Book of Common Prayer (1604)

The 1604 Book of Common Prayer,^{[note 1]} often called the Jacobean prayer book or the Hampton Court Book,^[2] is the fourth version of the Book of Common Prayer as used by the Church of England. It was introduced during the early English reign of James I as a product of the Hampton Court Conference, a summit between episcopalian, Puritan, and Presbyterian factions. A modest revision of the 1559 prayer book,^[3] the Jacobean prayer book became the basis of the 1662 Book of Common Prayer, a still-authorized liturgical book within the Church of England and global Anglicanism.

Background

The Book of Common Prayer had been introduced as the primary liturgical book of the Church of England post-English Reformation, replacing multiple medieval Catholic texts with vernacular and reformed rites. The 1549 and 1552 prayer books–the latter more reformed than the former–were both largely the work of Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury. Cranmer, at the behest of Edward VI, had produced the Edwardine Ordinals which were increasingly associated with the prayer book and often bound in with the text.^[4]

Following the death of Mary I, who had briefly reintroduced Catholic practices and service books in the Church of England, Elizabeth I assumed the throne and restored the reformed liturgy according to the 1552 model with the 1559 prayer book. Elizabeth I was contending with pressures from Protestant nonconformists, Catholic recusants, and debates such as the Vestarian Controversy within her church. These strains resulted in the Elizabethan Religious Settlement and the Church of England seeking to strike a via media between Protestant and Catholic influences.^[5]

The Calvinistic worship in Scotland when James VI sat on the Scottish throne was the Book of Common Order, in conformity to John Knox's Genevan Form of Prayers. According to a rumour in Scotland, Charles, Cardinal of Lorraine had unsuccessfully attempted to convince Mary, Queen of Scots–James's Catholic mother and the cardinal's niece–to adopt the Elizabethan English prayer book. This was poorly received by the staunch Scottish Reformers, who viewed it as little better than Catholic practice. The young King James VI was gifted an English prayer book by Adam Bothwell and copies were sold in Jacobean Edinburgh. However, James opposed the "evil mass said in English" and some Puritans were trying remove even the Calvinist Book of Common Order from public worship. In his Basilikon Doron, James implicitly supported the via media approach.^[6]^{: 19–21, 27–30}

Hampton Court Conference and adoption

The "godly" Puritans of England, sensing an opportunity for an ally when James VI succeeded Elizabeth on the English throne in 1603 as James I, sought for the new Scottish-born king to bring this pattern of worship with him. Some of this party delivered the Millenary Petition to him while he was travelling from Edinburgh to London. In response, James called a conference at Hampton Court.^[7]

Among the personal statements given by the king were his thoughts on baptism. James stated he "utterly disliked" lay baptisms, a practice not unheard of in the decades since the English Reformation. Among those who were recorded as administering lay private baptisms were midwives who feared that a child might die prior to a parish baptism. When the subject of women performing baptisms was raised, James asserted that an ape was a just as able to baptize as women. As such, within the Jacobean prayer book the act of private baptism was regulated, mandating that only a parish minister or "other lawful Minister" could legally perform them, thereby prohibiting all lay baptisms, including those by women.^[8]

At the conference, the king announced he "would have one Doctrine and one discipline, one Religion in substance, and in ceremony" and threatened those who would not accept the prayer book that was to be produced as result of the conference.^[9] The new prayer book was the 1559 prayer book with the minor changes discussed at the conference and authorized by the king.^[10] While James was particularly insistent on conformity to the rubrical and vestry requirements of the new prayer book, the degree of enforcement was largely based on demanding ministers promise to consider these mandates.^[7] However, the enforcement of this new prayer book did result in the deprivation of 80 ministers of their benefices.^[10]

The extended catechism in the new prayer book negated further provisions for additional instructional document. Further, private devotions like primers no longer required royal initiative. However, a new set of canon law was reviewed. Enacted in March 1604, these canons consolidated earlier Elizabethan directives and were applied to use of the newly approved prayer book.^[11]

Reaction and replacement

The reaction to the 1604 prayer book from the Puritan party was sharply critical of the newly authorized liturgy, rejecting both baptismal regeneration and kneeling to receive Communion. These dissenters would distribute pamphlets detailing their disapproval of the prayer book.^[7] The ministers in the Diocese of Lincoln issued a petition in 1605 that extensively quoted Reformed divines in opposition to the new prayer book. In 1606, the anonymous Survey of the Book of Common Prayer addressed inconsistencies within the various editions of the prayer book and advocated for the adoption of Scotland's Book of Common Order to unify James's kingdom.^[12]

In Scotland, some accepted the prayer book as an element of union with the English under a shared monarch; Scottish ordinations were according the prayer book and, from 1617, it was used daily in the Chapel Royal at Stirling Castle.^[6]^: 40

William Laud and proponents of his Laudianism school of ritualism and Arminianism were ascendant through the 1620s and 1630s. However, Laud's efforts to introduce his 1637 revised prayer book amplified opposition to Anglican liturgy in Scotland; the Church of Scotland synod abolished both the episcopacy and the prayer book in 1638. Laud's policies in England were also drawing growing Puritan opposition with the Long Parliament spending 1640 and 1641 directly criticizing Laudian practice.^[10]

On 13 March 1645, the Puritan Parliament passed legislation that made using the prayer book a penal offence.^[13] A single English-language printing of the 1604 prayer book would occur that year, alongside the first Dutch printing. The 1604 prayer book would not be printed again until 1659.^[13] During this period, Parliament replaced the prayer book with the Directory of Public Worship.^[14]

Alterations from previous prayer books

The 1604 prayer book was only a subtle revision relative to other editions of the Book of Common Prayer. Within the offices and liturgies, some minor changes were made. The Prayer for the Royal Family was inserted at the end of the litany, extending the already-long Divine Service, as were six prayers of thanksgiving.^[15] The lessons from the Apocrypha were removed. A subtitle of "or Remission of sins" was added to the title of the Absolution; similarly, "Or laying on of hands" was added to the title of Confirmation.^[16] As authorized at Hampton Court, the requirement that baptisms be performed by lawful ministers was included.^[8] The new final section of the catechism was penned by John Overall, then the Dean of St Paul's.^[15]

Legacy

The 1604 prayer book is typically assessed as a "minor" revision of the 1559 prayer book, born primarily in reaction to Puritanism. This view is shared by Anglican liturgical historians Geoffrey Cuming and Brian Cummings.^[17] The doctrinal tensions that spurred the 1604 prayer book's creation have been identified as themes in plays by William Shakespeare, particularly Macbeth.^[18]

The 1604 prayer book would be the first edition of the Book of Common Prayer translated into Manx (1610), Spanish (1623), and Ancient Greek (1638). A French printing was published in London in 1616 for use on the Channel Islands.^[19] The first printing of the 1604 prayer book following the Puritan prohibition in 1645 was within Hamon L'Estrange's 1659 The alliance of divine offices, a comparative volume.^[20]

With the Stuart Restoration, the prayer book was restored as the Church of England's liturgy. The new administration broadly supported simply reprinting the 1604 prayer book, but both Laudians and Presbyterians successfully lobbied for revision.^[21] A 1619 printing of the Jacobean prayer book would be annotated with amendments by John Cosin, creating what is known as the Durham Book. William Sancroft added these changes to a 1634 copy of the 1604 prayer book, creating what is known as the Fair Copy. The Convocation, encouraged by the 1661 Savoy Conference to adopt a revised prayer book, accepted these changes with a modified 1636 copy, known as the Convocation Book.^[22]^[23]^[24] The adopted version of what became the 1662 Book of Common Prayer notably reintroduced the "Black Rubric".

Notes

^ The full title, as given on the cover page of a 1605 printing, was The Booke of Common Prayer, and Administration of the Sacraments, and other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church of England.^[1]

References

Citations

^ The Booke of Common Prayer, and Administration of the Sacraments, and other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church of England. London: Robert Barker. 1605. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
^ The Book of Common Prayer, King James, Anno 1604, Commonly Called The Hampton Court Book. London: William Pickering. 1844. Retrieved 31 October 2022 – via Google Books.
^ Wohlers, Charles. "The Book of Common Prayer-1559". Society of Archbishop Justus. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
^ Smith, Ralph Burns (June 1948). "Chapter V: The Ordinal and other significant services" (PDF). The English Books of Common Prayer (1549 - 1552 - 1559) (Thesis). Rice Institute. p. 120. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
^ "Book of Common Prayer Restored Under Charles II". Madison, NJ: Drew University Library Special Collections. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
^ ^a ^b Donaldson, Gordon (1954). The Making of the Scottish Prayer Book of 1637. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
^ ^a ^b ^c Spinks 2006
^ ^a ^b Cummings 2011, pp. 737
^ Swift 2013, pp. 231
^ ^a ^b ^c "The Book of Common Prayer: a Timeline" 2017
^ Cuming 1969, pp. 138–139
^ Cuming 1969, pp. 140
^ ^a ^b Griffiths 2002, pp. 106
^ Rice 1959, pp. 26–27
^ ^a ^b Rice 1959, pp. 26
^ Dearmer, Percy (1912). "Chapter 9: The Fourth Prayer Book and the Authorized Version of the Bible". Everyman's History of the Prayer Book. Oxford: A.W. Mowbray & Co. – via Society of Archbishop Justus.
^ Cuming, G.J. (1986). "Books, Liturgical: 4. Anglican". In Davies, J.G. (ed.). The Westminster Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. p. 101. ISBN 0-664-21270-0.
^ Swift 2013, pp. 230–232
^ Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A., eds. (1958). "Channel Islands, Christianity in the". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd 1997 ed.). London: Oxford University Press. p. 318.
^ Griffiths 2002, pp. 86, 90, 102, 106
^ Cuming 1969, pp. 167
^ Procter, Francis; Frere, Walter (1901). "The Prayer Book in the reign of Charles II". A New History of the Book of Common Prayer with a Rationale of its Offices (1910 ed.) – via Society of Archbishop Justus.
^ Pullan 1901
^ Wohlers, Charles. "The Making of the Book of Common Prayer 1662: The Annexed Book/The Convocation Book". Society of Archbishop Justus. p. xiii-xiv. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2022.

Sources

"The Book of Common Prayer: a Timeline: Chronologie du Book of Common Prayer". Revue Française de Civilisation Britannique. XXII (1). Centre de recherche et d'études en civilisation britannique: 2–3. 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2022 – via OpenEdition Journals.
Cuming, G.J. (1969). A History of Anglican Liturgy (1st ed.). London: St. Martin's Press, Macmillan Publishers.
Cummings, Brian, ed. (2011). The Book of Common Prayer: The Texts of 1549, 1559, and 1662. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Griffiths, David N. (2002). The Bibliography of the Book of Common Prayer 1529-1999. London: British Library. ISBN 0-7123-4772-0.
Pullan, Leighton (1901). Newbolt, W.C.E.; Stone, Darwell (eds.). The History of the Book of Common Prayer. The Oxford Library of Practical Theology (3rd ed.). London: Longmans, Green, and Co. pp. 316–317. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
Rice, Hugh A.L. (1959). Prayer Book Heritage. London: Linden Press.
Spinks, Bryan D. (2006). "Anglicans and Dissenters". In Wainwright, Geoffrey; Westerfield Tucker, Karen B. (eds.). The Oxford History of Christian Worship. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 503–504. ISBN 978-0-19-513886-3.
Swift, Daniel (2013). Shakespeare's Common Prayers: The Book of Common Prayer and the Elizabethan Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-983856-1.

[2] The full title, as given on the cover page of a 1605 printing, was The Booke of Common Prayer, and Administration of the Sacraments, and other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church of England.^[1]

[BCP1605-1] The Booke of Common Prayer, and Administration of the Sacraments, and other Rites and Ceremonies of the Church of England. London: Robert Barker. 1605. Retrieved 12 July 2022.

[Pickering-3] The Book of Common Prayer, King James, Anno 1604, Commonly Called The Hampton Court Book. London: William Pickering. 1844. Retrieved 31 October 2022 – via Google Books.

[4] Wohlers, Charles. "The Book of Common Prayer-1559". Society of Archbishop Justus. Retrieved 12 July 2022.

[Thesis-5] Smith, Ralph Burns (June 1948). "Chapter V: The Ordinal and other significant services" (PDF). The English Books of Common Prayer (1549 - 1552 - 1559) (Thesis). Rice Institute. p. 120. Retrieved 25 February 2023.

[6] "Book of Common Prayer Restored Under Charles II". Madison, NJ: Drew University Library Special Collections. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2022.

[SPB-7] Donaldson, Gordon (1954). The Making of the Scottish Prayer Book of 1637. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

[Spinks_2006-8] Spinks 2006

[Cummings_2011_737-9] Cummings 2011, pp. 737

[10] Swift 2013, pp. 231

[The_Book_of_Common_Prayer:_a_Timeline_2017-11] "The Book of Common Prayer: a Timeline" 2017

[12] Cuming 1969, pp. 138–139

[13] Cuming 1969, pp. 140

[Griffiths_2002_106-14] Griffiths 2002, pp. 106

[15] Rice 1959, pp. 26–27

[Rice_1959_26-16] Rice 1959, pp. 26

[17] Dearmer, Percy (1912). "Chapter 9: The Fourth Prayer Book and the Authorized Version of the Bible". Everyman's History of the Prayer Book. Oxford: A.W. Mowbray & Co. – via Society of Archbishop Justus.

[Westminster-18] Cuming, G.J. (1986). "Books, Liturgical: 4. Anglican". In Davies, J.G. (ed.). The Westminster Dictionary of Liturgy and Worship. Philadelphia: Westminster Press. p. 101. ISBN 0-664-21270-0.

[19] Swift 2013, pp. 230–232

[20] Cross, F.L.; Livingstone, E.A., eds. (1958). "Channel Islands, Christianity in the". The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd 1997 ed.). London: Oxford University Press. p. 318.

[21] Griffiths 2002, pp. 86, 90, 102, 106

[22] Cuming 1969, pp. 167

[23] Procter, Francis; Frere, Walter (1901). "The Prayer Book in the reign of Charles II". A New History of the Book of Common Prayer with a Rationale of its Offices (1910 ed.) – via Society of Archbishop Justus.

[Pullan_1901-24] Pullan 1901

[25] Wohlers, Charles. "The Making of the Book of Common Prayer 1662: The Annexed Book/The Convocation Book". Society of Archbishop Justus. p. xiii-xiv. Archived from the original on 10 May 2021. Retrieved 23 November 2022.

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v t e Anglican liturgical books
Book of Common Prayer	Church of England 1549 1552 1559 1604 1662 Liturgy of Comprehension 1928 Episcopal Church (United States) 1790 1892 1928 1979 Anglican Church of Canada 1918 1962 Episcopal Church of Scotland 1637 1912 1929 Church in Wales 1984 Special printings 1843 illustrated version 1845 illuminated version
Other liturgical books	Church of England Exhortation and Litany Edwardine Ordinals Primer Directory for Public Worship English Missal Alternative Service Book Common Worship Elsewhere Anglican Missal The Anglican Service Book Book of Alternative Services Book of Common Prayer (Unitarian) The Holy Eucharist: Rite Two Sunday Services
People	Thomas Cranmer Martin Bucer John Merbecke William Laud Matthew Wren Jenny Geddes John Cosin Samuel Clarke William Smith William White Samuel Seabury Walter Frere
History	Acts of Uniformity 1548 1552 1558 1662 Clarendon Code 1663 Explanation Act 1872 1874 Regulation Act Worship and Doctrine Measure 1974 Revising groups Hampton Court Conference Caroline Divines Westminster Assembly Savoy Conference General Synod of the Church of England Events Prayer Book Rebellion Vestarian controversy Millenary Petition Bishops' Wars Nonjuring schism Oxford Movement

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Liturgical books	Book of Common Prayer Book of Alternative Services Sunday Services The Books of Homilies Common Worship Directory for Public Worship Edwardine Ordinals Lectionary Revised Common Lectionary Psalter
Vestments (Pontifical)	Alb Bands Baptismal clothing Canterbury cap Cassock Cassock-alb Chasuble Chimere Choir dress Cincture Cope Dalmatic Gaiters Geneva gown Girdle Mitre Pectoral cross Rochet Stole Surplice Tippet Vimpa Zucchetto
Liturgical year and calendar	Advent Advent Sunday Gaudete Sunday Christmastide Christmas Midnight Mass Epiphanytide Epiphany Baptism of the Lord Candlemas Pre-Lent Feast of the Annunciation Lent Ash Wednesday Laetare Sunday Passion Sunday Passiontide Holy Week Palm Sunday Paschal Triduum of Holy Thursday, Good Friday, Holy Saturday, and Easter Eastertide Ascension Pentecost Trinitytide (some churches use Pentecost Season instead of Trinitytide) All Saints' Day Kingdomtide Stir-up Sunday or Feast of Christ the King Principal Feast Principal Holy Day Festival Lesser Festival Commemoration
Anglo-Catholicism and Western Rite Orthodoxy	Altar bell Altar of repose Angelus Anglican Breviary Anglican Use Book of Divine Worship Divine Worship: The Missal Divine Worship: Daily Office Anglican Missal Antiochian Western Rite Vicariate Amice Biretta Blessed Sacrament Adoration Benediction Ciborium Ecclesiastical Latin English Missal Humeral veil Hymns to Mary Last Gospel Liturgy of Saint Tikhon Maniple Monstrance Personal ordinariate Roman Canon Thurible Tunicle Stations of the Cross
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Theology	Black Rubric Body and Blood of Christ Ex opere operato Grace and means of grace Koinonia Liturgical colours Origin of the Eucharist (Last Supper) Paschal mystery Passion of Jesus and its salvific nature Real presence Receptionism Thirty-nine Articles
Related	Agape feast Anglican Communion Anglican devotions Anglican sacraments Bible translations into English Canonical hours Choral Evensong (BBC) Christian liturgy Churchmanship Convergence Movement English Reformation Elizabethan Religious Settlement Prayer Book Rebellion John Merbecke Latitudinarian Liturgical Movement Millenary Petition Ornaments Rubric Oxford Movement The Parson's Handbook Paschal greeting Prayer for the dead Reformed worship Ritualism in the Church of England Rood screen Sarum Rite Thomas Cranmer Thou Vestments controversy
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