently have many straight to slightly curved, clustered stems that rarely branch higher up; they are more or less covered with bristly hairs.[2]
The leaves may be as little as 1.5 cm (0.6 in) in length or as long as 7 cm (2.8 in) but are more typically between 2.5 and 6 cm (1.0 and 2.4 in). They attach alternately to the stems and can be linear, lanceolate, or oblanceolate – narrow like a grass blade, shaped like a spear head, or a reversed spear head with the wider part past the midpoint. Like the bracts, they are divided into lobes – most often three or five, but sometimes as many as seven or lacking divisions altogether.[1]
Taxonomy
[edit]Castilleja chromosa is classified in the genus Castilleja within the family Orobanchaceae. Its scientific description and name was published by Aven Nelson in 1899.[5] The desert paintbrush is similar to, and often confused with, Castilleja angustifolia.[3][6] It is known to form hybrids with Castilleja miniata.[7]
Castilleja chromosa has both diploid and tetraploid populations. In a 1977 study, no association was found with elevation, but diploid individuals were almost always found with Artemisia tridentata, big sagebrush.[7]
Names
[edit]The species name chromosa means "colorful", a reference to the bight colors of its bracts. In English, it is often known by the common name desert paintbrush.[2] It is also known as the desert Indian paintbrush – Indian in the context referring to Indigenous people.[8] It is also sometimes called the red desert paintbrush.[9]
Range and habitat
[edit]The desert paintbrush is distributed across ten western US states.[5] In California, it largely grows east of the Cascade Range, the Sierra Nevada, San Bernardino Mountains, and San Jacinto Mountains.[4] Likewise, it is largely native to eastern parts of Oregon with only a few reports of the species west of the Cascades. It grows in most of Idaho, but its exact distribution in Montana and Wyoming is not recorded by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. It also has no exact locations recorded for Nevada, but grows in every county of Utah.[10] In Colorado, it grows largely west of the Rocky Mountains.[9] Similary, it grows in the northwestern quarter of New Mexico and all but the southernmost counties of Arizona.[10]
It grows in several different habitats, including the sagebrush steppe, blackbrush scrub, piñon–juniper woodlands, and juniper woodlands.[3] The elevation range for the species is quite wide, from 500 to 3,200 meters (1,600 to 10,500 ft).[1]
Ecology
[edit]Like some other members of their genus, the plants are partially parasitic, using their haustoria to take some, but not all, of the nutrition they require from other plants. The big sagebrush and other plants in the aster family are common hosts.[11][12] In a study of the parasitization of big sagebrush by desert paintbrush, they were found to get about 10% of their sugar energy from host plants.[12] In controlled experiments, the desert paintbrush – like orange paintbrush (Castilleja integra) and rough paintbrush (Castilleja scabrida) – was tolerant of being without a host species for short periods.[13]
Desert paintbrushes are hyperaccumulators of the element selenium.[14]
Pollinators of the plant include butterflies, hummingbirds, and bees.[8]
Conservation
[edit]As of 2024[update], the conservation status of Castilleja chromosa has not been evaluated by NatureServe.[15]
References
[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f Egger, J. Mark; Zika, Peter F.; Wilson, Barbara L.; Brainerd, Richard E.; Otting, Nick (29 July 2020) [2019]. Flora of North America. p. 595. ISBN 978-0190868512. OCLC 1101573420. Archived from the original on 10 June 2024. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
- ^ a b c d e Heil, Kenneth D.; O'Kane, Steve L. Jr.; Reeves, Linda Mary; Clifford, Arnold (2013). Flora of the Four Corners Region: Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah (First ed.). St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. p. 690. ISBN 978-1-930723-84-9. ISSN 0161-1542. LCCN 2012949654. OCLC 859541992. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
- ^ a b c d Cronquist, Arthur; Holmgren, Arthur H.; Holmgren, Noel H.; Reveal, James L.; Holmgren, Patricia K. (1984). Intermountain Flora : Vascular Plants of the Intermountain West, U.S.A.. Vol. 4. Subclass Asteridae (except Asteraceae) (First ed.). Bronx, New York: New York Botanical Garden. p. 488. ISBN 978-0-231-04120-1. OCLC 320442. Retrieved 16 December 2024.
- ^ a b c Wetherwax, Margriet; Chuang, T.I.; Heckard, Lawrence R. (2012). "Castilleja chromosa". Jepson eFlora. University of California, Berkley. Archived from the original on 14 July 2024. Retrieved 14 December 2024.
- ^ a b "Castilleja chromosa A.Nelson". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
- ^ Nelson, Aven (1899). Underwood, L.M. (ed.). "New Plants from Wyoming – VII". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 26 (5): 245–246. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
- ^ a b Heckard, Lawrence R.; Chuang, Tsan-Iang (April 1977). "Chromosome Numbers, Polyploidy, and Hybridization in Castilleja (Scrophulariaceae) of the Great Basin and Rocky Mountains". Brittonia. 29 (2): 161, 167. Bibcode:1977Britt..29..159H. doi:10.2307/2805849. JSTOR 2805849.
- ^ a b Kennedy, Judy (2018). Menz, Mary (ed.). "Desert Indian Paintbrush". Aquilegia. 42 (1). Colorado Native Plant Society: 10. ISSN 2161-7317. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
- ^ a b Ackerfield, Jennifer (2015). Flora of Colorado (First ed.). Fort Worth, Texas: Botanical Research Institute of Texas Press. p. 567. ISBN 978-1-889878-45-4. OCLC 910162216.
- ^ a b NRCS (17 December 2024), "Castilleja chromosa", PLANTS Database, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
- ^ Schneider, Al (n.d.). "Castilleja chromosa". Southwest Colorado Wildflowers. Archived from the original on 20 May 2024. Retrieved 14 December 2024.
- ^ a b Hansen, David H. (May 1979). "Physiology and Microclimate in a Hemiparasite Castilleja chromosa (Scrophulariacea)". American Journal of Botany. 66 (5): 477–484. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1979.tb06249.x. ISSN 0002-9122.
- ^ Love, Stephen L; McCammon, Tony A (2017). "Compatible host/parasite pairs enhance propagation of paintbrush (Castilleja spp.)". Native Plants Journal. 18 (3): 262, 265. doi:10.3368/npj.18.3.252. ISSN 1522-8339. JSTOR 26450515.
- ^ Golubkina, Nadezhda; Logvinenko, Lidia; Molchanova, Anna; Caruso, Gianluca (2020). "Genetic and Environmental Influence on Macro- and Microelement Accumulation in Plants of Artemisia Species". In Aftab, Tariq; Hakeem, Khalid Rehman (eds.). Plant Micronutrients: Deficiency and Toxicity Management. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing AG. p. 405. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49856-6. ISBN 978-3-030-49855-9. OCLC 1184057395.
- ^ NatureServe (6 December 2024). "Castilleja chromosa". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia. Retrieved 18 December 2024.