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For satirical news, see List of satirical news websites.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Fake news websites are those which intentionally, but not necessarily solely, publish hoaxes and disinformation for purposes other than news satire. Some of these sites use homograph spoofing attacks, typosquatting and other deceptive strategies similar to those used in phishing attacks to resemble genuine news outlets.[1][2][3]

Definition

[edit]

Fake news sites deliberately publish hoaxes and disinformation to drive web traffic inflamed by social media.[4][5][6] These sites are distinguished from news satire (which is usually intended to be humorous) as they mislead and sometimes profit from readers' gullibility.[5] While most fake news sites are portrayed to be spinoffs of other news sites, some of these websites are examples of website spoofing, structured to make visitors believe they are visiting major news outlets like ABC News or MSNBC.[7] The New York Times pointed out that within a strict definition, "fake news" on the Internet referred to a fictitious article which was fabricated with the deliberate motivation to defraud readers, generally with the goal of profiting through clickbait.[8] PolitiFact described fake news as fabricated content designed to fool readers and subsequently made viral through the Internet to crowds that increase its dissemination.[9]

The New York Times noted in a December 2016 article that fake news had previously maintained a presence on the Internet and within tabloid journalism in the years prior to the 2016 U.S. election.[8] Except for the 2016 Philippine elections,[10] prior to the election between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, fake news had not impacted the election process and subsequent events to such a high degree.[8] Subsequent to the 2016 election, the issue of fake news turned into a political weapon, with supporters of left-wing politics saying those on the opposite side of the spectrum spread falsehoods, and supporters of right-wing politics arguing such accusations were merely a way to censor conservative views.[8] Due to these back-and-forth complaints, the definition of fake news as used for such polemics became more vague.[8]

Lists

[edit]

Campaigns by individuals

[edit]

The following is a list of websites created by individuals (aside from those associated with corporations or political actors) that have been assessed by fact-checkers as fake news websites.

American News LLC

[edit]
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
American News americannews.com Defunct Published a false story claiming actor Denzel Washington endorsed Donald Trump for U.S. president. The fictional headline led to thousands of people sharing it on Facebook, a prominent example of fake news spreading on the social network prior to the 2016 presidential election. [11]

[12][13][14]

Conservative 101 conservative101.com Falsely claimed that the White House fired Kellyanne Conway. [11][12][14]
Democratic Review DemocraticReview.com Defunct Owned by American Review LLC of Miami, the same company that owns American News (americannews.com), Conservative 101 and Liberal Society. [12][14]
Liberal Society LiberalSociety.com Defunct Published a fake direct quote attributed to Obama, Falsely claimed that the White House fired Kellyanne Conway. [11][12][14]

Conservative Beaver

[edit]
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
Conservative Beaver conservativebeaver.com Defunct Published false anti-vaccination claims related to Pfizer, leading to Pfizer filing a petition to compel the site host to reveal the site owner's identity. [15]
The Red Panther theredpanther.com Defunct Former name of Toronto Today.

As of 2024, is now an e-commerce site.

[15]
Toronto99.com Toronto99.com Active Had the same Google Adsense code as The Conservative Beaver. [15]
Toronto Today torontotoday.net Defunct Had the same Google Adsense code as The Conservative Beaver. [15]
Vancouver Times vancouvertimes.org Defunct Likely shares the same site owner as the Conservative Beaver and Toronto Today. [16]

Jestin Coler

[edit]
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
Conservative Frontline conservativefrontline.com [17]
Denver Guardian denverguardian.com [17]
DrudgeReport.com.co DrudgeReport.com.co Mimics the name of the Drudge Report. [17]
United Media Publishing unitedmediapublishing.com [17]
usatoday.com.co usatoday.com.co Defunct Falsely reports celebrity appearances and filming locations in random local towns [17]
washingtonpost.com.co washingtonpost.com.co Originally registered by Jestin Coler. The Washington Post submitted a complaint against Coler's registration of the site with GoDaddy under the UDRP, and in 2015, an arbitral panel ruled that Coler's registration of the domain name was a form of bad-faith cybersquatting (specifically, typosquatting), "through a website that competes with Complainant through the use of fake news. ... The fake news content misleads readers and serves as 'click bait' to drive readers to other sites, or to share the fake news content with others on social networking websites, to generate advertising revenue." [18][17]

Paul Horner

[edit]
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
ABCnews.com.co ABCnews.com.co Defunct Owned by Paul Horner. Mimics the URL, design and logo of ABC News (owned by Disney–ABC Television Group). [19]

[20]

CBSnews.com.co CBSnews.com.co Defunct Mimics the URL, design and logo of CBS News. [21]
christianfreedommovement.com christianfreedommovement.com Defunct [21]
cnn.com.de cnn.com.de Defunct Impostor site of CNN. [21]
donaldjtrump.com.co donaldjtrump.com.co [22]
isissingles.com isissingles.com Defunct [21]
iywib.com iywib.com Defunct [21]
keepdonaldtrump.com keepdonaldtrump.com Defunct [21]
makeredhatswearableagain.com makeredhatswearableagain.com Defunct [21]
mericaland.com mericaland.com Defunct [21][22]
microsoftsite.com microsoftsite.com Defunct [21]
My Phoenix Daily myphoenixdaily.com [22]
nationalgeographic.com.co nationalgeographic.com.co Spoof of National Geographic. [21]
nationalreview.biz nationalreview.biz Defunct Spoof of National Review. [21]
NBC.com.co NBC.com.co Imitates NBC. [23][21]
NBCNews.com.co NBCNews.com.co Defunct Mimics the URL, design and logo of NBC News. [24]
News Examiner newsexaminer.net Started in 2015 by Paul Horner, the lead writer of the National Report. This website has been known to mix real news along with its fake news. [25]
paulhorner.org paulhorner.org Defunct [21]
snopes.com.co snopes.com.co Defunct Imposter site of Snopes. [21]
St George Gazette stgeorgegazette.com Defunct [21][26][27]
superofficialnews.com superofficialnews.com Defunct [21]
thephoenixnewtimes.com thephoenixnewtimes.com [21]
trumptized.com trumptized.com [21]

WTOE 5 News

[edit]
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
16WMPO 16WMPO.com Defunct Impostor site, per PolitiFact.

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

[23][28][29]
AlexJones.xyz AlexJones.xyz Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [30]
alynews.com alynews.com Part of a network that posted a false story that there was a sequel to the movie Step Brothers in the works in 2016.

Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

[31][32][30]
channel16news.com channel16news.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][30]
channel17news.com channel17news.com Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][33]
Channel 18 News Channel18News.com Impostor site, per PolitiFact.

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

[23][34][28]
clancyreport.com clancyreport.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][30]
Daily News 10 DailyNews10.com Impostor site, per PolitiFact.

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

[23][35][28]
Daily News 11 dailynews11.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][30]
Daily News 5 DailyNews5.com Impostor site, per PolitiFact.

Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

[23][30][28]
FoxBusiness.xyz FoxBusiness.xyz Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [30]
Headline Brief headlinebrief.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][32][30]
km8news.com km8news.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][30]
KMT 11 News kmt11.com Defunct Falsely reports celebrity appearances and filming locations in random local towns. Before the website went down, it referred to itself as a "fantasy news website".[36][37]

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

[38][36][37][28]
knp7.com knp7.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][30]
kspm33.com kspm33.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][32][30]
KUPR7 kupr7.com Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][39][40]
ky6news.com ky6news.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][32][30]
KY12News.com KY12News.com Impostor site, per PolitiFact.

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

[23][28]
KYPO6 kypo6.com Defunct Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][30]
Local 31 News Local31News.com Impostor site, per PolitiFact.

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

[23][35][28]
localnews33.com localnews33.com Part of the same network as alynews.com [31][32]
lopezreport.com lopezreport.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][30]
maywoodpost.com maywoodpost.com Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][41]
mbynews.com mbynews.com Part of the same network as alynews.com [31][32][30]
McKenzie Post mckenziepost.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][32][30]
NewsDaily12.com NewsDaily12.com Impostor site, per PolitiFact.

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

[23][28][29]
newsdaily27.com newsdaily27.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][30]
News Now 11 newsnow11.com Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [42]
oreillypost.com oreillypost.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][30]
WBN 12 News wbn12.com Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [35]
wcpm3.com wcpm3.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][30]
wleb21.com wleb21.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][30]
WRPT 16 News wrpt16.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][30]
WTOE 5 News wtoe5news.com Defunct Original source of false claim that Pope Francis had endorsed Donald Trump in 2016. [43][30]

Your News Wire

[edit]
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
Neon Nettle neonnettle.com Per FactCheck.org and PolitiFact.

Stated by Snopes to be "interrelated" with NewsPunch and Your News Wire.

[23][44][45]
Newspunch Newspunch.com Alternative name for YourNewsWire. [44]
The People's Voice (formerly NewsPunch and Your News Wire) thepeoplesvoice.tv Active Founded by Sean Adl-Tabatabai and Sinclair Treadway in 2014. It has published fake stories, such as "claims that the Queen had threatened to abdicate if the UK voted against Brexit." Its name was changed to NewsPunch in 2018 and The People's Voice in 2023. [46][23][44][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]
Your News Wire yournewswire.com Former name for The People's Voice. [46][23]

Others

[edit]
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
ABCNews1.us ABCNews1.us Same owner as AJUAnews. [54]
African News Updates africannewupsdate.com Same owner as News Updates South Africa. Published a false story about election fraud during the 2016 municipal elections in South Africa, which led to the Electoral Commission of South Africa filing a criminal complaint against the site owner. [55][56]
AJUAnews AJUAnews.com Plagiarized content from The Last Line of Defense. Reportedly owned by individual based in Pakistan. [54]
ALNewsNetwork.press ALNewsNetwork.press Same owner as AJUAnews. [54]
America Talks Americatalks.com Per FactCheck.org. [44]
America's Freedom Fighters Americasfreedomfighters.com Per FactCheck.org. [44]
Banned Information BannedInformation.com Per FactCheck.org. [44]
Dos Palos News dospalosnews.com Same owner as AJUAnews. [54]
FB News Cycle Fbnewscycle.com Per FactCheck.org.

Same owner as Banned Information.

[44]
HealthFacts.pro HealthFacts.pro Same owner as AJUAnews. [54]
Hot Global News hotglobalnews.com [51][57]
ILoveQuilting.pro ILoveQuilting.pro Same owner as AJUAnews. [54]
Leading Report theleadingreport.com A website and Twitter account that promotes misinformation and conspiracy theories about COVID-19 and United States politics. [58][59][60]
National News Bulletin nationalnewsbulletin.com Same Google Analytics ID as News Updates South Africa. [55][56]
The National Sun thenationalsun.com Same owners as Hot Global News. [57][61]
net-breaking.com net-breaking.com Affiliated with Leading Report. [58]
News@Last newsatlast.com Fake news website in South Africa, per Africa Check, an IFCN signatory.

Same owner as News Updates South Africa.

[55][56]
News Updates South Africa newsupdatessa.site Per Africa Check and News24. [62][55]
Ohio Press Pro ohiopress.pro Same owner as AJUAnews. [54]
thepedogate.com thepedogate.com Part of same network as America Talks. Spread the false Pizzagate conspiracy theory. [44]
Right Wing Tribune Rightwingtribune.com Per FactCheck.org.

Same owners as America's Freedom Fighters.

[44]

Disinformation campaigns

[edit]

Corporate disinformation campaigns

[edit]
Main article: List of corporate disinformation campaigns

Examples of disinformation campaigns from companies include Eliminalia, a reputation management firm that created a network of over 600 websites for its clients,[63][64] and Regency Enterprises, which created sites to promote the movie A Cure for Wellness.[65][66]

Political disinformation campaigns

[edit]
Main article: List of political disinformation website campaigns

Examples of countries with political actors that have been confirmed or suspected to be involved with fake news website networks include Brazil,[67] India,[68] Iran,[3] Italy,[69] the People's Republic of China,[70] the Philippines,[71] Russia,[72] Ukraine (Luhansk),[73] and the United States.[74]

Fraudulent fact-checking websites

[edit]
Main article: List of fact-checking websites § Fraudulent fact-checking websites

According to the Poynter Institute, there are four categories of false fact-checking websites:

  1. Sites that are satirical in nature
  2. Sites that attempt to subvert serious fact-checking sites
  3. Sites that re-appropriate the term "fact-check" for partisan political causes
  4. Sites with more violent intentions, such as genocide denial.[75]
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
AosFatos.com AosFatos.com Spoof of Brazilian fact-checking organization Aos Fatos. [76]
Business2Community business2community.com Plagiarized fact-checks from Lead Stories. [77]
The California Republican carepublican.com Run by Devin Nunes' political campaign. [75]
Descobrindo As Verdades descobrindoasverdades.blogspot.com Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com. [76]
Duboka Voda dubokavoda.com Partisan false fact-checking site in Croatia, per the Poynter Institute. [75]
Fact Check Armenia factcheckarmenia.com A website with ties to Turkish government-related organizations that denies the historical facts of the Armenian genocide. [78][79]
Fact-Checking Turkey factcheckingturkey.com Operated by PR company Bosphorus Global and counters criticism of Turkey in foreign media. It treats statements by Turkish government officials as arbiters of the truth. [78][79][80][81]
Faktiskt.eu Faktiskt.eu Spoof of Swedish fact-checking organization Faktiskt. [82]
India News Network indianewsnetwork.com Active Same owner as India Vs Disinformation. [83]
India Vs Disinformation indiavsdisinformation.com Owned by "a Canadian communications firm called Press Monitor"[84] [84][83]
Jigyasa Online jigyasaonline.org Same owner as India Vs Disinformation. [83]
Middle East Guardians meguardians.com Published false fact-check about Jamal Khashoggi. [85]
Notícias Brasil Online noticiasbrasilonline.com.br Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com. [76]
O Detetive odetetive.com Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com. The website owner was summoned by a regional court in Brazil for publishing a false story about the 2018 attack on Jair Bolsonaro. [76][86]
OpIndia opindia.com Active OpIndia is an Indian website that has been rejected by the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN). Fact checkers certified by the IFCN have identified 25 fake news stories published by OpIndia between January 2018 and June 2020. [87][88]
Pensa Brasil pensabrasil.com Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com. [76]
Plantão Brasil plantaobrasil.net Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com. [76]
Shayeaat shayeaat.ir Partisan false fact-checking site in Iran, per the Poynter Institute. [75]
Vøx voxnews.info Partisan false fact-checking site in Italy, per the Poynter Institute. Not to be confused with Vox, the American news site. [75]
War on Fakes waronfakes.com Defunct A Russian website that promotes Russian propaganda and disinformation about the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Seized by the United States federal government in 2024.

[89][90][91][92]

Generative AI

[edit]
Main article: Generative artificial intelligence

As of October 2024, NewsGuard has tracked at least 1,090 news/information websites automatically generated by machine learning models that span 16 languages.[93]

Name Domain Status Notes Sources
AlaskaCommons.com AlaskaCommons.com [94]
The Americans Daily theamericansdaily.com [95]
BestBudgetUSA.com BestBudgetUSA.com [96]
Biz Breaking News bizbreakingnews.com Summarizes The Financial Times and Fortune. [97]
BNN Breaking bnnbreaking.com Redirect [98][99]
bnngpt.com Redirect
bnn.network Redirect
trimfeed.com Redirect
Boluno.com Boluno.com [100]
bosase.com bosase.com [100]
Buckeye State Press buckeyestatepress.com Created by a journalist to demonstrate the ease of building generative AI-based political news sites. [101]
Celeb Jihad celebjihad.com Active Described by the Daily Beast as a "satirical celebrity gossip website",[102] the site has spread real and fake nude images of celebrities using Photoshop and Generative AI. [102][103][104][105]
celebritiesdeaths.com celebritiesdeaths.com [106][96]
County Local News CountyLocalNews.com [96][95]
Daily Business Post [97]
DailyHeadliner.com DailyHeadliner.com [107]
Daily Time Update [108]
Esspots esspots.com Part of the same network as SpaceXMania. [109]
Famadillo.com Famadillo.com [106][96]
FilthyLucre.com FilthyLucre.com [96]
FoodingWorld.com FoodingWorld.com [94]
Getintoknowledge.com Getintoknowledge.com [106][96]
globalvillagespace.com globalvillagespace.com [107]
GlobeEcho.com GlobeEcho.com [110]
HistoryFact.in HistoryFact.in [96]
iBusiness Day [108]
IheartDogs.com IheartDogs.com [111]
InternationalNewsandViews.com InternationalNewsandViews.com [111]
Ireland Top News irelandtopnews.com [108]
L'Observatoire de l'Europe observatoiredeleurope.com Accused of automatically plagiarizing stories from Euronews. [112]
Lawyer Legality lawyerlegality.com [95]
LiverPoolDigest.co.uk LiverPoolDigest.co.uk [107]
Lunumi.com Lunumi.com [100]
Medical Outline medicaloutline.com [108]
Michigan Sports Zone michigansportszone.com [111]
NewsGPT newsgpt.ai Active Accused by Annie Lab of "factual errors, misleading images, and possible plagiarism" from Reuters, CBS News, and CNN.[113] [114][113]
News Live 79 [97]
News Today sagenews.site Part of the same network as SpaceXMania. [109][115]
News You Can't Use newsyoucantuse.com Defunct [116]
NewYorkFolk.com NewYorkFolk.com [110]
NoticiasDeEmprego.com.br NoticiasDeEmprego.com.br [94]
NotRealNews.net NotRealNews.net Defunct [117]
Roadan.com Roadan.com [107]
SpaceXMania spacexmania.com Active Accused by Christopher Blair, the owner of The Last Line of Defense, of plagiarizing its stories via a generative AI model. The New York Times also found that many stories from SpaceXMania were produced by generative AI. [118][119][120][121][109][122][123][124]
Scoop Earth ScoopEarth.com Active [106][96]
setolu.com setolu.com [100]
Time.news Time.news [94]
TnewsNetwork.com TnewsNetwork.com [96]
TopGolf.kr TopGolf.kr [107]
topnews67.com topnews67.com Accused of plagiarizing story from The Last Line of Defense, possibly via ChatGPT. [125]
TopStories.com.ng TopStories.com.ng [107]
TrendFool.com TrendFool.com [110]
US Newsper usnewsper.com Registered in Lithuania, falsely claims to be a news site for the United States. Spread false claim that Joe Biden's withdrawal from the 2024 United States presidential election was a hoax. Accused by NewsGuard of having a network of bots to share its stories on social media. [126]
vatolu.com vatolu.com [100]
Walli.us Walli.us [107]
WaveFunction.info WaveFunction.info [96]
WestObserver.com WestObserver.com Imitates CNN. [110]
WhatsNew2Day.com WhatsNew2Day.com [107]
World-Today-News.com World-Today-News.com [94]
Worldtimetodays.com worldtimetodays.com Accused of plagiarizing stories from Distractify and Heavy.com. [127]

Hate groups

[edit]
Main article: List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups

The following table lists websites that have been both considered by fact-checkers as distributing false news and are run by organizations that have been designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups.

Name Domain Status Notes Sources
banned.video banned.video Sister site of InfoWars.

Warned by the US Food and Drug Administration for spreading misinformation on COVID-19 for "claims on videos posted on your websites that establish the intended use of your products and misleadingly represent them as safe and/or effective for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19."

[128][129][130]
Bare Naked Islam barenakedislam.com [131][132]
Brighteon Brighteon.com Sister site of Natural News. [133]
The Daily Stormer DailyStormer.com Per PolitiFact. [23][134]
Geller Report Gellerreport.com Registered through Pamela Geller's organization, the American Freedom Defense Initiative. [44][132]
HoggWatch hoggwatch.com Setup by Natural News founders to publish attacks against Parkland high school shooting survivors. [135][136]
InfoWars infowars.com Managed by Alex Jones. Has claimed that millions of people have voted illegally in the 2016 presidential election, that the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting was a hoax, that the Boston Marathon bombing was a false flag attack, and that the Democratic Party was hosting a child sex slave ring out of a pizza restaurant. [137][138]

[139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147]

National File nationalfile.com Sister site of InfoWars. It has promoted misinformation about COVID-19 and the COVID-19 vaccines.

Leaked texts from Alex Jones's phone indicated that he started National File to promote InfoWars content while obscuring its origin to evade an InfoWars ban on Facebook.

[154]

[155][156]

Natural News naturalnews.com Formerly NewsTarget, a website for the sale of various dietary supplements, promotion of alternative medicine, controversial nutrition and health claims, and various conspiracy theories, such as "chemtrails", chemophobic claims (including the purported dangers of fluoride in drinking water, anti-perspirants, laundry detergent, monosodium glutamate, aspartame), and purported health problems caused by allegedly "toxic" ingredients in vaccines, including the now-discredited link to autism. [157][158][159][160][146][147]
NewsTarget newstarget.com Sister site of Natural News. [133]
Next News Network nextnewsnetwork.com Combined content from mainstream sites such as the Associated Press with content from sites such as RT and Sputnik. [161][162][163][164]
PrisonPlanet prisonplanet.com Sister site of InfoWars. [165]
Red Ice RedIce.tv [166][167]
Return of Kings returnofkings.com [168][169][170]
TruNews trunews.com [171][172][147]
WorldNetDaily wnd.com A far-right website known for promoting falsehoods and conspiracy theories, including the false claim that Barack Obama was not born in the United States. [171][173][174][146][175][147]

Pseudoscience and junk science

[edit]

The following is a list of websites that have been characterized by journalists and researchers as promoting pseudoscience or junk science.

Name Domain Status Notes Sources
ancient-code.com ancient-code.com [168]
Children's Health Defense childrenshealthdefense.org Active Accused by NBC of "[misinterpreting] research to stoke fears that vaccines might be dangerous for children and pregnant women".[176] Filed a lawsuit in 2020 against Facebook, PolitiFact, Science Feedback, and the Poynter Institute over advertisements and fact-checked claims. Produced an anti-vaccine film that was marketed towards Black Americans. One of its participants, a medical history professor, felt that she had been "used" as part of "an advocacy piece for anti-vaxxers."[177] Cited by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as one of the "Disinformation Dozen" for frequently sharing anti-vaccine misinformation on social media.[178] Banned by Facebook and Instagram in 2022 for repeatedly spreading medical misinformation. [176][179][180][181][182][177][178][183]
Collective Evolution collective-evolution.com Active Spread misinformation about vaccines and COVID-19, and shared conspiracy theories about Mark Zuckerberg and airport body scanners. [184][168][185][171][186]
collectivelyconscious.net collectivelyconscious.net [168]
dineal.com dineal.com [171][187][168][188][189]
EWAO (Earth. We Are One) ewao.com Published false claim that images of a mountain formation in Antartica is evidence of an ancient civilization. [168][190]
Feature Remedies featureremedies.com Falsely claimed that ginger is a more effective cancer treatment than chemotherapy. [176][191][192]
Food Babe foodbabe.com Active Promoted anti-vaccine misinformation. Criticized for promoting chemophobia and "misinformation and fear-mongering about food ingredients."[193] NPR notes that a revenue stream is based on affiliate marketing partnerships with organic and non-GMO food brands. Alleged collusion between Monsanto and the Food and Drug Administration over cancelling a program to monitor glyphosate in food, which Snopes has deemed as false. [168][194][193][195]
Galactic Connection galacticconnection.com Published an article claiming the existence of aliens was disclosed by Russia after a joke made by then-Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev. [168][196]
Geoengineering Watch geoengineeringwatch.org Active Published video claiming the existence of solar geoengineering and chemtrails, which Climate Feedback deemed as incorrect. The site owner filed a lawsuit against one of the scientist reviewers, claiming that the fact-check limited the video's reach on social media. The lawsuit was dismissed, with plans to appeal as of September 2022. [168][197][198][199]
Goop goop.com Active Accused in 2020 by Truth in Advertising of violating a court settlement to stop spreading false medical claims about Goop products. Criticized by Simon Stevens, the then-Chief Executive of NHS England, for promoting products and procedures that he described as monetarily wasteful or "carrying considerable risks to health".[200] Sells many of the same wellness products as Infowars. [201][200][202]
GreenMedInfo greenmedinfo.com Active Founded by Sayer Ji, who has been cited by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as one of the "Disinformation Dozen" for frequently sharing anti-vaccine misinformation on social media.[178] Removed from Pinterest in 2019, which Snopes concluded was likely due to the site’s promotion of health misinformation. Spread false claims about COVID-19 vaccines. Includes a search engine that McGill University describes as "biased toward scientific papers that claim natural food and alternative medicine can prevent and heal diseases."[203] Claims without evidence that marijuana is a cure for cancer. [204][205][203][206][207][208][209][178]
Health Holistic Living healthyholisticliving.com Falsely claimed that ginger is a more effective cancer treatment than chemotherapy, that manuka honey is more effective than antibiotics, and that repeatedly boiling water is harmful. Cites peer-reviewed research to draw conclusions not supported by the works in question, such as citing four studies to claim that magnesium is an effective treatment for ADHD. [176][191][207][210][211]
healthy-holistic-living.com
Health Impact News healthimpactnews.com Falsely linked deaths to flu vaccines and COVID-19 vaccines, and spread unproven cures for COVID-19. [184][212][168][213][214][215][216]
Health Nut News healthnutnews.com Founded by Erin Elizabeth, who was cited by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as one of the "Disinformation Dozen" for frequently sharing anti-vaccine misinformation on social media.[178] Removed from Pinterest in 2019, which Snopes concluded was likely due to the site’s promotion of health misinformation. Spread conspiracy theories falsely alleging that the deaths of doctors or alternative health practitioners were connected. [178][217][171][218][168][219][220][221][222][223][204]
In5D in5d.com [168]
The Institute for Creation Research icr.org [168]
Institute for Responsible Technology responsibletechnology.org Founded by Jeffrey M. Smith. [168][224]
Medical Kidnap medicalkidnap.com Spread false or unproven claims about cases involving Child protective services. Falsely framed COVID-19 vaccines as "experimental".[216] Part of the same network as Vaccine Impact and Health Impact News. [171][225][226][216]
Mercola.com mercola.com Founded by Joseph Mercola, who was cited by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as one of the "Disinformation Dozen" for frequently sharing anti-vaccine misinformation on social media.[178] Removed from Pinterest in 2019, which Snopes concluded was likely due to the site’s promotion of health misinformation. [178][204][227]
Natural Blaze naturalblaze.com [168]
Principia Scientific International principia-scientific.com Repeatedly published climate change denial and false claims about COVID-19. [228][229][230][231][232]
principia-scientific.org
RealFarmacy realfarmacy.com Noted by the Wall Street Journal to promote homeopathy. Spread false claims about COVID-19 origins and unproven treatments. Spread anti-vaccine misinformation and has been noted by NewsGuard to have "promoted ineffective and potentially dangerous cancer treatments."[233] [168][234][235][236][237][238][233][239]
Riposte laique ripostelaique.com Spread false claim that the French government approved euthanasia during the COVID-19 pandemic. [184][240][241]
Science Vibe sciencevibe.com Reposted satirical story from World News Daily Report and framed it as genuine news. Reposted hoax on assassination of Marilyn Monroe. [242][243][244]
Stop Mandatory Vaccination stopmandatoryvaccination.com The founder has been described by NBC News as "a man without medical training who has made a name as a leader of the online anti-vaccination movement."[245]

Censured by the Advertising Standards Authority in 2018 for distributing a Facebook ad targeted towards parents with misleading claims about vaccines. Accused by the Guardian of "[using] Facebook’s advertising tools to target their propaganda exclusively at women."[246] Publishes "accounts from parents who claim that a baby's death was the result of a vaccination. Many of those viral articles have been debunked with official, medically supported explanations that include sudden infant death syndrome, pneumonia and accidental asphyxiation."[176] Misinformation from the group has resulted in at least one death: a child whose mother was urged by other group members not to give her son Tamiflu after he had a bout of the flu. Accounts associated with the site and its founder have been suspended from Facebook and Twitter in 2020 for promoting QAnon conspiracy theories. The founder’s YouTube channel was demonetized in 2019 due to "[promoting] anti-vaccination content".[247] Ads to the site were also removed by Facebook in 2019 for violating Facebook’s policies on misinformation about vaccines. The founder’s Twitter account was reinstated in 2023.

[176][248][245][246][249][250][251][247]
Technocracy News technocracy.news Spread misinformation about face masks with respect to COVID-19 as well as COVID-19 vaccinations. Falsely claimed that carbon dioxide is not a greenhouse gas. The site owner edits a health newsletter for Newsmax. [184][252][253][254][255]
The Truth About Cancer thetruthaboutcancer.com According to NewsGuard, "repeatedly promotes ineffective, unproven, and dangerous treatments for cancer".[256] [168][256]
TruthKings truthkings.com Posted false allegations of fraud in the 2008 US presidential election. Spread false information about vaccines. Reportedly owned by Sherri Tenpenny. [189][188][171][257][258][259][260]
Vaccine Impact vaccineimpact.com Part of the same network as Medical Kidnap and Health Impact News. [216][227]
The Waking Times wakingtimes.com Accused by the Global Disinformation Index of spreading disinformation on COVID-19 public policies. [188][168][261]

Climate change denial

[edit]
Main article: Climate change denial
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
Chicks On The Right chicksonright.com Spread false claim about an upcoming "mini ice age".[262] [188][263][262][189][171]
chicksontheright.com
Climate Intelligence Foundation (CLINTEL) clintel.org [264][265]
NoTricksZone notrickszone.com [264][265]
Klimaat Feiten klimaatfeiten.nl [264][265]
Climate Gate climategate.nl [264][265]
Energy Talking Points energytalkingpoints.com [264][265]
Clima et Verité climatetverite.net [264][265]
Climato-Réalistes climato-realistes.fr [264][265]
Global Warming Scare globalwarmingscare.wordpress.com [265]
Climate Fraud klima-schwindel.com [265]
Climate Skeptical climat-sceptique.over-blog.com [265]
Climate Depot climatedepot.com [265]
Climate Exit (CLEXIT) clexit.net [265]
Climate Resistance climate-resistance.org [265]
CO2 Coalition co2coalition.org [265]
The Daily Sceptic dailysceptic.org Publishes anti-vaccine and climate change denial misinformation. [266][264]
The Daily Wire dailywire.com Published multiple false claims that were debunked by Snopes. Per the Daily Beast, Mike Adams would repeatedly post to the site "to attack and mock... students, staff, and faculty" at University of North Carolina Wilmington.[267] Identified by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as a major distributor of climate change denialism. In 2022, the Global Disinformation Index described the Daily Wire as having a high risk of disinformation due to "bias", "sensational language" and "a high degree of sensational visuals".[268] Alongside Ken Paxton and The Federalist, filed a lawsuit in 2023 against the United States Department of State, partially as a result of this assessment by the GDI, alleging censorship of right-wing media and revenue loss. [189][269][268][270][188][171][271][272][273][274][267]
De Groene Rekenkamer groene-rekenkamer.nl [265]
Destaatvanhet Klimaat destaatvanhet-klimaat.nl [265]
Ecologia, Clima, Aquecimento ecologia-clima-aquecimento.blogspot.com [265]
Climate Curious shortfall.blog [265]
Climate Etc judithcurry.com [265]
Environmental Progress environmentalprogress.org [265]
European Climate Realist Network ecr.network [265]
Everything Climate everythingclimate.com [265]
Klimaat Gek klimaatgek.nl [265]
Klima Realisme klimarealisme.dk [265]
Klima Realistene klimarealistene.com [265]
Klimat Sans klimatsans.com [265]
Klimat Upplysningen klimatupplysningen.se [265]
Koklimaat koklimaat.nl [265]
La Question Climatique laquestionclimatique.org [265]
Science, Climat et Énergie science-climat-energie.be [265]
Sky Fall skyfall.fr [265]
Weather Action weatheraction.com [265]
A Grande Farsa do Aquecimento Global agfdag.wordpress.com [265]

Satire

[edit]
Main article: List of satirical fake news websites

Numerous websites have been created by companies that contain satirical or news parody content that is intended to be or has been designated by fact-checkers as fake news.

Troll farms

[edit]
Main article: List of fake news troll farms
See also: Troll farm

Examples of countries with troll farms that have been confirmed or suspected to be involved with fake news website networks include Cambodia,[275] Ghana,[276] North Macedonia,[277] the Republic of Georgia,[278] and Russia.[279]

User-generated fake news

[edit]

The following table lists websites that have allowed users to generate their own hoaxes that appear in the form of news articles. While the stated purpose is for users to prank their friends, many of the resulting false stories have spread on social media and have led to harassment.[280]

Name Domain Status Notes Sources
12minutos.com 12minutos.com Same owner as React 365. [51][281]
24aktuelles.com 24aktuelles.com Same owner as React 365. [51][281]
24hnoticias.com 24hnoticias.com Part of the same network as React 365. [281]
actualite.co actualite.co Same owner as React 365. [51][281]
actualites.co actualites.co Part of the same network as React 365. [281][171]
actualitesdujour.fr actualitesdujour.fr Part of the same network as React 365. [281]
theasociatedpress.com theasociatedpress.com Same owner as The Fake News Generator. [282][283]
thebreakingnews.co thebreakingnews.co Same owner as React 365. [51]
BreakingNews247.net BreakingNews247.net Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Same owner as React 365. [23][51]
BreakingNews365.net BreakingNews365.net Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Same owner as React 365. [23][51][281]
cbs-news.us cbs-news.us Same owner as The Fake News Generator. [284]
cbsnews.us cbsnews.us Same owner as The Fake News Generator. [284]
channel22news.com channel22news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
Channel 23 News Channel23News.com Prank website for generating false stories. [46]
Channel24news.com Channel24news.com Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Same owner as Channel 23 News. [23][51][280]
channel28news.com channel28news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel33news.com channel33news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel34news.com channel34news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel40news.com channel40news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel45news.com channel45news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel46news.com channel46news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel55news.com channel55news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel56news.com channel56news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel59news.com channel59news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel60news.com channel60news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel62news.com channel62news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel63news.com channel63news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel65news.com channel65news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel66news.com channel66news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel68news.com channel68news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel77news.com channel77news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
Clone Zone clonezone.link Impersonated The New York Times to spread the false story that Elizabeth Warren had endorsed Bernie Sanders in 2016. [285][286][287][288][289][290][291]
cnoticias.net cnoticias.net Same owner as React 365. [51][281]
en-bref.fr en-bref.fr Same owner as React 365. [51][281]
fakeawish.com fakeawish.com [292]
The Fake News Generator thefakenewsgenerator.com [284]
fakeShare fakeshare.com [293][294]
FeedNewz feednewz.com Renamed to prank.link. [295]
flashinfo.org flashinfo.org Part of the same network as React 365. [281][171]
Journific journific.com Often used to spread false claims of businesses about to close. [296]
nachrichten.de.com nachrichten.de.com Same owner as React 365. [51][281]
nachrichten247.de nachrichten247.de Part of the same network as React 365. [281]
nachrichten365.com nachrichten365.com Same owner as React 365. [51][281]
net-infosnews.com net-infosnews.com Same owner as React 365. [51][281]
thenewyorktimes.company thenewyorktimes.company Same owner as The Fake News Generator. [282][283]
Nipsy’s News nipsysnews.com [297]
noticias-frescas.com noticias-frescas.com Same owner as React 365. [51][281]
noticias365.info noticias365.info [171][298]
notizzia.com notizzia.com Same owner as React 365. [51][281]
nsfnews.com nsfnews.com Part of the same network as React 365. [281]
prank.link prank.link [295][293]
prankyourfriends.com prankyourfriends.com Part of the same network as React 365. [281]
PunkShare PunkShare.com [299]
react2424.com react2424.com Part of the same network as React 365. [281]
React 365 React365.com This user-created fake news generator, supposedly for "pranking your friends", had at least two stories that went viral. [25][51][281]
routers.news routers.news Same owner as PunkShare. Spoof of Reuters. [300]
SHRTURL shrturl.co [301]
toutelinfo.fr toutelinfo.fr Same owner as React 365. [51][281]
trend-news.com trend-news.com Part of the same network as React 365. [281]
yam.fr yam.fr Part of the same network as React 365. [281]
youreact247.com youreact247.com Part of the same network as React 365. [281]

Other networks

[edit]

Many fake news websites can be assessed as likely being part of the same network campaign if some combination of the following are true:

Action News 3

[edit]
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
Action News 3 actionnews3.com Spread death hoaxes about various public figures. [25][306][307]
Breaking13News.com Breaking13News.com [306][307]
Daily Buzz Live DailyBuzzLive.com Per PolitiFact.

Republished a hoax about worldwide blackout, a false claim that had been spreading since 2012.

Hosted on the same webserver as Action News 3.

[23][308][309][307]
dailyviralbuzz.com dailyviralbuzz.com [307]
News4KTLA.com News4KTLA.com Impostor site, per PolitiFact.

Has the same IP address as Action News 3.

Repurposed an Associated Press article with a false headline.

Cited story from World News Daily Report.

[23][310][311][312][313][306][307]
News4Local.com News4Local.com [306][307]
Now 8 News Now8News.com Started in 2015, this fake news website is also designed to look like a local television outlet. Several of the website's fake stories have successfully spread on social media. Has the same IP address as Action News 3. [25][314][315][310][306][307]
TheRacketReport.com TheRacketReport.com Per PolitiFact.

Has the same IP address as Action News 3.

Repurposed an Associated Press article with a false headline.

[23][310][311][307]
realstonedtimes.com realstonedtimes.com [307]
Straight Stoned straightstoned.com Hosted on the same webserver as Action News 3. [51][316][307]

Batty Post

[edit]
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
abc14news.com abc14news.com Spoof of ABC News. [317][318]
abcnews-us.com abcnews-us.com Spoof of ABC News. [25][51]
abcnews5.com abcnews5.com Spoof of ABC News. [319]
AlabamaObserver.com AlabamaObserver.com [23][302]
albertatimes.com albertatimes.com [302]
Batty Post battypost.com Published a false claim about being acquired by East Asia Tribune, a page that has the same Google AdSense ID. [302][51][320][321]
Border Herald borderherald.com [302]
Boston Leader bostonleader.com Possibly part of same network as Associated Media Coverage, another fake news site. [23][25][322][302]
boston-post.com boston-post.com Not to be confused with the Boston Post.

Part of the same network as abcnews-us.com.

[317][319]
cairnstimes.com cairnstimes.com [302]
cbs15.com cbs15.com Spoof of CBS News. Possibly part of same network as abc14news.com. [323][324]
cbsnews10.com cbsnews10.com Spoof of CBS News. Part of same network as abc14news.com. [317][318]
cbsnews15.com cbsnews15.com Spoof of CBS News. [319]
cbsnews24.com cbsnews24.com Spoof of CBS News. [319]
cgcnews.com cgcnews.com Part of the same network as nbc9news.com. [324][323]
cnn-globalnews.com cnn-globalnews.com Impostor site of CNN. Published death hoax on Clint Eastwood. [325][302][51]
cnn-internationaledition.com cnn-internationaledition.com Impostor site of CNN. [302][51]
coindesk-us.com coindesk-us.com Spoof of CoinDesk. [319]
countyweekly.com countyweekly.com [51]
dallastimes.us dallastimes.us [51]
DenverInquirer.com DenverInquirer.com [23][302]
dublintribune.com dublintribune.com [51]
East Asia Tribune eastasiatribune.com Published death hoax about Kim Jong-un. [326]
Florida Sun Post floridasunpost.com Possibly part of same network as Associated Media Coverage, another fake news site. [322][23][302]
focustimes.org focustimes.org [302]
foreignjournal.com foreignjournal.com [302]
fox-26houston.com fox-26houston.com [319]
fox-32chicago.com fox-32chicago.com [319]
foxnews-us.com foxnews-us.com Part of the same network as abcnews-us.com. [317][319]
foxnews15.com foxnews15.com [319]
freeinquirer.com freeinquirer.com [51]
The Jackson Telegraph jacksontelegraph.com [325][302][51]
longarticles.com longarticles.com [302]
MississippiHerald.com MississippiHerald.com [23][302][51]
nbc9news.com nbc9news.com Spoof of NBC. Part of same network as abc14news.com. [317][318][323][324]
nbcnews11.com nbcnews11.com [319]
nbcnews15.com nbcnews15.com [319]
nbcnews6.com nbcnews6.com [319]
newjournal.us newjournal.us [51]
thenyherald.com thenyherald.com Part of the same network as nbc9news.com. [324]
pressunion.org pressunion.org [302]
si-nba.com si-nba.com [319]
sundayregister.com sundayregister.com [302]
The Sunday Inquirer sundayinquirer.com [325][302]
The Sunday Post sundaypost.org [302]
surreytelegraph.com surreytelegraph.com [51]
sydneybulletin.com sydneybulletin.com [51]
Telegraph Sun telegraphsun.com [302]
timesofcambodia.com timesofcambodia.com [51]
tmz-us.com tmz-us.com Spoof of TMZ. Part of the same network as nbc9news.com. [324]
tvtnews.com tvtnews.com Part of the same network as nbc9news.com. [324][323]
unitednews.org unitednews.org [302]
us-nbcnews.com us-nbcnews.com Spoof of NBC News. Part of the same network as nbc9news.com. [324]
usatoday-go.com usatoday-go.com Has the same IP address as cbsnews10.com. [317][327]
Vancouver Inquirer vancouverinquirer.com [302][51]
vice-en-us.com vice-en-us.com Part of the same network as abcnews-us.com. [317][319]
weekendherald.com weekendherald.com [302]
yahoonews-us.com yahoonews-us.com Part of the same network as abcnews-us.com. [317][319]

Celebtricity

[edit]
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
20minutenews.com 20minutenews.com [51][303]
alertchild.com alertchild.com [51][303]
areyousleep.com areyousleep.com [51][303]
badcriminals.com badcriminals.com [51][303]
cartelreport.com cartelreport.com [51][303]
Celebtricity celebtricity.com Has falsely claimed that Barack Obama declared a state of emergency in Chicago, Illinois after more than 300 people were shot in one night; that a Wendy's employee put vaginal discharge on a burger as revenge against a partner; and that Bryshere Y. Gray was Jay-Z's son. Contains a "notorious fauxtire and satire entertainment" disclaimer which used to read "the most notorious urban satirical entertainment website in the world".[328] [329][328][330]
channel5000.com channel5000.com [51][303]
drugsofficial.com drugsofficial.com [51][303]
everydaybreakingnews.com everydaybreakingnews.com [51][303]
FedsAlert.com FedsAlert.com [23][51][303]
folksvideo.com folksvideo.com [51][303]
thefrt.com thefrt.com [51][303]
jokerviral.com jokerviral.com [51][303]
mrnewswatch.com mrnewswatch.com [51][303]
Persecutes.com Persecutes.com [23][51][303]
qualitysharing.com qualitysharing.com [51][303]
scaryhours.com scaryhours.com [51][303]
smhwtfnews.com smhwtfnews.com [51][303]
tmzbreaking.com tmzbreaking.com [51][303]
tmzbusiness.com tmzbusiness.com [303]
tmzcomedy.com tmzcomedy.com [51][303]
tmzhiphop.com tmzhiphop.com [51][303]
tmzurban.com tmzurban.com [303]
tmzuncut.com tmzuncut.com [51][303]
TMZWorldNews.com TMZWorldNews.com [23][51][303]
tmzworldstar.com tmzworldstar.com [51][303]
tmzworldstarnews.com tmzworldstarnews.com [51][303]
ViralActions.com ViralActions.com Cited story from World News Daily Report. [23][51][303][313]
viralcocaine.com viralcocaine.com [303]
viraldevil.com viraldevil.com [51][303]
viralmugshot.com viralmugshot.com [51][303]
viralpropaganda.com viralpropaganda.com [51][303]
viralspeech.com viralspeech.com [51][303]
viralstuppid.com viralstuppid.com [51][303][331][171]

PoliticsFocus

[edit]

Used a technique called "domain hopping" - repeatedly switching domain names to stay ahead of advertising blacklists on social media.[332][333]

Name Domain Status Notes Sources
PoliticsFocus anypolitical.com [332]
PoliticsFocus cloudpolitical.com [332][334]
PoliticsFocus goldpolitics.com [334]
PoliticsFocus flexpolitics.com [334]
PoliticsFocus jetpolitics.com [332][334]
PoliticsFocus maxrepublican.com [332][334]
PoliticsFocus politicsbee.com [332]
PoliticsFocus politicsedge.com [334]
PoliticsFocus politicsfast.com [334]
PoliticsFocus Politicsfocus.com Per FactCheck.org. [44][332][334][335]
PoliticsFocus politicsmate.com [332][334]
PoliticsFocus politicstec.com [332][334]
PoliticsFocus politicsvision.com [332][334]
PoliticsFocus sunrepublican.com [332]
PoliticsFocus totalpolitical.com [334]

Miscellaneous

[edit]

The following article lists miscellaneous sites that are one-offs or otherwise lack information that would place them into one of the other categories above.

Main article: List of miscellaneous fake news websites

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Watch out for this fake news website masquerading as The New York Times". businessinsider.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  2. ^ "Would you believe the pope endorsed Trump? Five tips for spotting fake news". NBC News. 22 November 2016. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d Lim, Gabrielle; Maynier, Etienne; Scott-Railton, John; Fittarelli, Alberto; Moran, Ned; Deibert, Ron (2019-05-14). Burned After Reading: Endless Mayfly's Ephemeral Disinformation Campaign (Report). University of Toronto.
  4. ^ Weisburd, Andrew; Watts, Clint (6 August 2016), "How Russia Dominates Your Twitter Feed to Promote Lies (And, Trump, Too)", The Daily Beast, archived from the original on 31 May 2017, retrieved 24 November 2016
  5. ^ a b LaCapria, Kim (2 November 2016), "Snopes' Field Guide to Fake News Sites and Hoax Purveyors - Snopes.com's updated guide to the internet's clickbaiting, news-faking, social media exploiting dark side.", Snopes.com, archived from the original on 28 June 2020, retrieved 19 November 2016
  6. ^ Lewis Sanders IV (11 October 2016), "'Divide Europe': European lawmakers warn of Russian propaganda", Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 25 March 2019, retrieved 24 November 2016
  7. ^ Gilbert, Ben (15 November 2016), "Fed up with fake news, Facebook users are solving the problem with a simple list", Business Insider, archived from the original on 26 May 2019, retrieved 16 November 2016, Some of these sites are intended to look like real publications (there are false versions of major outlets like ABC and MSNBC) but share only fake news; others are straight-up propaganda created by foreign nations (Russia and Macedonia, among others).
  8. ^ a b c d e Tavernise, Sabrina (7 December 2016), "As Fake News Spreads Lies, More Readers Shrug at the Truth", The New York Times, p. A1, archived from the original on 3 April 2019, retrieved 9 December 2016, Narrowly defined, 'fake news' means a made-up story with an intention to deceive, often geared toward getting clicks.
  9. ^ Kertscher, Tom (13 December 2016), "PolitiFact's Lie of the Year 2016: Fake news", Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, archived from the original on 7 December 2019, retrieved 14 December 2016
  10. ^ Ong, Jonathan Corpus (August 30, 2018). "Trolls for Sale in the World's Social Media Capital". AsiaGlobal Online. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  11. ^ a b c Iannelli, Jerry (28 February 2017). "There's Reportedly a Gigantic #FakeNews Operation Run From Miami (and It's Not New Times!)". Miami New Times. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  12. ^ a b c d Silverman, Craig (February 27, 2017). "This Is How Your Hyperpartisan Political News Gets Made". Buzzfeed News. Archived from the original on July 17, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
  13. ^ Bump, Philip (14 November 2016). "Denzel Washington endorsed Trump, according to AmericaNews, Breitbart, USANewsHome — and Facebook". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
  14. ^ a b c d Silverman, Craig (2018-07-29). "This Huge Hyperpartisan American Conservative Facebook Page Was Rented Out To Guys In India". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2018-07-30. Retrieved 2024-10-06.
  15. ^ a b c d "Pfizer Petitions Court For Identity of 'Conservative Beaver' Publisher -- Lead Stories May Have Found Him". Lead Stories. 2021-11-24. Archived from the original on 2023-04-06. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
  16. ^ "Fact Check: Trucker Convoy Leader Was NOT Found Dead In Her Cell | Lead Stories". Lead Stories. 2022-02-23. Archived from the original on 2023-06-06. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Sydell, Laura (23 November 2016). "We Tracked Down A Fake-News Creator In The Suburbs. Here's What We Learned". All Things Considered. NPR. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  18. ^ "WP Company LLC v. Jestin Coler / DisInfoMedia Inc - Claim Number: FA1509001636671". National Arbitration Forum. October 26, 2015. Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
  19. ^ Murtha, Jack (May 26, 2016). "How fake news sites frequently trick big-time journalists". Columbia Journalism Review. Archived from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
  20. ^ Jacobson, Louis (November 17, 2016). "No, someone wasn't paid $3,500 to protest Donald Trump". PolitiFact.com. Archived from the original on November 19, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Funke, Daniel (2017-11-07). "Weeks after his death, most of Paul Horners fake news sites are down. So whats left?". Poynter. Archived from the original on 2022-10-07. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
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  278. ^ Higgins, Andrew; Mcintire, Mike; Dance, Gabriel J.x. (2016-11-25). "Inside a Fake News Sausage Factory: 'This Is All About Income'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2019-04-07. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  279. ^ Ackerman, Spencer; Resnick, Gideon; Collins, Ben (2018-03-02). "Leaked: Secret Documents From Russia's Election Trolls". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 2023-12-16. Retrieved 2023-12-25.
  280. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Silverman, Craig; Spary, Sara (2017-05-29). "Create-Your-Own-Fake-News Sites Are Booming On Facebook And Victims Feel Powerless To Stop Them". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2022-12-08. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  281. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Fake News: Gérard Jugnot Did NOT Die This Morning". Lead Stories. 2019-02-04. Archived from the original on 2023-09-24. Retrieved 2024-08-01.
  282. ^ a b Kim, Sunny (2018-09-20). "This fake news generator is a head-turning troll machine". The Daily Dot. Archived from the original on 2020-09-29. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  283. ^ a b "Reign of "New Fake News King" Already At An End? The Fake News Generator Blocked By Facebook". Lead Stories. 2018-09-23. Archived from the original on 2020-10-01. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  284. ^ a b c "Is The Fake News Generator Back In Business? -- It Took a Single Dash and $12 To Evade Filters | Lead Stories". Lead Stories. 2018-10-05. Archived from the original on 2023-06-07. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  285. ^ "Fake New York Times Article Claims Elizabeth Warren Endorsed Bernie Sanders". The New York Times. 2016-03-01. Archived from the original on 2023-07-12. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  286. ^ Evans, Claire L. (2015-04-23). "'Clone Zone' Is an Easy Tool for Building Fake Websites". Vice. Archived from the original on 2020-10-30. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  287. ^ Reynolds, Emily (2016-03-02). "'Clone Zone' website tricks gullible Facebook users". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on 2022-12-05. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  288. ^ "The True Story Behind Those Mysterious Fake Web Pages You've Been Seeing". The Fader. 2015-04-24. Archived from the original on 2022-05-22. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  289. ^ Thompson, Matt (2016-04-01). "Clone Zone: Democratizing April Foolery". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2022-08-14. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  290. ^ "This is what happens when someone decides an Internet hoax is 'art'". The Washington Post. 2016-03-02. Archived from the original on 2017-10-15. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  291. ^ "Don't fall for this fake website trick". Good Housekeeping. 2016-03-03. Archived from the original on 2024-03-06. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  292. ^ "Faking celeb deaths a big business for some websites, expert says". CBS News. 2014-03-18. Archived from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  293. ^ a b Evon, Dan (2015-08-04). "Is Pepsico Discontinuing Mountain Dew?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-09-27. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  294. ^ Dewey, Caitlin (2014-06-16). "Beware fakeShare, the tricky new hoax site sowing lies in your Facebook feed". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  295. ^ a b LaCapria, Kim (2015-09-09). "Doe Rations". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2022-12-26. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  296. ^ LaCapria, Kim (2016-05-11). "Big Lots Closing?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-11-30. Retrieved 2024-07-07.
  297. ^ Brodeur, Michael Andor (2014-08-30). "The Internet's fake news problem - The Boston Globe". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2014-09-05. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  298. ^ "Estado Islámico NO ha emitido amenaza contra Puerto Rico". Univision. 2015-11-16. Archived from the original on 2016-01-23. Retrieved 2024-08-01.
  299. ^ Evon, Dan (2015-09-14). "No Dough?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2022-12-25. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  300. ^ LaCapria, Kim (2016-03-31). "Kohl's Bankrupt, Closing 818 Stores?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-02-08. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  301. ^ "SHRTURL, The Hoax News Generator, Has Shut Down". WNYC Studios. 2014-06-17. Archived from the original on 2022-10-03. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  302. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa "Entire Network Of Fake News Websites Vanishes In Wake Of Mandalay Bay Hoax". Lead Stories. 2017-11-10. Archived from the original on 2022-02-06. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  303. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Silverman, Craig (2017-03-30). "More Than 30 Websites Are Churning Out Viral Hoaxes About Crazy Crimes And Hip-Hop Beefs". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2022-11-28. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  304. ^ a b c Alba, Davey; Nicas, Jack (2020-10-20). "Here Are the Hundreds of Sites in a Pay-to-Play Local News Network". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2023-03-03. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  305. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK YEARENDER: Ads reveal links between websites producing fake news". Vera Files. December 30, 2018. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  306. ^ a b c d e "Now8News.com Network" (PDF). NewsGuard. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-07-21. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  307. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Fake News: Zika Virus NOT Found In Recent Shipment Of Bananas; CDC NOT Warning Of Safety Concerns | Lead Stories". Lead Stories. 2019-06-05. Archived from the original on 2023-09-23. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
  308. ^ O'Rourke, Ciara. "PolitiFact - No, NASA didn't confirm Earth will go dark for six days". Politifact. Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
  309. ^ Mikkelson, David (2012-08-12). "6 Days of Darkness in December 2020?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-09-29. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
  310. ^ a b c "Fake News: Comedian Bill Cosby NOT Dead Of Apparent Suicide At Age 80 | Lead Stories". Lead Stories. 2018-04-29. Archived from the original on 2023-05-29. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  311. ^ a b Gillin, Joshua. "PolitiFact - Fake headline muddles real story of man cooked to death in tuna oven". Politifact. Archived from the original on 2022-08-16. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  312. ^ LaCapria, Kim (2016-06-23). "Las Vegas Parents Facing Charges for Modifying 8-Month-Old Baby's Ears". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-02-07. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
  313. ^ a b Gillin, Joshua (2017-03-06). "PolitiFact - Rats! Rumors of tons of rodent meat passed off as chicken wings in U.S. are fake news". Politifact. Archived from the original on 2022-08-14. Retrieved 2024-02-04.
  314. ^ Dewey, Caitlin (2015-12-04). "What was fake on the Internet this week: bear rapes, 'false flags' and gold testicles". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2017-10-12. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
  315. ^ Joshua Gillin, Fake news story says United flight attendant slapped baby during flight from Chicago Archived 2017-04-22 at the Wayback Machine, PolitiFact (April 18, 2017).
  316. ^ LaCapria, Kim (2016-05-10). "Pro-Lifers Declare Every Sperm Is Sacred". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-01-12. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  317. ^ a b c d e f g h Silverman, Craig; Pham, Scott (2018-12-28). "In Spite Of Its Efforts, Facebook Is Still The Home Of Hugely Viral Fake News". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2023-10-16. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  318. ^ a b c "NewsGuard's Misinformation SWAT Team Issues Red Ratings to Two Networks Publishing Dozens of Hoax Websites". NewsGuard. Archived from the original on 2023-11-13. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  319. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Fake News: Woman NOT Charged After Slowly Eating Husband Alive Over Three Years". Lead Stories. 2019-01-01. Archived from the original on 2023-03-22. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  320. ^ Horgan, Richard (2016-04-18). "This Fake News Site Really Is Batty". Adweek. Archived from the original on 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  321. ^ Silverman, Craig (2017-04-17). "How A False Story About A Husband And Wife Being Twins Ended Up On Major News Websites". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2018-09-27. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  322. ^ a b Emery, David (2017-04-20). "Florida Man, High on Meth, Cuts Off Genitals and Feeds Them to Alligator?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-02-03. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  323. ^ a b c d "abc14news.com" (PDF). NewsGuard. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-04-25. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  324. ^ a b c d e f g "Fake News: Boy NOT Hailed As Hero, Did NOT Shoot Pedophile Home Intruder Dead". Lead Stories. 2018-10-02. Archived from the original on 2023-09-24. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  325. ^ a b c "Fake News: Lexington Man NOT Arrested After He Was Caught Masturbating $35 Million Stud Horse Trying To Steal Its Semen | Lead Stories". Lead Stories. 2017-08-01. Archived from the original on 2023-03-31. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  326. ^ Gamp, Joseph (2016-06-18). "It's official: Kim Jong-un has NOT been killed by suicide bombers". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 2022-08-12. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  327. ^ "Fake News: Woman High On Meth Did NOT Die After Pumping Gasoline Into Her Anus". Lead Stories. 2018-10-19. Archived from the original on 2023-09-28. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  328. ^ a b Dewey, Caitlin (2015-08-28). "What was fake on the Internet this week: Selfie lice, Joey Fatone and James Earl Jones RIPs". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2017-04-09. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
  329. ^ Dewey, Caitlin (2015-11-06). "What was fake on the Internet this week: amazing cows, the KKK and a 'Secret Sister' gift exchange". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2015-11-15. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
  330. ^ Dewey, Caitlin (2015-09-25). "What was fake on the Internet this week: Casey Anthony's death and Chipotle's 9/11 ad". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2016-11-12. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
  331. ^ Silverman, Craig (2017-06-05). "An Ad Network That Works With Fake News Sites Just Launched An Anti—Fake News Initiative". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2024-08-01.
  332. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Fake News: Melania Trump Did NOT Announce Divorce". Lead Stories. 2018-03-18. Archived from the original on 2023-09-27. Retrieved 2024-02-03.
  333. ^ Silverman, Craig (2018-03-01). "Publishers Are Switching Domain Names To Try To Stay Ahead Of Facebook's Algorithm Changes". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2023-04-30. Retrieved 2024-02-03.
  334. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "No Logan Act Charges Against John Kerry". FactCheck.org. 2018-02-02. Archived from the original on 2023-06-09. Retrieved 2024-02-03.
  335. ^ "John Kerry not facing Logan Act charges". Associated Press. 2018-02-15. Archived from the original on 2024-01-28. Retrieved 2024-02-03.
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