Capronia mansonii
| Capronia mansonii | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Eurotiomycetes |
| Order: | Chaetothyriales |
| Family: | Herpotrichiellaceae |
| Genus: | Capronia |
| Species: | C. mansonii
|
| Binomial name | |
| Capronia mansonii (Schol-Schwarz) E.Müll., Petrini, P.J.Fisher, Samuels & Rossman (1987)
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| Synonyms[1] | |
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Capronia mansonii is a mesophilic black yeast that is a part of the Herpotrichiellaceae.[2] The species is uncommon in nature but is saprotrophic in nature and been discovered on decaying plant matter, particularly wood.[2] This fungus is naturally found in the Netherlands and has successfully been cultured in lab.[3] It is a teleomorph of the ascomycota division and possesses brown spores.[4]
History and taxonomy
[edit]Capronia mansonii is a type of black yeast that was first discovered from an isolated strain in 1968.[2][3] The fungus was originally described from a strain in vitro found in Norway by Marie Beatrice Schol-Schwarz on an aspen tree, and it has not yet been described in situ.[3][5] This fungus was the first species in Herpotrichiellaceae discovered to create ascomata in an isolated culture.[4] It is one of the only five species out of thirty Capronia species that has successfully produced ascomata in vitro.[5] The basionym for this species is Dictyotrichiella mansonii.[6] Its anamorph is thought to be Exophiala mansonii but uncertainty and discourse remains.[3][7] The original anamorph was first thought to be Rhinocladiella atrovirens and then Exophiala castellanii [8][7] An analysis of rRNA gene sequences concluded that C. mansonii is the same biological species as E. castellanii.[7] Capronia mansonii is often misidentified as its sister species Capronia munkii but can be differentiated by its larger and thicker cell walls and more frequent ascospores that transversely septate.[3] It is also differentiated from its anamorph because it lacks conidia, slimy colonies, and aerial hyphae.[9]
Growth and morphology
[edit]This fungus is a teleomorph or sexual form that is formed in vitro. This species has yet to be described in situ.[5] The fungus is thought to be closely related to Exophiala dermatitidis, and is often hypothesized in literature to be the teleomorph of E. dermatitidis.[3] The fungus is a part of the ascomycota phylum, also commonly defined as sac fungi. This phylum is often defined by its possession of asci, a microscope sexual structure that produces non-motile spores called ascospores. The asci of C. mansonii produce 8 ascospores upon germination.[3] These ascospores begin with a glassy transparent appearance and then progress to a more grey-yellow, olive, and finally brown colour.[3][6] These ascospores have 4–5 transverse thick-walled septa and 1 incomplete longitudinal septum.[6] The spores have been described in literature as not tight at the septa.[3] Juvenile asci have thicker, longer, and more lightly coloured ascus walls whereas as fully matured asci form thinner dark brown walls that are filled with ascospores.[3] The ascomatal wall itself can range from a brown-yellow to a light brown colour which is commonly seen in other black yeasts.[3]
Physiology and reproduction
[edit]This mesophilic fungus has been successfully cultured by Untereiner at room temperature ranging from 20–25 °C.[5][10] C. mansonii has also been observed in a yeast budding form.[2] This fungus has a homothallic breeding system indicating that it does not need a partner to sexually reproduce.[5] The ascospores of this fungus have been described to germinate within 12 hours on Oatmeal Agar.[5][4] They appear slimy and resemble yeast within 48 hours, reaching full maturity at 16 weeks.[5] The ascomata that have been grown in lab have been shown to fully mature and develop septae but are unable to produce asci and ascospores.[5] Artificial daylight is thought to be the limiting factor that prevents the production of asci.[10] Further replications of the above experiments revealed that the structure formed may actually be a pseudothecium, an ascocarp that resembles a ascocarp but whose asci do not organize into a hymenium.[10] The pseudothecia grew in abundance and also failed to produce ascospores.[10]
Habitat and ecology
[edit]Members of the Capronia family are described as saprotrophic meaning they get their nutrients from decaying matter.[10] Strains of this fungus have been found on various plant hosts, particularly on their leaves.[5] They are regularly found on other decaying ascomycota and basidiomycota in the Netherlands, particularly on the wood of Populus tremula.[6][11] The holotype was discovered on the stems of a Lupinus polyphyllus by Schol-Schwarz in 1968.[6][11] This fungus has occasionally been found on fresh sausages consisting of pork, beef, or mixed meats.[2] They remain unstable on meat and are unable to persist for more than three days in the presence of other lactic acid bacteria.[2]
References
[edit]- ^ "GSD Species Synonymy. Current Name: Capronia mansonii (Schol-Schwarz) E. Müll., Petrini, P.J. Fisher, Samuels & Rossman, Trans. Br. mycol. Soc. 88(1): 73 (1987)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f Cocolin, L.; Rantsiou, K.; Iucimin, L.; Urso, R.; Cantoni, C.; Comi, G. (2004). "Study of the Ecology of Fresh Sausages and Characterization of Populations of Lactic Acid Bacteria by Molecular Methods". Appl Environ Microbiol. 70 (4): 1883–1894. doi:10.1128/AEM.70.4.1883-1894.2004. PMC 383013. PMID 15066777.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Untereiner, Wendy A. (1997). "Taxonomy of selected members of the ascomycete genus Capronia with notes on anamorph-teleomorph connections". Mycologia. 89 (1): 120–131. doi:10.1080/00275514.1997.12026763.
- ^ a b c Schol-Schwarz, M.B. (1968). "Rhinocladiella, its synonym Fonsecaea and its relation to Phialophora". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 34 (2): 119–154. doi:10.1007/BF02046424. PMID 5301320. S2CID 43876060.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Untereiner, Wendy A. (1995). "Fruiting studies in species of Capronia (Herpotrichiellaceae)". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 68 (1): 3–17. doi:10.1007/BF00873288. PMID 8526478. S2CID 40143620.
- ^ a b c d e Muller, E.; Petrini, O.; Fisher, P.J; Samuela, G.J; Rossman, A.Y (1987). "Taxonomy and anamorphs of the Herpotrichiellaceae with notes on generic synonymy". Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 88 (1): 63–74. doi:10.1016/S0007-1536(87)80186-9.
- ^ a b c Haas, G.; Sontagg, L.; van de Peer, Y.; Uijthof, J.M.J.; Podbielski, A.; Comi, G. (1995). "Phylogenetic analysis of ten black yeast species using nuclear small subunit rRNA gene sequences". Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 68 (1): 19–33. doi:10.1007/BF00873289. PMID 8526477. S2CID 2819521.
- ^ Ellis, M.B. (1971). Dematiaceous hyphomycetes. Surrey, England: Commonwealth Mycological Institute.
- ^ Hoog, G.S. de. (1977). "Rhinocladiella and allied genera". Stud. Mycol. 15: 1–140.
- ^ a b c d e Untereiner, Wendy A. (1994). "A Simple Method for the in Vitro Production of Pseudothecia in Species of Capronia". Mycologia. 86 (2): 290–295. doi:10.1080/00275514.1994.12026410.
- ^ a b Untereiner, Wendy A.; Naveau, Francois A. (1999). "Molecular systematics of the Herpotrichiellaceae with an assessment of the phylogenetic positions of Exophiala dermatitidis and Phialophara americana". Mycologia. 91 (1): 67–83. doi:10.1080/00275514.1999.12060994.