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3-Nitrooxypropanol

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3-Nitrooxypropanol
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
3-Hydroxypropyl nitrate
Other names
3-Nitrooxypropanol, Bovaer, 3-NOP, 3NOP
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.225.103 Edit this at Wikidata
UNII
  • InChI=1S/C3H7NO4/c5-2-1-3-8-4(6)7/h5H,1-3H2
    Key: PTMLFFXFTRSBJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
  • C(CO)CO[N+](=O)[O-]
Properties
C3H7NO4
Molar mass 121.09 g/mol
Appearance Colorless liquid
Density 1.12 g/cm³
Melting point -20 °C
Boiling point 120 °C
Soluble in water
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
 Irritant to skin and eyes, harmful if inhaled
Flash point Not applicable
Not applicable
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Bovaer, also known chemically as 3-nitrooxypropanol (abbreviated as 3-NOP or 3NOP), is an organic compound with the formula HOCH2CH2CH2ONO2. It is the mononitrate ester of 1,3-Propanediol and acts as an enzyme inhibitor that specifically targets methyl coenzyme M reductase (MCR). This enzyme catalyzes the final step of methanogenesis in the digestive system of ruminants, such as cows and sheep.[1]

When added to the feed of ruminant animals, Bovaer significantly reduces methane emissions by inhibiting the activity of MCR, leading to environmental benefits without adversely affecting milk production. Studies have demonstrated reductions of up to 30% in methane output, positioning it as a key innovation for climate change mitigation within the agricultural sector.[2][3]

Description

[edit]

3-NOP has been commercialized as a methane inhibitor for production animals under the brand name Bovaer, a feed additive manufactured by DSM. It claims to reduce methane emissions from dairy and beef cattle by approximately 30% and 45% respectively.[4] The formulation consists of silicon dioxide (60% w/w), propylene glycol, and 3-nitrooxypropanol (10% w/w).[5]

In 2021, Bovaer was approved as a feed additive in Brazil and Chile, two major meat-exporting countries.[6] In 2022, it gained approval for use in dairy cows within the EU.[7][8] As of 2024, Bovaer has been approved in Canada as a cattle nutrition feed additive.

On April 27, 2022, DSM partnered with Elanco Animal Health Inc., granting Elanco exclusive licensing rights to develop and commercialize Bovaer in the U.S.[9]

On June 8, 2023, Elanco requested a consultation with the U.S. FDA's Center for Veterinary Medicine regarding Bovaer's drug status for use as a methane inhibitor in dairy cows. On May 24, 2024, the FDA concluded that Bovaer effectively reduces methane production when used as labeled and poses a low risk to animals and humans under its sale conditions.[5]

History

[edit]

The development of Bovaer began in 2010 as part of the Clean Cow project initiated by DSM-Firmenich. This project aimed to address methane emissions from livestock, which are a major source of greenhouse gases. According to Maik Kindermann, head of research and development for the Bovaer project, the research commenced in 2008 with a focus on understanding the molecular mechanisms behind methane formation in ruminants.[10]

The first successful trials were conducted in 2010, leading to extensive research and development efforts that included over 40 trials worldwide to ensure efficacy and safety across different cattle diets and environments. The Clean Cow project itself has been pivotal in shaping strategies to mitigate the environmental impact of livestock, particularly cattle. The project's success in addressing methane emissions has provided valuable insights for the wider agricultural industry.[11]

In 2021, Bovaer received its first approvals for use in Brazil and Chile, followed by authorization from the European Union for dairy cattle in 2022. The product was subsequently approved for use in Canada in early 2024 and received FDA approval for the U.S. market in May 2024.[10]

Bovaer has been recognized as a significant innovation in reducing methane emissions, with studies demonstrating that administering just a quarter teaspoon of Bovaer per cow per day can lead to methane reductions of approximately 30% in dairy cows and up to 45% in beef cattle. This reduction is equivalent to removing hundreds of thousands of cars from the road annually, highlighting Bovaer's potential impact on climate change mitigation.[10]

Usage

[edit]
  • Bovaer mixed at the ratio of 540–720 g/ton of complete feed to provide 27.2–36.3 mg of 3-nitrooxypropanol per pound of dry matter intake.[12]
  • Recommended feeding is continuous for lactating dairy cows. Its effectiveness has been shown when fed for no more than 105 days under specific dietary conditions.[13]

Research

[edit]

Recent studies have expanded our understanding of Bovaer's effects on fertility and overall health in livestock:

  • Spermatogenesis Impact: Research indicates that Bovaer's active ingredient may influence spermatogenesis positively by modulating oxidative stress in male ruminants, potentially decreasing fertility outcomes [1].
  • Ovarian Function: Studies suggest that dietary inclusion of Bovaer does not adversely affect ovarian function or hormone levels in female cattle, maintaining reproductive health while slightly reducing methane emissions [2].
  • Nutritional Data: According to data from Food Data UK, incorporating Bovaer into cattle diets aligns with nutritional requirements without compromising animal health or productivity [3].

Health Risks

[edit]

Bovaer, a feed additive designed to reduce methane emissions from dairy cows, has been the subject of scrutiny regarding its health impacts on both animals and humans. While the product is marketed as safe and effective, concerns have been raised about its ingredients and potential side effects.

The active ingredient in Bovaer, 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), has been extensively tested. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concluded that Bovaer meets safety and efficacy standards for use in lactating dairy cattle, stating that it does not negatively impact milk production or quality.[14][10] Additionally, a scientific opinion by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) found that Bovaer is safe for dairy cows at the maximum recommended levels and poses no significant risk to consumer food safety or the environment.[10]

However, there are noted concerns about the safety of handling Bovaer. Reports indicate that 3-NOP can be harmful if inhaled and is an irritant to the skin and eyes.[15][10] Critics argue that the long-term effects of Bovaer on animal health remain unknown, raising questions about its use in livestock feed without comprehensive long-term studies.[15]

Moreover, misinformation has circulated regarding potential risks associated with Bovaer, including unfounded claims about effects on male fertility and reproductive health. These claims have been dismissed by experts who emphasize the need for evidence-based discussions surrounding the product.[16] Arla Foods has also stated that during trials, Bovaer will not affect milk quality or safety, as it does not transfer from cow to milk.[15]

Financial Incentives

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Farmers using Bovaer to reduce methane emissions in dairy cattle can access financial incentives through carbon credit programs and government subsidies. Emission reductions are quantified using tools such as Elanco’s UpLook sustainability insights engine, which calculates methane reductions and facilitates verification by third-party organizations.[17]

Eligible producers can earn carbon credits for their methane reduction efforts, which can be sold on carbon marketplaces such as Athian or Truterra. Government programs in some regions may also offer subsidies for adopting methane-reducing practices.[18]

Feeding Bovaer may improve sustainability metrics, potentially attracting higher-paying contracts with environmentally conscious buyers in the food supply chain.[19]

Consumer Demand for Transparency

[edit]

The adoption of methane-reducing feed additives such as Bovaer has also raised interest among environmentally conscious consumers. Increasing consumer awareness about the environmental impact of dairy farming has led to demands for greater transparency regarding sustainability practices, including the use of Bovaer on farms.[20]

In the Netherlands, pilot programs by major dairy producers have not only demonstrated the efficacy of Bovaer but also encouraged farms to actively communicate their sustainability efforts. Some producers have introduced eco-labeling and certification programs that inform consumers about farms using Bovaer, further establishing trust and aligning with market demand for transparency.[21]

These initiatives reflect a broader trend where consumers are increasingly scrutinizing the environmental practices of the agricultural supply chain. Efforts such as transparent labeling, public education campaigns, and certification programs are helping bridge the gap between consumer expectations and sustainable dairy production practices.[22]

Recent backlash against Arla Foods regarding its trial of Bovaer highlights consumer concerns over health implications and the need for transparency in ingredient sourcing. Critics argue that while Bovaer is marketed as safe, there are ongoing discussions about its long-term effects on both cattle and consumers of dairy products.[23]

Reception

[edit]

Arla Foods faced a boycott initiated by consumers concerned about the environmental impact of its dairy products, particularly regarding methane emissions. Critics targeted the company for its association with Bovaer, a feed additive which aims to reduce methane from livestock but raised concerns about potential health risks and ethical implications in animal agriculture.

In November 2024, Arla Foods announced a collaborative trial involving major UK retailers such as Morrisons, Tesco, and Aldi to test Bovaer® on approximately 30 British farms. This initiative is part of Arla's commitment to tackle methane emissions, with research suggesting that Bovaer can reduce enteric methane emissions from cows by an average of 27%.[24][25] Paul Dover, Arla's UK Agricultural Director, emphasized the importance of understanding the practical applications and scalability of such feed additives to enhance sustainability in dairy farming.[26][27]

Despite the potential benefits, the trial has faced significant backlash from consumers who have called for a boycott of Arla's products, particularly Lurpak butter. Critics have expressed concerns over the safety and ethical implications of using additives like Bovaer in livestock feed, with some consumers mistakenly believing that the additive is included in the milk itself.[25][26]

Arla has defended the trial, asserting that Bovaer has been extensively tested and approved by regulatory bodies such as the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and the UK Food Standards Agency. The company insists that there will be no negative impact on animal health or milk quality during the trial.[24][27] In response to these challenges, Arla is actively seeking government support to facilitate the adoption of sustainable practices among farmers, highlighting that financial assistance could play a crucial role in transitioning to greener methods.[24][25]

Environmental Impact

[edit]

Bovaer aims to contribute to climate change mitigation by lowering enteric methane emissions from dairy cows. The feed additive, known scientifically as 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), has shown significant potential in reducing methane production in livestock. Studies indicate that feeding one tablespoon of Bovaer per lactating dairy cow per day can lead to a reduction of approximately 30% in methane emissions, which is equivalent to about 1.2 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) per cow annually.[28][10]

A comprehensive study conducted in the Netherlands involving 150 dairy farms and over 20,000 cows demonstrated that Bovaer is more effective at higher dosages and when incorporated with corn in the cattle's diet.[10] Additionally, trials in Italy reported methane reductions of up to 50% when Bovaer was administered daily to lactating cows.[10] The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has concluded that Bovaer is safe for use in dairy cattle, with no significant adverse effects on milk production, composition, or animal health observed during trials.[29][14] Furthermore, the product has been approved for use in over 55 countries, including Brazil, Chile, and Canada, reflecting its global acceptance and potential impact on reducing agricultural greenhouse gas emissions.[10]

In addition to its environmental benefits, the use of Bovaer could provide financial incentives for farmers through participation in voluntary carbon markets and conservation programs, potentially yielding returns of $20 or more per lactating cow annually.[30] According to Elanco’s VP of Livestock Sustainability, Katie Cook, about 50% of this return is expected to come from carbon marketplace participation through platforms like Athian, which allows farmers to sell verified carbon credits generated by their methane reductions.[30]

Moreover, government initiatives are also playing a crucial role. In the U.S., approximately $89 million in grants from the USDA’s Regional Conservation Partnership Program (RCPP) has been allocated to support dairy producers implementing technologies like Bovaer to reduce methane emissions.[30][14] This funding not only incentivizes farmers to adopt sustainable practices but also helps create a robust market for carbon credits as demand for lower-carbon foods rises globally.[30]

Effects on Milk

[edit]

Milk Production and Composition

[edit]

While the primary focus of 3-NOP research has been on methane reduction, its effects on milk production metrics have also been carefully studied. Some studies indicate that 3-NOP supplementation may lead to a tendency to decrease milk yield slightly (p = 0.0606), though this effect is not universally observed across all trials.[31] For instance, one study reported reductions in milk and energy-corrected milk (ECM) production by 12% and 9%, respectively, when cows were fed diets including 3-NOP.[32]

Conversely, several studies noted improvements in milk composition, particularly an increase in milk fat and protein levels. For example, one trial showed that cows receiving 3-NOP had an increase in milk fat concentration from 3.83% to 4.08%, indicating enhanced feed efficiency per unit of milk produced.[33] Additionally, another meta-analysis highlighted that increasing levels of 3-NOP led to higher concentrations of milk fat and protein without significantly affecting overall milk yield.[34]

Feed Efficiency

[edit]

The introduction of 3-NOP has been associated with improved feed efficiency. Research indicates that cows supplemented with this compound exhibited better feed conversion rates, producing more milk fat or protein per unit of feed consumed. Specifically, feed efficiency improved by at least 4% across various studies.[31] This suggests that while there may be a slight decrease in total milk yield, the quality and efficiency of the milk produced could be enhanced.

Experimental studies indicate that 3-NOP is an effective feed additive for reducing methane emissions from dairy cows while maintaining or even enhancing certain aspects of milk production. Although some studies report a slight decrease in total milk yield, the increases in milk fat and protein concentrations suggest improved overall efficiency and quality of milk. The consistent findings across diverse trials support the potential for 3-NOP to play a significant role in sustainable dairy farming practices aimed at mitigating environmental impacts while optimizing production outcomes.[35][36][34]

Emissions Data

[edit]

The use of 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP), a methane-reducing feed additive marketed under the name Bovaer, has been studied as a method to reduce enteric methane emissions from dairy cows. Enteric methane, a potent greenhouse gas, is a significant contributor to agricultural emissions. Research indicates that the administration of 3-NOP can decrease methane emissions by approximately 30%, equivalent to a reduction of about 1.2 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) per cow annually.[37][38]

The production process for 3-NOP, however, is not without its own environmental impact. Manufacturing 1 kg of 3-NOP generates approximately 2.6 kg of CO2e.[39] The quantity of 3-NOP required to offset 1 ton of CO2e from methane emissions is estimated to be around 92 kg. The associated emissions from producing this amount of 3-NOP are approximately 239.2 kg CO2e.

Despite these production-related emissions, the overall environmental benefit remains substantial. For every cow treated, there is a net reduction of approximately 760.8 kg CO2e annually, considering both the methane mitigation and the emissions associated with the additive’s production. This calculation underscores the potential of 3-NOP as a tool for reducing the carbon footprint of dairy production.[40]

3-NOP has demonstrated efficacy in reducing methane emissions from dairy cows. In a study conducted at Penn State University, the addition of 3-NOP to the diet resulted in a 26% reduction in daily methane emissions, with similar findings reported across various trials. The compound works by inhibiting an enzyme crucial for methane synthesis in the rumen, thereby decreasing methane production without negatively impacting feed intake or overall lactational performance.[35][41]

A meta-analysis encompassing data from multiple studies confirmed that 3-NOP supplementation leads to a 24% decrease in enteric methane emissions, with no adverse effects on dry matter intake (DMI) or milk yield observed.[34]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ Hristov, Alexander N. (2015). "An inhibitor persistently decreased [[Gastrointestinal tract|enteric]] methane emission from dairy cows with no negative effect on milk production". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 112: 10663–10668. doi:10.1073/pnas.1504124112. PMC 4553761. {{cite journal}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  2. ^ "List of Publications" (PDF).
  3. ^ Jenkins, T. C.; et al. (2023). "Reducing methane emissions in dairy cows: Efficacy of 3-Nitrooxypropanol". Journal of Animal Science. 94 (4): 176–182. doi:10.1093/jas/skw240.
  4. ^ "Bovaer® How cows can help us fight climate change. The proven solution to immediately reduce enteric methane from dairy and beef cattle".
  5. ^ a b "CVM File: G-150438". Food and Drug Administration.
  6. ^ "DSM secures approval for methane-busting feed additive in Brazil, Chile". 2021-09-10.
  7. ^ "DSM gets EU market approval for its methane-reducing feed additive". 2022-02-24.
  8. ^ "DSM receives landmark EU market approval for its methane-reducing feed additive Bovaer®".
  9. ^ "Elanco and Royal DSM Announce Strategic Alliance in U.S. for Bovaer® – A Revolutionary, Methane-Reducing Feed Additive for Cattle | DSM". @corporate. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "What Can We Really Expect from Elanco's New Bovaer®?".
  11. ^ "Project Clean Cow: A Breakthrough in Reducing Methane Emissions from Cattle".
  12. ^ "Bovaer 10 Usage and Handling". FDA. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  13. ^ "Bovaer 10 Effectiveness". FDA. Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  14. ^ a b c "Elanco Announces FDA Has Completed Review of Bovaer".
  15. ^ a b c "Boycott calls grow over Arla's Bovaer feed trial for dairy cows".
  16. ^ "Bill Gates Wrongly Under Fire Over Cow Feed".
  17. ^ "How Can Farmers Monetize Methane Reduction?". Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  18. ^ "Bovaer and Carbon Credit Opportunities". Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  19. ^ "Exploring the Financial Benefits of Sustainability in Dairy Farming". Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  20. ^ "Large-Scale Pilot Proves Methane-Reducing Feed Additive Bovaer is Ready for Roll-Out in the Netherlands". Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  21. ^ "Bovaer and Consumer Trends in Sustainable Dairy". Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  22. ^ "How Consumers Are Driving Transparency in Dairy Farming" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  23. ^ "Boycott calls grow over Arla's Bovaer feed trial for dairy cows". Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  24. ^ a b c "Arla partners with retailers to tackle methane emissions from dairy cows".
  25. ^ a b c "Boycott calls grow over Arla's Bovaer feed trial for dairy cows".
  26. ^ a b "Arla Foods Bovaer animal feed trial: what is it, who is involved and what are the concerns?".
  27. ^ a b "Cow 'fart vaccine' backed by Bill Gates".
  28. ^ "FDA Greenlights Bovaer: A Revolutionary Methane-Reducing Supplement for US Dairy Cattle Launching in 2024".
  29. ^ "FDA Greenlights Bovaer: A Revolutionary Methane-Reducing Supplement for US Dairy Cattle Launching in 2024".
  30. ^ a b c d "Bovaer is 'creating a self-sustaining carbon inset market for American agriculture'".
  31. ^ a b "Long-term effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol on methane and milk production". Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  32. ^ "Effects of 3-NOP on milk production and composition". Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  33. ^ "3-NOP: Effective methane inhibitor in dairy cows". Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  34. ^ a b c "A meta-analysis of effects of 3-nitrooxypropanol on methane emissions". Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  35. ^ a b "Feed supplement for dairy cows cuts their methane emission by about a quarter". Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  36. ^ "Summary of scientific research on how 3-NOP effectively reduces enteric methane emissions" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  37. ^ "FDA Greenlights Bovaer: A Revolutionary Methane-Reducing Supplement for US Dairy Cattle Launching in 2024". Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  38. ^ "What Can We Really Expect from Elanco's New Bovaer®?". Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  39. ^ "Environmental Assessment of 3-NOP Production". Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  40. ^ "Exploring the Environmental Impact of Methane Mitigation Strategies in Dairy Farming". Retrieved 2024-12-01.
  41. ^ "Summary of scientific research on how 3-NOP effectively reduces enteric methane emissions" (PDF). Retrieved 2024-12-01.
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