Jump to content

Bet-Nahrain Democratic Party

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Bet-Nahrain Democratic Party
ܓܒܐ ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ
LeaderRomeo Hakkari
FounderSargon Dadesho
FoundedMarch 21, 1974; 50 years ago (1974-03-21)
HeadquartersAnkawa, Iraq
Military wingNineveh Plain Forces
IdeologyAssyrian nationalism
Minority rights
Self-determination
Populism
Political positionCentre-right
Colours  Blue
Seats in the Council of Representatives of Iraq:
0 / 325
Seats in the Kurdistan Region Parliament:
0 / 105
Website
www.bet-nahrain.org

The Bet-Nahrain Democratic Party (Syriac: ܓܒܐ ܕܝܡܘܩܪܛܝܐ ܕܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ, romanized: Gaba Demoqrataya d-Bet-Nahrain), usually abbreviated as BNDP, is an Assyrian political party based in Iraq. For much of it's lifespan and involvement in politics, the party has been lead by Romeo Hakkari. One of the party's goals was to create an autonomous Assyrian administrative region within the Assyrian homeland, through the framework of the Iraqi constitution.[1]

The BNDP has a long history stretching back 50+ years, and has participated in Assyrian politics in Iraq since the US invasion. The party also founded the Nineveh Plain Forces in the wake of ISIS, and has since joined the Athra Alliance alongside several other Assyrian political parties.

Although Assyrian nationalist from its founding, the BNDP has been known to opt its stance towards the Kurdish Regional Government, often in opposition to parties like the Assyrian Democratic Movement who prioritized the Federal government of Iraq.[2] The party has also previously been under scrutiny due to its affiliation with the ruling Barzani family of the KRG and the Kurdistan Democratic Party, under the leader of Hakkari.

History

[edit]

The Bet Nahrain Democratic Party was originally founded in March 1974, as a union between the Bet-Nahrain Organization in California headed by Sargon Dadesho, and the Quest Movement in Chicago headed by notable individuals such as Gilyana Yonan. Dadesho had previously a strong advocate for the Assyrian Universal Alliance, but his pursuit of a more militant approach to find solutions to the ongoing persecution of Iraqi Assyrians led him to leave the AUA and form the BNDP.[3] Dadesho had advocated Assyrian nationalism through the BNDP, creating the Assyrian National Manifesto which called for an Assyrian autonomous state in Mosul or Duhok.[4] The manifesto prompted heavy concerns from the still newly emerged Ba'athist regime of Iraq, especially in relation to the party's activities with leaders of the Chaldean Catholic Church.[5] The BNDP would eventually be put under the surveillance of the Iraqi government, alongside other Assyrian political parties.[6]

According to the AUA, the BNDP was one of the very first organizations to adopt the modern Assyrian flag, alongside the AUA and another organization called the Assyrian National Federation.[7]

The party participated in the 1991 Iraqi uprising alongside ADM and Kurdish parties.[citation needed] In 2000, the Ba'athist government arrested Assyrians from Mosul and Baghdad after they were found to have obtained pamphlets from the party.[8]

Electoral history and activities

[edit]
See also: Assyrian politics in Iraq and Results of the 2018 Iraqi parliamentary election (Assyrian seats)

BNDP contested the 2005 Kurdistan Region parliamentary election as part of the ruling Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan and were allocated one seat for Romeo Hakkari. It also contested the January 2005 Iraqi legislative election as part of the Kurdish alliance, and Goriel Mineso Khamis was allocated one seat in the Council of Representatives of Iraq. Although initially participating in the al-Nahrain Watani list, it did not participate in the Iraqi legislative election of December 2005, as Romeo Hakkari had withdrew before the elections began.[9]

In the Iraqi governorate elections of 2009, the BNDP allied itself with the Chaldean Syriac Assyrian Popular Council in the Ishtar Patriotic List. The list won two seats in Baghdad and Ninawa, including BNDP member Giwargis Esho Sada in Baghdad.[10] Prior to the 2009 Kurdistan Region parliamentary election, the party decided to withdraw from the elections.

In the 2010 Iraqi parliamentary election, the BNDP ran as part of a united list with the Assyrian Patriotic Party and the Chaldean Democratic Forum, called the Ishtar Democratic List. The list received the lowest amount of votes across all governorates, and the party won no seats or representation.[11] Similarly, in the 2013 Kurdistan Region parliamentary election, the party ran as part of a Chaldean Syriac Assyrian United List, which also received no seats or representation.

In the 2018 Iraqi parliamentary election, the BNDP ran as part of the United Bet Nahrain List, but was unable to win any seats from the election.

Nineveh Plain Forces

[edit]

In 2014, the BNDP and Bet-Nahrain Patriotic Union announced the formation of the Nineveh Plain Forces to protect the people of the Nineveh Plain and maintain control of the region for people that want to return to the area.[12][13] The force had been stationed in the Tal Qasab village north of Mosul, and was intended to liberate Assyrian/Christian areas from ISIS while acting as the basis for security for an Assyrian autonomous region.[14]

The force, however, was criticized for acting as a Kurdish proxy against the Nineveh Plain Protection Units, and although it reported 500 soldiers, eyewitness reports said that there were less than 50 active soldiers.[15] [16] The force operated under the command of the Peshmerga, and was dissolved in 2017.

Diaspora

[edit]

The party is primarily active among Assyrian Americans in California, where it runs the KBSV (Assyria Vision) television station and the KBES radio station.

In 1983 the party set up the "Assyrian National Congress" with the "Assyrian American Leadership Council". In 2002 they entered into an alliance with the Free Officers Movement of exiled military officers led by Najib al-Salhi.[17]

The party also hosted it's own annual conferences where they discussed party activities, issues of leadership and politics in the Assyrian homeland, and calls for greater autonomy. In August 2006, the party hosted it's Congress in California.[1] [18] [19]

Criticism

[edit]

Like with other Assyrian political parties in Iraq, the Bet-Nahrain Democratic Party has been criticized in the past for its affiliation with the Kurdistan Democratic Party and the Dawronoye movement. In a 2018 report by the Assyrian Policy Institute, the group noted how Romeo Hakkari had publicly praised Masoud Barzani, stating that he was a beacon of coexistence in the Kurdish region, and publicly expressed his support for the 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum.[20] The report noted that before the 2018 Iraqi parliamentary election, the KDP had endorsed Hakkari's brother, Oshana Nissan, who wasn't well known in the Assyrian community apart from his affiliations with the KDP and being seen at several of their events.[20] The report also stated that many of the votes that came to Oshana were through Kurdish votes from Kirkuk and areas of Erbil with no Assyrian population, as well as voter intimidation against Assyrians in Duhok.

Hakkari and the BNDP also took part in signing a collective document of support for the KRG, condemning the federal Iraqi government's military actions in the midst of the 2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict.[21]

The party, as well as Romeo Hakkari himself, were also criticized by the Assyrian Democratic Organization for their affiliation with Kurdish groups during Iraqi elections.[22]

Modern activity

[edit]

The party still engages in smaller activities in Iraq as of the 2020s. Romeo had been chosen as head of the National Union Coalition[23] by the KRG, and in 2020, called on Masrour Barzani to provide proper infrastructure for Assyrian villages in Iraq, particularly in the Nahla valley.[24] On the eve of Kha b'Nissan in 2021, the party released a statement that called for an end to the suffering of Assyrians in Iraq.[25]

In 2023, the party joined the Athra Alliance, which was hailed as a uniting political force for Iraqi Assyrians.[26] However, due to political marginalization from the Babylon Movement and Rayan al-Kildani, the coalition and party won no seats.[27] The party has taken part in signing statements that condemned the discrimination of Assyrians as part of the alliance.[28]

Parallel to other Assyrian political parties, the BNDP condemned the revocation of minority political seats in the Kurdistan Region Parliament and had taken part in boycotting the 2024 Kurdistan Region parliamentary election.[29] [30]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Bet-Nahrain Democratic Party's Declaration". assyriatimes.com. Assyria Times. 20 August 2006. Archived from the original on 6 February 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  2. ^ Kruczek, Gregory (10 March 2021). "Christian (Second-Order) Minorities and the Struggle for the Homeland: The Assyrian Democratic Movement in Iraq and the Nineveh Plains Protection Units". The Journal of the Middle East and Africa. 12: 93–121. doi:10.1080/21520844.2021.1886521.
  3. ^ Bet-Alkhas, Wilfred, ed. (May 21, 2005). "6754 Person of the Year". Zinda Magazine. Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  4. ^ Petrosian, Vahram (2006). "Assyrians in Iraq". Iran & the Caucasus. 10: 113–147. doi:10.1163/157338406777979322. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  5. ^ Benjamen, Alda (January 2022). Assyrians in Modern Iraq: Negotiating Political and Cultural Space. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108976633.
  6. ^ Donabed, Sargon (June 2010). Iraq and the Assyrian Unimagining: Illuminating Scaled Suffering and a Hierarchy of Genocide from Simele to Anfal (PhD thesis). University of Toronto. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  7. ^ Ashurian, Homer. "Assyrian Flag". AUA. Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
  8. ^ Eric Lewis, Jonathan (Summer 2003). "Iraqi Assyrians: Barometer of Pluralism". Middle East Quarterly. 10 (3). Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  9. ^ The Iraqi National Elections and Our Moral Obligation, 2005-11-08, accessed on 2007-02-19
  10. ^ Teule, Herman G.B. "Christians in Iraq An analysis of some recent political developments" (PDF). Der Islam: 185. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
  11. ^ "النتائج النهائية لقوائم ابناء شعبنا في جميع المحافظات لأنتخابات مجلس النواب العراقي".
  12. ^ "The establishment of Nineveh Plain Forces - NPF | Syriac International News AgencySyriac International News Agency". Archived from the original on 2018-08-16. Retrieved 2017-06-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  13. ^ "Christian Iraqi Forces Join Fight Against IS". 8 February 2016.
  14. ^ Hussein, Rikar (8 February 2016). "Christian Iraqi Forces Join Fight Against IS". voanews.com. VOA News. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  15. ^ Reine Hanna; Matthew Barber (25 September 2017). Erasing Assyrians: How the KRG Abuses Human Rights, Undermines Democracy, and Conquers Minority Homelands (PDF) (Report). Assyrian Confederation of Europe. p. 18. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  16. ^ Knights, Michael; Kalian, Yousif (14 July 2017). "Confidence- and Security-Building Measures in the Nineveh Plains". washingtoninstitute.org. Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  17. ^ Assyrian National Congress, GlobalSecurity, 2005-06-22
  18. ^ "Assyrian Party Holds Congress in Iraq, Calls for Autonomy". aina.org. Assyrian International News Agency. 18 December 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  19. ^ "The Bet Nahrain Democratic Party receives the MP Esho". ishtartv.com. Ishtar TV. 19 June 2012. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  20. ^ a b Reine Hanna; Max Joseph (27 November 2018). IRAQ'S STOLEN ELECTION: HOW ASSYRIAN REPRESENTATION BECAME ASSYRIAN REPRESSION (PDF) (Report). Assyrian Policy Institute. p. 45. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  21. ^ "ASIA/IRAQ - In Kurdistan 32 parties - including eight Christian political acronyms - condemn the "military reaction" of Baghdad and defend the "independent" line". fides.org. Agenzia Fides. 23 October 2017. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  22. ^ "Calculators Don't Lie". ado-world.com. Assyrian Democratic Organization. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  23. ^ "Romeo Hakari (National Union Coalition)". parliament.krd. Kurdistan Parliament. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  24. ^ "IRAQ: National Union Coalition leader Romeo Hakkari calls on Kurdish PM to provide proper infrastructure for Suraye villages". syriacpress.com. Syriac Press. 8 October 2020. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  25. ^ "Bet-Nahrain Democratic Party of Iraq calls for end to suffering of Syriac people in Akitu statement". syriacpress.com. Syriac Press. 31 March 2021. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  26. ^ "بلاغ". zowaa.org. Zowaa. 23 July 2023.
  27. ^ "Candidates Names" (PDF). 15 December 2023.
  28. ^ "The Iraqi parliament is aiming to pass a racist law against regional groups". zowaa.org. Assyrian Democratic Movement. 1 November 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  29. ^ "ASIA/IRAQ - Abolition of the quota of seats reserved for minorities in the Autonomous region of Kurdistan. Christian parties appeal to President Abdul Latif Rashid". fides.org. Agenzia Fides. 14 March 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
  30. ^ "Interview: Christian Party Calls for Boycott of Iraqi Kurdistan Election After Quota System Cancelled". awp.net. Arab World Press. 22 March 2024. Retrieved 18 December 2024.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Bet-Nahrain_Democratic_Party&oldid=1263861479"