Battle of Fariskur (1250)
| Battle of Fariskur | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Seventh Crusade | |||||||
 Capture of King Luis | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Turanshah Qutuz |
Louis IX of France  Guillaume de Sonnac † Jean de Joinville [1] | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Unknown |
15,000[2] 30,000–100,000 according to primary Muslim sources[3] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown | 10,000–30,000 according to primary Muslim source[3] | ||||||
The Battle of Fariskur was the last major battle of the Seventh Crusade. The battle was fought on 6 April 1250, between the Crusaders led by King Louis IX of France (later Saint Louis)[4] and Egyptian forces led by Turanshah of the Ayyubid dynasty.
Following the Crusader's defeat at the Battle of Al Mansurah, the Battle of Fariskur resulted in the complete defeat of the crusader army and the capture of Louis IX.
Background
[edit]
With the full support of Pope Innocent IV during the First Council of Lyon, King Louis IX of France accompanied by his brothers Charles d'Anjou and Robert d'Artois launched the Seventh Crusade against Egypt. The aims of the crusade were to defeat Egypt, destroy the Ayyubid dynasty in Egypt and Syria and recover Jerusalem which the Muslims had recaptured in 1244.[citation needed]
The ships entered the Egyptian waters and the troops of the Seventh Crusade disembarked at Damietta in June 1249. Louis IX sent a letter to as-Salih Ayyub, the Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt.[5] Emir Fakhr ad-Din Yussuf, the commander of the Ayyubid garrison in Damietta retreated to the camp of the Sultan in Ashmum-Tanah[6] causing a great panic among the inhabitants of Damietta who fled the town leaving the bridge that connected the west bank of the Nile with Damietta intact.[citation needed]
After occupying the Egyptian port of Damietta in June 1249, Louis decided to march to Cairo, encouraged by the arrival of reinforcements led by his third brother Alphonse de Poitiers and the news of the death of as-Salih Ayyub. The Franks succeeded in crossing the Canal of Ashmum (known today by the name al-Bahr al-Saghir) and launched a surprise attack against the Egyptian camp in Gideila, 3 km (2 mi) away from Al Mansurah.[7] The Egyptian troops in the camp, who were taken by surprise, retreated to Al Mansurah and the crusaders proceeded towards the town. The leadership of the Egyptian force passed to the Mamluk commandants Faris ad-Din Aktai and Baibars al-Bunduqdari who succeeded in reorganizing the retreating troops. Shajar al-Durr who was in full charge of Egypt agreed about the plan of Baibars to defend Al Mansurah.[8] Baibars ordered the opening of a gate to let the knights of the crusaders enter the town. The crusaders rushed into the town that they thought was deserted to find themselves trapped inside. The crusaders were besieged from all directions by the Egyptian forces and the town's population and heavy losses were inflicted upon them. Robert de Artois (brother of Louis IX) who took refuge in a house[9][10][11] and William of Salisbury were among those who were killed in Al Mansurah. Only five Knights Templar survived the battle.[12] The crusaders were forced to retreat in disorder to Gideila where they camped within a ditch and wall. Early in the morning of February 11, the Muslim forces launched an offensive against the Franks' camp. For many weeks the Franks were forced to remain in their camp enduring an exhausting guerilla war.[13] Many crusaders were captured and taken to Cairo.[14]
Battle
[edit]On 27 February Turanshah, the new Sultan, arrived in Egypt from Hasankeyf and went straight to Al Mansurah to lead the Egyptian army. Ships were transported overland and dropped in the Nile (in Bahr al-Mahala) behind the ships of the crusaders cutting the reinforcement line from Damietta and besieging the crusade force of King Louis IX. The Egyptians used Greek fire and destroyed and seized many ships and supply vessels. Soon the besieged crusaders were suffering from devastating attacks, famine and disease. Some crusaders lost faith and deserted to the Muslim side.[15][16]
King Louis IX proposed to the Egyptians the surrender of Damietta in exchange for Jerusalem and some towns on the Syrian coast. The Egyptians, aware of the miserable situation of the crusaders, refused the besieged king's offer. On 5 April covered by the darkness of night, the crusaders evacuated their camp and began to flee northward towards Damietta. In their panic and haste they neglected to destroy a pontoon bridge they had set over the canal. The Egyptians crossed the canal over the bridge and followed them to Fariskur where the Egyptians utterly destroyed the crusaders on 9 April.[17] Thousands of crusaders were killed or taken prisoner.[18][19][20] King Louis IX and a few of his nobles who survived were captured in the nearby village of Moniat Abdallah (now Meniat el Nasr) where they took refuge. Louis IX surrendered to a eunuch named al-Salihi after he was promised he would not be killed[21][22] and together with his two brothers Charles d'Anjou and Alphonse de Poitiers he was taken to Al Mansurah where he was imprisoned in the house of Ibrahim ben Lokman, the royal chancellor, chained and under the guard of another eunuch named Sobih al-Moazami.[23][24] King Louis' coif was exhibited in Syria.[25][26] While the house of Ibrahim ben Lokman was used as a prison for Louis IX and the nobles, a camp was set up outside Al Mansurah to shelter thousands of war prisoners.[citation needed]
Aftermath
[edit]The defeat of the crusaders and the capture of King Louis IX in Fariskur created shock in France. The crusaders were circulating false information in Europe, claiming that Louis IX had defeated the Sultan of Egypt in a great battle and that Cairo had been betrayed into his hands.[27][28] When the news of the French defeat reached France, a hysterical movement called the Shepherds' Crusade occurred in France.[29]
Louis IX was ransomed for 400,000 dinars. After he pledged not to return to Egypt again and surrendered Damietta to the Egyptians, he was allowed to leave on 8 May 1250, to Acre with his brothers and 12,000 fellow prisoners, including some from older battles, whom the Egyptians agreed to release. Many other prisoners were executed.[30][31] Louis's queen, Marguerite de Provence, suffered from nightmares. The news (the capture of her husband Louis) terrified her so much, that every time she fell asleep, she fancied that her room was filled with bearded Muslims, and she would cry out, "Help! help!"[32] and left for Acre a few days earlier with her son, born in Damietta, who was called Jean Tristan (John Sorrow).[33]
The National Day of Damietta Governorate, on 8 May marks the anniversary of the expulsion of Louis IX from Egypt in 1250.[34]
Historical consequence
[edit]
The Seventh Crusade met its end at Fariskur in 1250, marking a historical turning point for all the regional parties existing at that time. Egypt defeated Louis's crusade and proved to be Islam's citadel and arsenal. The Seventh Crusade was the last major offensive undertaken by the crusaders against Egypt. The crusaders never could recover Jerusalem and the kings of Europe, except Louis IX, began to lose their interest in launching new crusades. But shortly after the battle of Fariskur, the Ayyubid Sultan Turanshah was assassinated at Fariskur itself[26][35] and the Mamluks, the same victorious champions of Al Mansurah, became the new rulers of Egypt. The power map of the southern and eastern Mediterranean basin became divided among four main dominions: Mamluk Egypt, Ayyubid Syria, the Franks of Acre and Syrian Christian beach-heads and the Levantine Christian state of Cilician Armenia. While the Mamluks of Egypt and the Ayyubids of Syria turned into conflicting rivals, the Franks and the Cilician Armenians in addition to the Principality of Antioch were allied. The Mongols, who suddenly erupted out of the Eurasian Steppe, had their armies by 1241 riding westwards as far as the river Oder and the northeastern shore of the Adriatic and during the Battle of Fariskur they were penetrating deep into all adjoining regions.[36]: 97
The Western Christians and the Cilician Armenians always hoped to have a grand alliance with the Mongols against the Islamic World. The Cilician Armenians submitted themselves to Mongol suzerainty in 1247, and in 1254 their King Hetoum visited the Mongols' capital. In 1246, Pope Innocent IV, who fully supported the Seventh Crusade against Egypt, sent his Franciscan emissary Giovanni da Pian del Carpine to the Great Khan of the Mongols in Qaraqorum to seek an alliance against the Muslims. However, he received a disappointing answer from Güyük Khan who told him that he and the kings of Europe should submit to the Mongols.[37] In 1253, after his defeat in Egypt, King Louis IX sent from Acre another emissary, the Franciscan friar William of Rubruck who accompanied him earlier in his Egyptian expedition, but the outcome of this trip was also not followed by effective action.[38]
In 1258 a Mongol army of perhaps 50,000 soldiers led by Hulagu Khan sacked Baghdad and liquidated the Abbasid Caliphate, then advanced to Syria and captured Damascus. The path to Egypt was then open. The Mongols sent a threatening message to Egypt asking it to submit to the Mongols.[39] However, Hulagu withdrew with the bulk of his forces west of Bagdad, leaving only a garrison of 10,000 (a single tumen) with his lieutenant, Kitbuga. In 1260 an Egyptian army led by the Mamluk Sultan Qutuz and commander Baibars al-Bunduqdari – the same champions of Al Mansurah – annihilated this Mongol force at Ain Jalut. The commander of the Mongol army who was killed at the battle was Kitbuqa, a Nestorian Christian who was accompanied by the Christian king of Cilician Armenia and by the Christian prince of Antioch.[38] The Franks of Acre who stood neutral, and who were warned by Qutuz not to commit an act of treachery, gave passage to the Egyptian army.[40] The triumphant army took Damascus and Syria became part of the Mamluks' dominion.[citation needed]
Later, during the era of Sultan al-Zahir Baibars al-Bunduqdari, the Cilician Armenians and the Principality of Antioch had to pay a huge price for their alliance with the Mongols.[41] After the Battle of Ain Jalut the Mamluks repulsed three more invasions of Syria by the Mongols.[which?][citation needed] Due to the efforts of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt under Baybars, Islam survived the combined Crusaders and Mongol invasions though it had never been in such great jeopardy at any date since its birth.[42][full citation needed]
In 1260, the Mongol Empire suffered a serious split when Mongols of the Golden Horde, in the western half of the Eurasian steppe, converted to Islam and allied with the Mamluks (see Berke–Hulagu war), followed, in later years by other Mongols. In 1270 Louis IX made his last attempt and organized a new crusade (the Eighth Crusade) against Tunis, hoping to be able to attack Egypt again from there, but he died in Tunis.[43] During the reign of Sultan Baibars the number of the Franks' dominions on the Syrian coast were reduced drastically. Acre and the last Frankish strongholds were captured by the Mamluk Sultan al-Ashraf Khalil between 1291 and 1292.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Joinville 2002, p. 134-36.
- ^ Konstam 2002, p. 178.
- ^ a b Bohn 1969, p. 550.
- ^ Louis IX was proclaimed a Saint by Pope Boniface VIII in 1297
- ^ "As you know I am the ruler of the Christian nation I do know you are the ruler of the Muhammadan nation. The people of Andalusia give me money and gifts while we drive them like cattle. We kill their men and we make their women widows. We take the boys and the girls as prisoners and we make houses empty. I have told you enough and I have advised you to the end, so now if you make the strongest oath to me and if you go to Christian priests and monks and if you carry kindles before my eyes as a sign of obeying the cross, all these will not persuade me from reaching you and killing you at your dearest spot on earth. If the land will be mine then it is a gift to me. If the land will be yours and you defeat me then you will have the upper hand. I have told you and I have warned you about my soldiers who obey me. They can fill open fields and mountains, their number like pebbles. They will be sent to you with swords of destruction." Letter from Louis IX to as-Salih Ayyub – (Al-Maqrizi, p. 436/vol. 1 )
- ^ Ashmum-Tanah, now town of Dakahlia – Al-Maqrizi, note p. 434/vol. 1
- ^ "Google Maps". Google Maps. Retrieved 2017-04-02.
- ^ Qasim, p. 18
- ^ Lord of Joinville, 110, part II
- ^ Asly, p. 49
- ^ Skip Knox, Egyptian Counter-attack, The Seventh Crusade
- ^ according to Matthew Paris, Only 2 Templars, 1 Hospitaller and one ‘contemptible person’ escaped
- ^ After the crusaders captured Damietta, general emergency was declared in Egypt, called al-Nafir al-Am Commones joined the battling zone and raided the crusaders camp frequently – Al-Maqrizi, p. 446/vol. 1, p. 456/vol 1. Ibn Taghri, pp. 102- –273/vol. 6.
- ^ Al-Maqrizi, p. 447/vol. 1
- ^ Matthew Paris, Louis IX`s Crusade , p. 108 / vol. 5.
- ^ Al-Maqrizi, p. 446/vol. 1
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2010). "Overview of 1200–1400: Chronology". In Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Vol.1: ca. 3000 BCE–1499 CE. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC=CLIO. p. 282. ISBN 9781851096671.
- ^ Ibn Taghri, pp. 102–273/ vol.6
- ^ Abu al-Fida, pp. 66–87/year 648H.
- ^ Al-Maqrizi, pp. 455–456/ vol. 1
- ^ Al-Maqrizi, p. 456/vol. 1
- ^ Abu al-Fida, pp. 66–87/ year 648H.
- ^ Ibn Taghri
- ^ Though Louis IX, who was a king, was treated well, he was chained and put under the guard of a slave which was not according to the custom
- ^ Al-Maqrizi, p. 456/vol. 1
- ^ a b Ibn Taghri, pp. 102–273/vol. 6
- ^ Lord of Joinville, 170, part II
- ^ False rumours from Egypt: letters from the bishop of Marseilles and certain Templars spread the rumour that Cairo and Babylon had been captured and the fleeing Saracens had left Alexandria undefended. – Matthew Paris, note. p. 118 / Vol. 5. Louis IX`s Crusade 1250
- ^ Matthæi Parisiensis, pp. 246–253
- ^ Al-Maqrizi, p. 455/ vol. 1. – Ibn Taghri, pp. 102–273/vol. 6.
- ^ Al-Maqrizi, p. 460/vol. 1
- ^ Lord of Joinville, 201 / Chapter XVII.
- ^ Both Louis IX and his son Jean Tristan died in Tunis in 1270 during the Eighth Crusade.
- ^ See also Battle of Al Mansurah.
- ^ Al-Maqrizi, p. 458/vol. 1
- ^ Chambers, James (1979). The Devil's horsemen : the Mongol invasion of Europe (1st ed.). New York: Atheneum. ISBN 0-689-10942-3. OCLC 4504684.
- ^ You must say with a sincere heart: "We will be your subjects; we will give you our strength". You must in person come with your kings, all together, without exception, to render us service and pay us homage. Only then will we acknowledge your submission. And if you do not follow the order of God, and go against our orders, we will know you as our enemy." —From letter of Güyük to Pope Innocent IV, 1246. Lord of Joinville, pp. 249–259.
- ^ a b Toynbee, p. 449
- ^ Say to Egypt, Hulagu has come with swords unsheathed and sharp. The mightiest of her people will become humble, he will send their children to join the aged. — From Letter of Hulagu to Qutuz
- ^ The Egyptian army on its way to Ain Jalut camped beside Acre. Baibars had an opinion of taking Acre by the way but Sultan Qutuz refused.
- ^ Cilician Armenia was devastated by Sultan Baibars's commander Qalawun upon the Battle of Mari in 1266. The Principality of Antioch was destroyed by Sultan Baibars in 1268
- ^ Toyenbee[full citation needed]
- ^ Satiric verses were composed in Tunis about Louis' new plan to invade Tunis: "O Louis, Tunis is the sister of Egypt! thus expect your ordeal! you will find your tomb here instead of the house of Ibn Lokman; and the eunuch Sobih will be here replaced by Munkir and Nakir." (According to Muslim creed Munkir and Nakir are two angels who interrogate the dead.) — verses by Ahmad Ismail Alzayat.Al-Maqrizi, p. 462/vol. 1
References
[edit]- Abu al-Fida, Tarikh Abu Al-Fida, The Concise History of Humanity.
- Al-Maqrizi, Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk, Dar al-kotob, 1997. In English: Bohn, Henry G., The Road to Knowledge of the Return of Kings, Chronicles of the Crusades, AMS Press, 1969.
- Bohn, Henry (1969). Chronicles of the Crusades. AMS Press.
- Dupuy, Trevor N The Harpers Military Encyclopedia of Military History, New York:HarperCollins, 1993. ISBN 0-06-270056-1
- Hassan, O., Al-Zahir Baibars, Dar al-Amal 1997
- Ibn Taghri, al-Nujum al-Zahirah Fi Milook Misr wa al-Qahirah, al-Hay'ah al-Misreyah 1968
- Qasim, Abdu Qasim Dr., Asr Salatin AlMamlik (Era of the Mamluk Sultans), Eye for human and social studies, Cairo 2007
- Sadawi, H., Al-Mamalik, Maroof Ikhwan, Alexandria
- Skip Knox, Dr. E.L., The Crusades, Seventh Crusade, A college course on the Crusades, 1999
- Toynbee, Arnold J., Mankind and Mother Earth, Oxford University Press 1976
- Paris, Matthew, The Chronicles of Matthew Paris (Matthew Paris: Chronica Majora) translated by Helen Nicholson 1989.
- Paris, Matthew, Roger of Wendover, and Richards, Henry, Matthæi Parisiensis, monachi Sancti Albani, Chronica majora, Longman & Co. 1880.
- Joinville, Jean de, The Memoirs of the Lord of Joinville, translated by Ethel Wedgwood (1906)
- The New Encyclopædia Britannica, H. H. Berton Publisher, 1973
- The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Macropædia, H. H. Berton Publisher, 1973–1974
- www.historyofwar.org
- Konstam, Angus (2002). Historical Atlas of The Crusades. Thalamus Publishing.
External links
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