Burr–Erdős conjecture

In mathematics, the Burr–Erdős conjecture was a problem concerning the Ramsey number of sparse graphs. The conjecture is named after Stefan Burr and Paul Erdős, and is one of many conjectures named after Erdős; it states that the Ramsey number of graphs in any sparse family of graphs should grow linearly in the number of vertices of the graph.

The conjecture was proven by Choongbum Lee. Thus it is now a theorem.

Definitions

If G is an undirected graph, then the degeneracy of G is the minimum number p such that every subgraph of G contains a vertex of degree p or smaller. A graph with degeneracy p is called p-degenerate. Equivalently, a p-degenerate graph is a graph that can be reduced to the empty graph by repeatedly removing a vertex of degree p or smaller.

It follows from Ramsey's theorem that for any graph G there exists a least integer $r(G)$, the Ramsey number of G, such that any complete graph on at least $r(G)$ vertices whose edges are coloured red or blue contains a monochromatic copy of G. For instance, the Ramsey number of a triangle is 6: no matter how the edges of a complete graph on six vertices are colored red or blue, there is always either a red triangle or a blue triangle.

The conjecture

In 1973, Stefan Burr and Paul Erdős made the following conjecture:

For every integer p there exists a constant c_p so that any p-degenerate graph G on n vertices has Ramsey number at most c_p n.

That is, if an n-vertex graph G is p-degenerate, then a monochromatic copy of G should exist in every two-edge-colored complete graph on c_p n vertices.

Known results

Before the full conjecture was proved, it was first settled in some special cases. It was proven for bounded-degree graphs by Chvátal et al. (1983); their proof led to a very high value of c_p, and improvements to this constant were made by Eaton (1998) and Graham, Rödl & Rucínski (2000). More generally, the conjecture is known to be true for p-arrangeable graphs, which includes graphs with bounded maximum degree, planar graphs and graphs that do not contain a subdivision of K_p. It is also known for subdivided graphs, graphs in which no two adjacent vertices have degree greater than two.

For arbitrary graphs, the Ramsey number is known to be bounded by a function that grows only slightly superlinearly. Specifically, Fox & Sudakov (2009) showed that there exists a constant c_p such that, for any p-degenerate n-vertex graph G,

$r(G)\leq 2^{c_{p}{\sqrt {\log n}}}n.$

References

• Alon, Noga (1994), "Subdivided graphs have linear Ramsey numbers", Journal of Graph Theory, 18 (4): 343–347, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.106.6586, doi:10.1002/jgt.3190180406, MR 1277513.
• Burr, Stefan A.; Erdős, Paul (1975), "On the magnitude of generalized Ramsey numbers for graphs", Infinite and finite sets (Colloq., Keszthely, 1973; dedicated to P. Erdős on his 60th birthday), Vol. 1 (PDF), Colloq. Math. Soc. János Bolyai, vol. 10, Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp. 214–240, MR 0371701.
• Chen, Guantao; Schelp, Richard H. (1993), "Graphs with linearly bounded Ramsey numbers", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B, 57 (1): 138–149, doi:10.1006/jctb.1993.1012, MR 1198403.
• Chvátal, Václav; Rödl, Vojtěch; Szemerédi, Endre; Trotter, William T. Jr. (1983), "The Ramsey number of a graph with bounded maximum degree", Journal of Combinatorial Theory, Series B, 34 (3): 239–243, doi:10.1016/0095-8956(83)90037-0, MR 0714447.
• Eaton, Nancy (1998), "Ramsey numbers for sparse graphs", Discrete Mathematics, 185 (1–3): 63–75, doi:10.1016/S0012-365X(97)00184-2, MR 1614289.
• Fox, Jacob; Sudakov, Benny (2009), "Two remarks on the Burr–Erdős conjecture", European Journal of Combinatorics, 30 (7): 1630–1645, arXiv:0803.1860, doi:10.1016/j.ejc.2009.03.004, MR 2548655, S2CID 8570007.
• Graham, Ronald; Rödl, Vojtěch; Rucínski, Andrzej (2000), "On graphs with linear Ramsey numbers", Journal of Graph Theory, 35 (3): 176–192, doi:10.1002/1097-0118(200011)35:3<176::AID-JGT3>3.0.CO;2-C, MR 1788033.
• Graham, Ronald; Rödl, Vojtěch; Rucínski, Andrzej (2001), "On bipartite graphs with linear Ramsey numbers", Paul Erdős and his mathematics (Budapest, 1999), Combinatorica, 21 (2): 199–209, doi:10.1007/s004930100018, MR 1832445, S2CID 485716
• Kalai, Gil (May 22, 2015), "Choongbum Lee proved the Burr-Erdős conjecture", Combinatorics and more, retrieved 2015-05-22
• Lee, Choongbum (2017), "Ramsey numbers of degenerate graphs", Annals of Mathematics, 185 (3): 791–829, arXiv:1505.04773, doi:10.4007/annals.2017.185.3.2, S2CID 7974973
• Li, Yusheng; Rousseau, Cecil C.; Soltés, Ľubomír (1997), "Ramsey linear families and generalized subdivided graphs", Discrete Mathematics, 170 (1–3): 269–275, doi:10.1016/S0012-365X(96)00311-1, MR 1452956.
• Rödl, Vojtěch; Thomas, Robin (1991), "Arrangeability and clique subdivisions", in Graham, Ronald; Nešetřil, Jaroslav (eds.), The Mathematics of Paul Erdős, II (PDF), Springer-Verlag, pp. 236–239, MR 1425217.