Bangladesh protests (2022–2024)
![]() | This article needs to be updated.(August 2024) |
Bangladesh protests | |
---|---|
![]() Victory march by protesters after the resignation of Sheikh Hasina in 2024 | |
Date | 10 December 2022 – 5 August 2024 (1 year, 7 months and 26 days) Initial phase: 10 December 2022 – January 2024 (1 year and 1 month) 2024 Quota reform movement: 5 June – 3 August 2024 (1 month and 29 days) Non-cooperation movement: 4–5 August 2024 (1 day) |
Location | |
Caused by | Multiple reasons:
|
Goals | Resignation of Sheikh Hasina government (mainly) |
Methods | Activism, demonstration, protest, strike, sit-in, occupation, blockade, barricade, internet activism, riot, vandalism, arson |
Resulted in | Protesters' victory
|
Casualties | |
Death(s) | 600+ (OHCHR estimate)[1][2] |
Injuries | ~20,000+ |
The Bangladesh protests of 2022–24 was a series of protests against the government of Sheikh Hasina between 2022 and 2024. Anti-government protests broke out in Bangladesh on 10 December 2022.[3] The protests were initiated by the Bangladeshi opposition, which vowed to continue protests despite autocratic crackdown. The protests remained low-level, with some vandalisation occurring in November and December 2023. Later in July 2024, it accelerated to the quota reform movement and finally the non-cooperation movement, leading to Hasina fleeing the country after resigning.
In December 2022, tens of thousands marched in Dhaka demanding the resignation of Sheikh Hasina.[4] The protests were linked to rising commodity costs and inflation as a result of the Russian invasion of Ukraine. More violence escalated during October and November 2023, resulting in the deaths of two people.
In June 2024, the Supreme Court announced that reinstated the pre-2018 quota system in government jobs, triggering massive protests due to limited opportunity based on merit. Violent suppression angered the public further, resulting in thousands more casualities and hundreds killed, the event known as July massacre. This lasted until the overthrow of Sheikh Hasina government.
Events
[edit]Initial phase
[edit]![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2024) |
On 8 December 2022, significant unrest occurred as opposition parties, mainly the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), held a rally in Dhaka to demand free elections and the resignation of the government led by the Awami League. The government responded with a heavy crackdown. Hundreds of protesters were arrested, and clashes with the police resulted in the death of one protester.[5][6]
In January 2023, the opposition forces continued to mobilize in Dhaka. These rallies were primarily organized to protest the outcomes of the upcoming elections, demanding electoral reforms and the establishment of a caretaker government to ensure fair elections.[7]
On 28 October 2023, anti-government protests escalated significantly in Dhaka and other areas. Two protesters were killed, and dozens were injured in violent clashes with law enforcement. Protests also spread to to the Kishoreganj District, where tensions between protesters and the police were similarly high.[8] During these demonstrations, a policeman was reported to have been beaten to death by a mob.[9] Following the announcement of the general election on 15 November 2023, violence and arrests surged. As opposition groups intensified their activities to demand transparent and fair elections, the government's crackdown grew more severe. By the end of 2023, four more people had been killed in protest-related violence, and over 5,330 individuals were arrested, according to local reports and human rights organizations.[10]
2024
[edit]Quota Reform Movement
[edit]
![]() | This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (July 2024) |
The 2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement, also known as July Revolution,[a] was a series of anti-government[b] and pro-democracy[c] protests in Bangladesh, spearheaded primarily by university students. Initially focused on restructuring quota-based systems for government job recruitment, the movement expanded against what many perceive as an authoritarian government when they carried out a massacre of protestors and civilians, most of whom were students.[d] The majority of the fatalities were caused by gunshots fired by the police and other government forces, using lethal and deadly weapons,[27] against unarmed protestors and non-protesting civilians, including children and pedestrians.[e]
The protest began in June 2024, in response to the Supreme Court of Bangladesh reinstating a 30% quota for descendants of freedom fighters, reversing the government decision made in response to the 2018 Bangladesh quota reform movement. Students began to feel like they have a limited opportunity based on merit. The protest, which initially began as a response to the reestablished quota system for government jobs, quickly spread throughout the entire country because of the government's violent response, as well as growing public dissatisfaction against an oppressive government. The situation was further complicated by many other ongoing issues, like the government's inability to manage a prolonged economic downturn, reports of rampant corruption and human rights violations, and the absence of democratic channels for initiating changes.[32][33][34][35]
The government sought to suppress the protests by shutting down all educational institutions. They deployed their student wing, the Chhatra League, along with other factions of the Awami League party, such as the Jubo League and the Swechasebak League. These groups resorted to using firearms and sharp weapons against the demonstrators.[f] The government then deployed Police, RAB, BGB and other armed forces, declaring a nationwide shoot-at-sight curfew[g] amid an unprecedented government-ordered nationwide internet and mobile connectivity blackout that effectively isolated Bangladesh from the rest of the world.[h] Later, the government also blocked social media in Bangladesh, including Facebook, TikTok, and WhatsApp.[44] As of August 2, there were 215 confirmed deaths, more than 20,000 injuries,[45][46] and more than 11,000 arrests in various parts of the country.[i] The unofficial death toll is between 300 and 500.[51] UNICEF reported that at least 32 children were killed during July's protests, with many more injured and detained.[52][53] Determining the exact number of deaths has been difficult because the government reportedly restricted hospitals from sharing information with the media without police permission, hospital CCTV footage was confiscated, and numerous individuals with gunshot wounds were buried without identification.[54][55][56]
The Awami League government and Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina have suggested that political opponents have co-opted the protest.[57][58] Despite the curfew restrictions the movement remained ongoing as it expanded its demands to include accountability for violence, a ban on the student wing of the government Chhatra League, and resignation of certain government officials,[59] including the resignation of Prime Minister Hasina.[60] The government's use of widespread violence against the general public turned the student protest into a people's uprising known as the non-cooperation movement. The movement called for nationwide civil disobedience and for Hasina and her cabinet to step down and take responsibility for the deaths. The government denied that any protestors were killed by its security forces.[j]
On 3 August, as a last resort to quell the protests, Sheikh Hasina proposed peaceful talks with the protesters, stating that her office was open and expressing a desire to "sit with the quota protesters and listen to them." However, central coordinator Nahid Islam announced that the protesters had no plans to negotiate with the government due to having endured torture while in police custody and having resorted to a hunger strike while detained by police and the Detective Branch. Asif Mahmud, another coordinator of the Anti-Discrimination Student Movement, stated, "There is no dialogue with bullets and terrorism."[65] This marked the end of the movement.
On 4 August, thousands of protesters convened at Shahbag intersection in the morning, obstructing it as a form of civil disobedience to demand the resignation of the government.[66] This was also followed by hundreds of casualties.[67] On next day, the protesters called for the "Long March to Dhaka" in defiance of a nationwide curfew to press Sheikh Hasina to resign.[68] Under pressure from both the army and the protesters, Hasina eventually stepped down that same day at around 3:00 p.m. (UTC+6) and fled to India with her sister.One Point Movement
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE.jpg/220px-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE.jpg)
The non-cooperation movement,[k] also known as the one-point movement,[l] was a protest against the Government of Bangladesh, initiated within the framework of the 2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement. The sole demand of this movement was the resignation of Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and her cabinet.[69][70]
Although initially limited to the goal of reforming quotas in government jobs, the movement snowballed into a mass anti-government uprising after the deaths of several protesters. The movement was also fueled by ongoing socio-economic and political issues, including the government's mismanagement of the national economy, rampant corruption by government officials, human rights violations, allegations of undermining the country's sovereignty by Sheikh Hasina, and increasing authoritarianism and democratic backsliding.[71][72][73][74][75]
On 3 August 2024, coordinators of the Anti-discrimination Students Movement announced a one-point demand for the resignation of the Prime Minister and her cabinet and called for "comprehensive non-cooperation".[76][77] The following day, violent clashes broke out, resulting in the deaths of 97 people, including students. The coordinators called for a long march to Dhaka to force Hasina out of power on 5 August. That day, a large crowd of protesters made its way through the capital.[78] At around 3:00 p.m. (UTC+6), Sheikh Hasina resigned and fled to India, her government's biggest ally.[79] Widespread celebrations and violence occurred following her removal, while the military and President Mohammed Shahabuddin announced the formation of an interim government led by economist and Nobel laureate Muhammad Yunus.[80] Meanwhile, Indian media was seen engaging in a widespread disinformation campaign aimed at destabilizing Bangladesh, following Hasina's resignation and departure to India.[81][82]Outcomes
[edit]The protests' goals were finally achieved with the resignation of Hasina in the non-cooperation movement on 5 August 2024,[83] when an estimated 5 million people marched towards Shahbag Square in Dhaka, demanding the resignation of Sheikh Hasina. At around 15:00 local time, protesters were able to successfully raid the Ganabhaban, the residence of the Prime Minister. Hasina has since resigned and fled Bangladesh.[84][85]
See also
[edit]- 2022–2023 food crises
- 2021–2023 global energy crisis
- 2013 Bangladesh violence
- 1990 Mass Uprising in Bangladesh
- 2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement – Students' movement demanding reforms in Bangladesh quota system
- Non-cooperation movement (2024) – Political campaign in Bangladesh
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Preliminary Analysis of Recent Protests and Unrest in Bangladesh (Report). Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2024-08-16. pp. 6–7.
According to available public reports by media and the protest movement itself, between 16 July and 11 August, more than 600 people were killed. Of these, nearly 400 deaths were reported from 16 July to 4 August, while around 250 people were reportedly killed following the new wave of protests between 5 and 6 August. [...] The reported death toll is likely an underestimate, as information collection has been hindered by restrictions on movement due to the curfew and the internet shutdown. Furthermore, hospitals were reportedly prevented by State authorities from providing details of those killed and injured. The majority of deaths and injuries have been attributed to the security forces and the student wing affiliated with the Awami League.
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