Bargmann–Wigner equations

In relativistic quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the Bargmann–Wigner equations describe free particles with non-zero mass and arbitrary spin j, an integer for bosons (j = 1, 2, 3 ...) or half-integer for fermions (j = 1⁄2, 3⁄2, 5⁄2 ...). The solutions to the equations are wavefunctions, mathematically in the form of multi-component spinor fields.

They are named after Valentine Bargmann and Eugene Wigner.

History

Paul Dirac first published the Dirac equation in 1928, and later (1936) extended it to particles of any half-integer spin before Fierz and Pauli subsequently found the same equations in 1939, and about a decade before Bargman, and Wigner. Eugene Wigner wrote a paper in 1937 about unitary representations of the inhomogeneous Lorentz group, or the Poincaré group. Wigner notes Ettore Majorana and Dirac used infinitesimal operators applied to functions. Wigner classifies representations as irreducible, factorial, and unitary.

In 1948 Valentine Bargmann and Wigner published the equations now named after them in a paper on a group theoretical discussion of relativistic wave equations.

Statement of the equations

For a free particle of spin j without electric charge, the BW equations are a set of 2j coupled linear partial differential equations, each with a similar mathematical form to the Dirac equation. The full set of equations are:

${\begin{aligned}&\left(-\gamma ^{\mu }{\hat {P}}_{\mu }+mc\right)_{\alpha _{1}\alpha _{1}'}\psi _{\alpha '_{1}\alpha _{2}\alpha _{3}\cdots \alpha _{2j}}=0\\&\left(-\gamma ^{\mu }{\hat {P}}_{\mu }+mc\right)_{\alpha _{2}\alpha _{2}'}\psi _{\alpha _{1}\alpha '_{2}\alpha _{3}\cdots \alpha _{2j}}=0\\&\qquad \vdots \\&\left(-\gamma ^{\mu }{\hat {P}}_{\mu }+mc\right)_{\alpha _{2j}\alpha '_{2j}}\psi _{\alpha _{1}\alpha _{2}\alpha _{3}\cdots \alpha '_{2j}}=0\\\end{aligned}}$

which follow the pattern;

$\left(-\gamma ^{\mu }{\hat {P}}_{\mu }+mc\right)_{\alpha _{r}\alpha '_{r}}\psi _{\alpha _{1}\cdots \alpha '_{r}\cdots \alpha _{2j}}=0$

1

for r = 1, 2, ... 2j. (Some authors e.g. Loide and Saar use n = 2j to remove factors of 2. Also the spin quantum number is usually denoted by s in quantum mechanics, however in this context j is more typical in the literature). The entire wavefunction ψ = ψ(r, t) has components

$\psi _{\alpha _{1}\alpha _{2}\alpha _{3}\cdots \alpha _{2j}}(\mathbf {r} ,t)$

and is a rank-2j 4-component spinor field. Each index takes the values 1, 2, 3, or 4, so there are 4^2j components of the entire spinor field ψ, although a completely symmetric wavefunction reduces the number of independent components to 2(2j + 1). Further, γ^μ = (γ⁰, γ) are the gamma matrices, and

${\hat {P}}_{\mu }=i\hbar \partial _{\mu }$

is the 4-momentum operator.

The operator constituting each equation, (−γ^μP_μ + mc) = (−iħγ^μ∂_μ + mc), is a 4 × 4 matrix, because of the γ^μ matrices, and the mc term scalar-multiplies the 4 × 4 identity matrix (usually not written for simplicity). Explicitly, in the Dirac representation of the gamma matrices:

${\begin{aligned}-\gamma ^{\mu }{\hat {P}}_{\mu }+mc&=-\gamma ^{0}{\frac {\hat {E}}{c}}-{\boldsymbol {\gamma }}\cdot (-{\hat {\mathbf {p} }})+mc\\[6pt]&=-{\begin{pmatrix}I_{2}&0\\0&-I_{2}\\\end{pmatrix}}{\frac {\hat {E}}{c}}+{\begin{pmatrix}0&{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {\mathbf {p} }}\\-{\boldsymbol {\sigma }}\cdot {\hat {\mathbf {p} }}&0\\\end{pmatrix}}+{\begin{pmatrix}I_{2}&0\\0&I_{2}\\\end{pmatrix}}mc\\[8pt]&={\begin{pmatrix}-{\frac {\hat {E}}{c}}+mc&0&{\hat {p}}_{z}&{\hat {p}}_{x}-i{\hat {p}}_{y}\\0&-{\frac {\hat {E}}{c}}+mc&{\hat {p}}_{x}+i{\hat {p}}_{y}&-{\hat {p}}_{z}\\-{\hat {p}}_{z}&-({\hat {p}}_{x}-i{\hat {p}}_{y})&{\frac {\hat {E}}{c}}+mc&0\\-({\hat {p}}_{x}+i{\hat {p}}_{y})&{\hat {p}}_{z}&0&{\frac {\hat {E}}{c}}+mc\\\end{pmatrix}}\\\end{aligned}}$

where σ = (σ₁, σ₂, σ₃) = (σ_x, σ_y, σ_z) is a vector of the Pauli matrices, E is the energy operator, p = (p₁, p₂, p₃) = (p_x, p_y, p_z) is the 3-momentum operator, I₂ denotes the 2 × 2 identity matrix, the zeros (in the second line) are actually 2 × 2 blocks of zero matrices.

The above matrix operator contracts with one bispinor index of ψ at a time (see matrix multiplication), so some properties of the Dirac equation also apply to the BW equations:

• the equations are Lorentz covariant,
• all components of the solutions ψ also satisfy the Klein–Gordon equation, and hence fulfill the relativistic energy–momentum relation,

$E^{2}=(pc)^{2}+(mc^{2})^{2}$

• second quantization is still possible.

Unlike the Dirac equation, which can incorporate the electromagnetic field via minimal coupling, the B–W formalism comprises intrinsic contradictions and difficulties when the electromagnetic field interaction is incorporated. In other words, it is not possible to make the change P_μ → P_μ − eA_μ, where e is the electric charge of the particle and A_μ = (A₀, A) is the electromagnetic four-potential. An indirect approach to investigate electromagnetic influences of the particle is to derive the electromagnetic four-currents and multipole moments for the particle, rather than include the interactions in the wave equations themselves.

Lorentz group structure

The representation of the Lorentz group for the BW equations is

$D^{\mathrm {BW} }=\bigotimes _{r=1}^{2j}\left[D_{r}^{(1/2,0)}\oplus D_{r}^{(0,1/2)}\right]\,.$

where each D_r is an irreducible representation. This representation does not have definite spin unless j equals 1/2 or 0. One may perform a Clebsch–Gordan decomposition to find the irreducible (A, B) terms and hence the spin content. This redundancy necessitates that a particle of definite spin j that transforms under the D^BW representation satisfies field equations.

The representations D^{(j, 0)} and D^{(0, j)} can each separately represent particles of spin j. A state or quantum field in such a representation would satisfy no field equation except the Klein–Gordon equation.

Formulation in curved spacetime

Main articles: spacetime and Cartan formalism (physics)

Following M. Kenmoku, in local Minkowski space, the gamma matrices satisfy the anticommutation relations:

$[\gamma ^{i},\gamma ^{j}]_{+}=2\eta ^{ij}I_{4}$

where η^ij = diag(−1, 1, 1, 1) is the Minkowski metric. For the Latin indices here, i, j = 0, 1, 2, 3. In curved spacetime they are similar:

$[\gamma ^{\mu },\gamma ^{\nu }]_{+}=2g^{\mu \nu }$

where the spatial gamma matrices are contracted with the vierbein b_i^μ to obtain γ^μ = b_i^μ γⁱ, and g^μν = b^iμb_i^ν is the metric tensor. For the Greek indices; μ, ν = 0, 1, 2, 3.

A covariant derivative for spinors is given by

${\mathcal {D}}_{\mu }=\partial _{\mu }+\Omega _{\mu }$

with the connection Ω given in terms of the spin connection ω by:

$\Omega _{\mu }={\frac {1}{4}}\partial _{\mu }\omega ^{ij}(\gamma _{i}\gamma _{j}-\gamma _{j}\gamma _{i})$

The covariant derivative transforms like ψ:

${\mathcal {D}}_{\mu }\psi \rightarrow D(\Lambda ){\mathcal {D}}_{\mu }\psi$

With this setup, equation (1) becomes:

${\begin{aligned}&(-i\hbar \gamma ^{\mu }{\mathcal {D}}_{\mu }+mc)_{\alpha _{1}\alpha _{1}'}\psi _{\alpha '_{1}\alpha _{2}\alpha _{3}\cdots \alpha _{2j}}=0\\&(-i\hbar \gamma ^{\mu }{\mathcal {D}}_{\mu }+mc)_{\alpha _{2}\alpha _{2}'}\psi _{\alpha _{1}\alpha '_{2}\alpha _{3}\cdots \alpha _{2j}}=0\\&\qquad \vdots \\&(-i\hbar \gamma ^{\mu }{\mathcal {D}}_{\mu }+mc)_{\alpha _{2j}\alpha '_{2j}}\psi _{\alpha _{1}\alpha _{2}\alpha _{3}\cdots \alpha '_{2j}}=0\,.\\\end{aligned}}$

See also

• Two-body Dirac equation
• Generalizations of Pauli matrices
• Wigner D-matrix
• Weyl–Brauer matrices
• Higher-dimensional gamma matrices
• Joos–Weinberg equation, alternative equations which describe free particles of any spin
• Higher-spin theory

Further reading

Books

• Weinberg, S, The Quantum Theory of Fields, vol II
• Weinberg, S, The Quantum Theory of Fields, vol III
• R. Penrose (2007). The Road to Reality. Vintage books. ISBN 978-0-679-77631-4.

Selected papers

• E. N. Lorenz (1941). "A Generalization of the Dirac Equations". PNAS. 27 (6): 317–322. Bibcode:1941PNAS...27..317L. doi:10.1073/pnas.27.6.317. PMC 1078329. PMID 16588466.
• V. V. Dvoeglazov (2011). "The modified Bargmann-Wigner formalism for higher spin fields and relativistic quantum mechanics". International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series. 03: 121–132. Bibcode:2011IJMPS...3..121D. doi:10.1142/S2010194511001218.
• D. N. Williams (1965). "The Dirac Algebra for Any Spin" (PDF). Lectures in Theoretical Physics. Vol. 7A. University Press of Colorado. pp. 139–172.
• H. Shi-Zhong; Z. Peng-Fei; R. Tu-Nan; Z. Yu-Can; Z. Zhi-Peng (2004). "Projection Operator and Feynman Propagator for a Free Massive Particle of Arbitrary Spin". Communications in Theoretical Physics. 41 (3): 405–418. Bibcode:2004CoTPh..41..405H. doi:10.1088/0253-6102/41/3/405. S2CID 123407062. Archived from the original on 2014-08-19. Retrieved 2014-08-17.
• V. P. Neznamov (2006). "On the theory of interacting fields in Foldy-Wouthuysen representation". Phys. Part. Nucl. 37 (2006): 86–103. arXiv:hep-th/0411050. Bibcode:2004hep.th...11050N. doi:10.1134/S1063779606010023. S2CID 16681061.
• H. Stumpf (2004). "Generalized de Broglie–Bargmann–Wigner Equations, a Modern Formulation of de Broglie's Fusion Theory" (PDF). Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie. Vol. 29, no. Supplement. p. 785.
• D. G. C. McKeon; T. N. Sherry (2004). "The Bargmann–Wigner Equations in Spherical Space". arXiv:hep-th/0411090.
• R. Clarkson; D. G. C. McKeon (2003). "Quantum Field Theory" (PDF). pp. 61–69. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-30. Retrieved 2016-10-27.
• H. Stumpf (2002). "Eigenstates of Generalized de Broglie–Bargmann–Wigner Equations for Photons with Partonic Substructure" (PDF). Z. Naturforsch. Vol. 57. pp. 726–736.
• B. Schroer (1997). "Wigner Representation Theory of the Poincaré Group, Localization, Statistics and the S-Matrix". Nuclear Physics B. 499 (3): 519–546. arXiv:hep-th/9608092. Bibcode:1997NuPhB.499..519S. doi:10.1016/S0550-3213(97)00358-1. S2CID 18003852.
• E. Elizalde; J.A. Lobo (1980). "From Galilean-invariant to relativistic wave equations" (PDF). Physical Review D. 22 (4): 884. Bibcode:1980PhRvD..22..884E. doi:10.1103/physrevd.22.884. hdl:2445/12327.
• D. V. Ahluwalia (1997). "Book Review: The Quantum Theory of Fields Vol. I and II by S. Weinberg". Found. Phys. 10 (3): 301–304. arXiv:physics/9704002. Bibcode:1997FoPhL..10..301A. doi:10.1007/bf02764211. S2CID 189940978.
• J. A. Morgan (2005). "Parity and the Spin-Statistics Connection". Pramana. 65 (3): 513–516. arXiv:physics/0410037. Bibcode:2005Prama..65..513M. doi:10.1007/BF02704208. S2CID 119416196.

External links

Relativistic wave equations:

• Dirac matrices in higher dimensions, Wolfram Demonstrations Project
• Learning about spin-1 fields, P. Cahill, K. Cahill, University of New Mexico
• Field equations for massless bosons from a Dirac–Weinberg formalism, R.W. Davies, K.T.R. Davies, P. Zory, D.S. Nydick, American Journal of Physics
• Quantum field theory I, Martin Mojžiš Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
• The Bargmann–Wigner Equation: Field equation for arbitrary spin, FarzadQassemi, IPM School and Workshop on Cosmology, IPM, Tehran, Iran

Lorentz groups in relativistic quantum physics:

• Representations of Lorentz Group, indiana.edu
• Appendix C: Lorentz group and the Dirac algebra, mcgill.ca
• The Lorentz Group, Relativistic Particles, and Quantum Mechanics, D. E. Soper, University of Oregon, 2011
• Representations of Lorentz and Poincaré groups, J. Maciejko, Stanford University
• Representations of the Symmetry Group of Spacetime, K. Drake, M. Feinberg, D. Guild, E. Turetsky, 2009