Brixentes
The Brixentes or Brixenetes were a Celtic or Rhaetian tribe living in the Alps during the Iron Age and the Roman era.
Name
[edit]They are mentioned as Brixentes (var. -xenetis, -xenetes) by Pliny (1st c. AD),[1] and as Brixántai (Βριξάνται) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD).[2][3] An identification with Strabo's Brigántioi (Βριγάντιοι) has been proposed by Ernst Meyer.[4]
The Celtic ethnic name Brixentes might derive from an earlier form *brig-s-ant-, built on the root brig- ('hill, hillfort'). It has been translated as 'those living on hills/hillforts',[3] or as 'those living in the area of *Brigsa'.[5]
Geography
[edit]There is no scholarly consensus where in the Alps the Brixentes actually lived.
Some scholars have pointed out that they are listed on the Tropaeum Alpium between the Calucones and the Lepontii, which would make modern-day eastern Switzerland or western Austria (in particular the area around Bregenz) a possible location.[6][7][8] This would further corroborate the corresponding information given by Strabo about the Brigántioi and by Ptolemy about the Brixántai.[4]
Drawing on the similarity of the place name, some scholars have located the Brixentes at the confluence of the Eisack and Rienz rivers in modern-day South Tyrol, near the modern city of Brixen,[9][3][10][11] which, according to this theory, could be reconstructed as *Brigsa,[5] or *Brigsina.[12][13] This would place their territory south of the Isarci, west of the Saevates, east of the Venostes.[9]
History
[edit]They are mentioned by Pliny the Elder as one of the Alpine tribes conquered by Rome in 16–15 BC, and whose name was engraved on the Tropaeum Alpium.[1]
According to the ancient geographer Ptolemy, the Brixentes were a Rhaetian tribe.[14]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Pliny. Naturalis Historia, 3:20.
- ^ Ptolemy. Geōgraphikḕ Hyphḗgēsis, 2:12:2.
- ^ a b c Falileyev 2010, s.v. Brixenetes.
- ^ a b Ernst Meyer: Die geschichtlichen Nachrichten über die Räter und ihre Wohnsitze. In: Jahrbuch der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte. Vol. 55, 1970, p. 119—125
- ^ a b de Bernardo Stempel 2015, pp. 88–89.
- ^ Frei-Stolba, Regula (1976): "Die römische Schweiz: Ausgewählte staats- und verwaltungsrechtliche Probleme im Frühprinzipat". In: Temporini, Hildegard; Haase, Wolfgang (eds.). Aufstieg und Niedergang der Römischen Welt. II Principat. De Gruyter, p. 288-403.
- ^ von Planta, Peter Conradin (1872): Das alte Raetien staatlich und kulturhistorisch dargestellt. Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, p. 46
- ^ Menghin, Alois (1895): Scherer’s Geographie und Geschichte von Tirol und Vorarlberg. Wagner’schen Universitäts-Buchhandlung, p. 135
- ^ a b Talbert 2000, Map 19: Raetia.
- ^ Albertini, Alberto (1973). Brixiana, note di storia ed epigrafia. Ateneo. pp. 6–7.
- ^ Bourdin, Stéphane (2012). Les peuples de l'Italie préromaine: identités, territoires et relations inter-ethniques en Italie centrale et septentrionale (VIIIe - Ier s. av. J.-C.). École française de Rome. p. 98. ISBN 978-2-7283-1069-2.
- ^ Delamarre 2003, p. 87.
- ^ Salomon, Corinna (2022). "Cisalpine Celtic varia I". North American journal of Celtic studies. 6 (2): 178–186. ISSN 2472-7490.
- ^ Ptolemy. Geography, 2:12:2.
Primary sources
[edit]- Pliny (1938). Natural History. Loeb Classical Library. Translated by Rackham, H. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674993648.
Bibliography
[edit]- de Bernardo Stempel, Patrizia (2015). "Zu den keltisch benannten Stämmen im Umfeld des oberen Donauraums". In Lohner-Urban, Ute; Scherrer, Peter (eds.). Der obere Donauraum 50 v. bis 50 n. Chr. Frank & Timme. ISBN 978-3-7329-0143-2.
- Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. ISBN 9782877723695.
- Falileyev, Alexander (2010). Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-names: A Celtic Companion to the Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. CMCS. ISBN 978-0955718236.
- Talbert, Richard J. A. (2000). Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691031699.
