Bottle recycling
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Bottles are able to be recycled and this is generally a positive option. Bottles are collected via kerbside collection or returned using a bottle deposit system. Currently just over half of plastic bottles are recycled globally.[1] About 1 million plastic bottles are bought around the world every minute and only about 50% are recycled.[1]
Glass bottles
[edit]There are a large number of benefits to recycling glass bottles, not only for the manufacturing of new bottles but also for the production of other materials that can be used in different contexts. Clean glass bottles are 100% recyclable, can be substituted for up to 95% of raw material, and can be recycled ad-infinitum without the loss of purity or quality.[2] Recycled glass also has a variety of uses outside of the production of new bottles. The least beneficial of these uses is when glass bottles are sifted, crushed down, and mixed with food refuse to create dirty mixed cullet. Mixed cullet has few uses outside of being used as and alternative to traditional landfill daily cover.[3] Alternatively, smaller and unrecoverable pieces of glass are ground down into a fine powder and used as a high grade sand alternative for the production of concrete.[4]
Recoverable glass is often sorted by colour as different colour glass has a variety of uses and values. In the United States, recovered green glass is primarily shipped to Europe to produce wine bottles, brown glass is sold domestically to beer bottlers, and clear glass, the most valuable of the three can be used to replace up to 30 percent of virgin material in the production of new glass.[3] In recent years, extended producer responsibility (has come to the forefront of the debate concerning glass bottle recycling due to glass being very easy to clean and reuse, and its innate cradle to cradle design properties. Recycled glass is a necessity, as without it, manufacturers would not be able to keep up with the demand for new glass containers.[2]
Recycling one glass bottle can save enough energy to power a computer for 25 minutes.[5] In fact for every 10% of cullet added to the production of a new bottle, energy usage goes down by 3-4%.[2] Recycling one ton of glass can save approximately 42 kWh of energy which translates to 7.5 pounds of air pollutants not being released into the atmosphere.[6]
Polyethylene terephthalate bottles
[edit]Polyethylene terephthalate bottles are mostly recycled as a raw material. In many countries, Polyethylene terephthalate plastics are coded with the resin identification code number "1" inside the universal recycling symbol, usually located on the bottom of the container.[7]
High-density polyethylene bottles
[edit]High-density polyethylene is commonly used in bottles, particularly bottles (or jugs) of milk. Recycling code 2 is applicable. In the US, only about 30-35% of high-density polyethylene bottles are recycled.[8]
Legislation
[edit]Container deposit legislation are laws passed by city, state, provincial, or national governments. They require a deposit on bottles to be collected when sold and reimbursed when returned.
In May 2018 the Israeli Ministry of Environmental Protection were to impose a fine of 50m NIS on bottle manufacturers and importers that did not meet collection targets.[9] In 2019 this was withdrawn after further review by the ministry determined the manufacturers and importers had met their collection targets.[10]
The U.S. uses a code system, where numbers correspond to certain types of plastic bottles and types of paper. Codes for bottles/ containers are numbers 1-7 and 70-72. These numbers correspond to certain material and chemical composition as seen below.[11]
Plastic Bottles and Containers
[edit]1: Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
2: High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
3: Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), often made into piping.
4: Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
5: Polypropylene (PP)
6: Polystyrene (PS), often made into single-use cups.
7: "Other" including, Bisphenol A (BPA), Polycarbonate, and plant-based material.
Glass Bottles
[edit]70: Mixed Glass
71: Clear Glass
71: Green Glass
Environmental comparisons
[edit]Many potential factors are involved in environmental comparisons of returnable vs non-returnable systems. Researchers have often used life cycle analysis methodologies to balance the many diverse considerations. Often the comparisons show benefits and problems with all alternatives. It helps provide an objective view of a complex subject.[12][13]
Reuse of bottles requires a reverse logistics system, cleaning and, sanitizing bottles, and an effective Quality Management System. A key factor with glass milk bottles is the number of cycles of uses to be expected. Breakage, contamination, or other loss reduces the benefits of returnables. A key factor with one-way recyclables is the recycling rate: In the US, only about 30-35% of high-density polyethylene bottles are recycled.[8]
Recycling lottery
[edit]The Recycling Lottery system is an incentive that provides lottery prizes for placing plastic bottles into machines. This system works having machines that take in plastic bottles and provide lottery prizes to their users.[14] This newer system was developed primarily for use in Norway to benefit theNorwegian Red Cross.
Alternative methods
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Upcycling is a process that involves the reuse of one item in place of another. Being a part of the recycling process, it is aimed at being a creative way of repurposing items and materials more directly. This results in less energy being used, less money being spent, and less demand for new resources to be created.[15] The process of upcycling can be performed in many ways across many types of materials.
Auditing Recycling Processes
[edit]The industry of bottle and general plastic recycling utilizes audits as a way of ensuring practices are sustainable and that integrity for worker safety and health is upheld. In some countries, like Pakistan, Cleaner Production Assessments (CPs) exist.[16] CPs analyze the activity taking place and assign a certain risk type to the process. These processes are then divided into 3 categories based upon the Key Production Indicators, which are similar to control methods as seen with the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. [17][18]1 of 3 categories is then selected. Occupational Health and Safety (OSH), Environmental, and Social. Below is a table to show some of the processes and their corresponding category.
| Activity | Possible Risk | Indicator Used | Category |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sorting | Health and safety issues | Use of personal protective equipment | OHS |
| Washing of waste plastic | Clean water depletion | Water consumption
Wastewater generation |
Environment |
| Crushing | Health and safety issues | Noise level | OHS |
| Washing of flakes | Clean water depletion | Water consumption Wastewater generation | Environment |
| Granulating | Health and safety issues | Noise level | OHS |
| Extrusion | Health and safety issues, Heat | Noise leve
Temperature |
OHS |
| Production | Job Creation | No. of Jobs/year | Social |
| Production | Wages Offered | PKR (US$) | Social |
| Production | Gender Representation | Percentage of male and female workers | Social |
| Production | Work Shift | No. of hours/day | Social |
Section 3.3, Table 2. Hashmi, Safeerul Islam; Hewage, Harshi Tharangika Sirisena Aluthduwe; Visvanathan, Chettiyappan (2023-10-01). "Cleaner production auditing for plastic recycling industry in Pakistan: A baseline study". Chemosphere. 337: 139338. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139338. ISSN 0045-6535.
See also
[edit]- Plastic recycling
- Glass container industry
- Reverse vending machine
- Glass crusher
- Oregon Bottle Bill
- History of bottle recycling in the United States
References
[edit]- ^ a b "For Cleaner World". bottlerecycle.org. Archived from the original on 2018-08-21. Retrieved 2018-06-01.
- ^ a b c "Glass Recycling Facts - Glass Packaging Institute". www.gpi.org.
- ^ a b MacBride, S. (2013). Recycling reconsidered: the present failure and future promise of environmental action in the United States. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
- ^ "Concrete evidence that glass can replace sand". www.sustainabilitymatters.net.au.
- ^ "Glass part of the circular economy by recycling". www.cdenviro.com. Retrieved 2019-01-24.
- ^ "Frequently Asked Questions: Benefits of Recycling | Land, Buildings & Real Estate". lbre.stanford.edu.
- ^ Welle, Frank (2011-09-01). "Twenty years of PET bottle to bottle recycling—An overview". Resources, Conservation and Recycling. 55 (11): 865–875. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.04.009. ISSN 0921-3449.
- ^ a b "2016 United States National Postconsumer Plastic Bottle Recycling Report" (PDF). Association of Plastic Rcyclers. 2017. Retrieved 12 October 2018.
- ^ "Ministry May Impose NIS 50m Fine on Bottle Manufacturers and Importers that Didn't Meet Plastic Bottle Collection Targets". 2018-05-01.[dead link]
- ^ "Deposit fee will not be imposed upon large beverage bottles after manufacturers and importers meet collection targets". 2019-03-20.
- ^ "Consumer Guide to Recycling Codes" (PDF). Department of Energy. December 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
- ^ Van Doorsselaer, K; Fox (September–October 1999), "Estimation of the energy needs in life cycle analysis of one-way and returnable glass packaging", Packaging Technology and Science, 12 (5): 235–239, doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1522(199909/10)12:5<235::AID-PTS474>3.0.CO;2-W
- ^ Spitzly, David (1997), Life Cycle Design of Milk and Juice Packaging (PDF), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, retrieved 29 June 2014
- ^ "The Recycling Lottery". Recycling Lottery International. Retrieved September 30, 2024.
- ^ Balu, Rajkamal; Dutta, Naba; Choudhury, Namita; Phanthong, Patchiya; Yao, Shigeru (14 November 2022). "Plastic Waste Upcycling: A Sustainable Solution for Waste Management, Product Development, and Circular Economy". Polymers. 14 (22): 4788. doi:10.3390/polym14224788. PMC 9694193. PMID 36432915.
- ^ Hashmi, Safeerul Islam; Hewage, Harshi Tharangika Sirisena Aluthduwe; Visvanathan, Chettiyappan (2023-10-01). "Cleaner production auditing for plastic recycling industry in Pakistan: A baseline study". Chemosphere. 337: 139338. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139338. ISSN 0045-6535.
- ^ "Hierarchy of Controls". www.cdc.gov. 2023-05-05. Retrieved 2024-11-08.
- ^ CDC (2024-11-05). "National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). Retrieved 2024-11-08.
External links
[edit]- Container Recycling Institute
- (in French) EcoARK
