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Balfour Formation

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Coordinates: 32°18′S 24°30′E / 32.3°S 24.5°E / -32.3; 24.5
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Balfour Formation
Stratigraphic range: Lopingian - Induan
256.3–251.2 Ma
Outcrops of the Balfour Formation are found in the hillsides surrounding Nieu-Bethesda, Eastern Cape, South Africa
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofAdelaide Subgroup, Beaufort Group
Sub-unitsOudeberg Member, Daggaboersnek Member, Ripplemead Member, Elandsberg Member, Palingkloof Member
UnderliesKatberg Formation
OverliesMiddleton Formation
Thicknessup to 2,150 m (7,050 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryMudstone, siltstone
OtherSandstone
Location
Coordinates32°18′S 24°30′E / 32.3°S 24.5°E / -32.3; 24.5
Approximate paleocoordinates62°42′S 29°18′W / 62.7°S 29.3°W / -62.7; -29.3
RegionNorthern Cape, Eastern Cape and Free State
Country South Africa

The Balfour Formation is a geological formation that is found in the Beaufort Group, a major geological group that forms part of the greater Karoo Supergroup in South Africa. The Balfour Formation is the uppermost formation of the Adelaide Subgroup which contains all the Late Permian - Early Triassic aged biozones of the Beaufort Group. Outcrops and exposures of the Balfour Formation are found from east of 24 degrees in the highest mountainous escarpments between Beaufort West and Fraserburg, but most notably in the Winterberg and Sneeuberg mountain ranges near Cradock, the Baviaanskloof river valley, Graaff-Reniet and Nieu Bethesda in the Eastern Cape, and in the southern Free State province.[1][2]

Geology

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The Balfour Formation overlies the Middleton Formation of the Adelaide Subgroup and underlies the Katberg Formation of the lower Tarkastad Subgroup, all comprising the greater Beaufort Group. The Balfour Formation is composed of five members which are listed below (from oldest to youngest):

  • Oudeberg Member
  • Daggaboersnek Member
  • Ripplemead Member
  • Elandsberg Member
  • Palingkloof member

The rocks of the Balfour Formation also incorporate the entire Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone, the lowermost portion of the Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone,[3] and the uppermost rocks of the Cistecephalus Assemblage Zone.[4] Up until the middle section of the Ripplemead Member, the Balfour Formation correlates with the near contemporaneous Teekloof Formation west of the 24 degrees from Beaufort West westwards, and to the Normadien Formation north of the Orange River. However, the Elandsberg and Palingkloof Members do not have any lateral correlates west of 24 degrees. This is either due to past erosion of the upper, unknown members of the Teekloof Formation or there was a sudden cessation of sedimentary deposition in the western section of the Karoo Basin.[5][6][7][8]

The sedimentary rocks of this formation are composed predominantly of alternating greenish-grey, bluish-grey, and grey-ish red mudstone that often contain siltstone lenses. The mudstones are very fine-grained, massive and exhibit blocky weathering. Claystone successions are also found which, along with the mudstones, frequently contain desiccation cracks, raindrop impressions, and calcareous nodules or concretions are found throughout. Rhythmites are also found. Sandstones are less common, but some notable units have been studied in the Balfour Formation. In the lowermost section of the Balfour is a sandstone-rich unit known as the Oudeberg Member. The sandstones in this unit are very fine-grained and are rich in feldspar. Another sandstone unit in the middle of the Balfour Formation is the Daggaboersnek Member which contains thin, tabular sandstones, and ripple structures are common.[9][10]

The presence of these rocks reveal much about the past environment that they were deposited in. The dominance of fine-grained mudstone and less common, fine-grained sandstones indicates that the rock sediments were deposited in a low-energy, fluvial environment, most likely one that had meandering rivers. At the time of sedimentary deposition, the Karoo retroarc foreland system was in an overfilled phase, and purely terrestrial sediments occupied the Karoo Basin at this time. As this formation includes the rocks of both the Cistecephalus, Daptocephalus, Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zones, the Balfour Formation preserves the geological record for the end Permian extinction event. This is important as the end Permian extinction event was the largest mass extinction event in the Earth's history. This was followed by one of the worst biotic crises, which is reflected in the sudden and drastic sedimentary facies changes in the overlying Katberg Formation.[11][12][13][14][15]

Paleontology

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Where the Balfour Formation deposits correlate with the Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone, a great diversity of vertebrate fauna are found. This richness in species diversity observed in the Balfour Formation is especially true of dicynodonts as numerous different species of this successful, herbivorous therapsid have been recovered.[16][17] Various species of burnetiamorph biarmosuchians, rubidgeine gorgonopsians, and therocephalian species such as Moschorhinus kitchingi and the earliest cynodont, Charassognathus gracilis, also appear.[18] Parareptile species,[19] namely captorhinids, the Younginiforme Youngina capensis,[20][21] and a variety of temnospondyl amphibians,[22] fishes, and plant fossils such as Glossopteris are likewise found. Glossopteris fossils or leaf impressions are particularly common in the Daggaboersnek Member. The uppermost unit of the Balfour Formation marks the Permian-aged side of the Permian-Triassic boundary. At this point in the biostratigraphy there is a marked drop in species diversity as the Permian-Triassic extinction event began to take its course at the time of sediment deposition.

Paleofauna

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Reptiles

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Diapsids
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Time Material Notes Images
Youngina Y. capensis Klipplaat, Doornplaas, Toverwater, Beeldhouersfortien, and Wellwood. Dicynodon Assemblage zone. Lopingian A diapsid reptile.
Parareptiles
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Time Material Notes Images
Anthodon A. serrarius Changhsingian A pareiasaur.
Milleropsis M. pricei Dicynodon Assemblage zone. Changhsingian A millerettid parareptile.
Milleretta M. rubidgei Dicynodon Assemblage zone. Changhsingian A millerettid parareptile.
Millerosaurus M. nuffieldi Changhsingian A millerettid parareptile.
Pareiasaurus P. serridens Wuchiapingian and Changhsingian. A pareiasaur.
Owenetta O. rubidgei Cistecephalus and Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zones Wuchiapingian and Changhsingian A procolophonian parareptile.
Proterosuchids
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Time Material Notes Images
Proterosuchus P. fergusi Barendskraal farm and Middleburg. Uppermost Palingkloof Member. Changhsingian. A complete skull. A proterosuchidae reptile.

Synapsids

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Therapsids

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Cynodonts
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Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Time Material Notes Images
Charassognathus C. gracilis A cynodont.
Charassognathus, a primitive type of cynodont.
Cynosaurus C. suppostus Cistecephalus and Daptocephalus Assemblage Zones. Wuchiapingian - Changhsingian. A cynodont.
Procynosuchus P. delaharpeae New Bathsheba. Wuchiapingian A cynodont.
Progalesaurus P. lootbergensis New Lootsberg Pass. Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone. Lopingian A skull, dentition, and postcranial skeleton. A cynodont.
Vetusodon V. elikhulu Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone. Lopingian A cynodont.
Dicynodonts
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Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Time Material Notes Images
Daptocephalus D. leoniceps Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone. Changhsingian A dicynodont.
Dolomitipes D. accordii A dicynodont.
D. icelsi
Dicynodontoides D. recurvidens Nooitgedacht 68. Uppermost part in Dicynodon Assemblage Zone. A skull and postcranial element. A dicynodont.
Emydops E. arctatus A dicynodont.
Lystrosaurus L. curvatus Nooitgedacht 68 and Fairydale. lower part of Palingkloof Member, Dicynodon Assemblage Zone. Induan. A skull. A dicynodont.
Lystrosaurus
Lystrosaurus
L. declivis uppermost part of Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone. Induan. A skull and a complete skeleton.
L. maccaigi Palingkloof Member, Dicynodon Assemblage Zone Changhsingian.
L. murrayi lower part of Palingkloof Member, Lystrosaurus Assemblage Zone. Induan. A skull and skeleton.
Oudenodon O. bainii A small dicynodont.
Gorgonopsids
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Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Time Material Notes Images
Aloposaurus A. tenuis A gorgonopsid.
Alopsaurus
Alopsaurus
Cyonosaurus C. kitchingi A gorgonopsid.
C. longiceps
Dinogorgon D. rubidgei Cistecephalus and Daptocephalus assemblage. A gorgonopsid.
Inostrancevia [23] I. africana lower slope of the hill Loskop, Nooitgedacht 68. Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone A partial skeleton including a complete skull and occluded mandible, entirety of the precaudal axial column, partial scapulae, partial right pelvis, the right femur, and a disarticulated left humerus, ulna, radius, and tibia. A predatory inostranceviinae gorgonopsid.
Leontosaurus L. vanderhorsti Dicynodon Assemblage Zone. A gorgonopsid.
Lycaenops L. ornatus A gorgonopsid.
Paragalerhinus P. rubidgei Wellwood Dicynodon Assemblage Zone. A partial skull. A gorgonopsid.
Rubidgea R. atrox Cistecephalus and Daptocephalus assemblage zone. A gorgonopsid.
Scylacops S. capensis A gorgonopsid.
Therocephalians
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Time Material Notes Images
Ictidochampsa I. platyceps Dicynodon Assemblage Zone. A therocephalian.
Ictidosuchoides I. intermedius A therocephalian.
Ictidosuchops I. intermedius A therocephalian.
Moschorhinus M. kitchingi Spitskop, Nooitgedacht 68. Dicynodon Assemblage Zone. A weathered skull along with a complete skull, partially articulated anterior skeleton, and disarticulated pelvis and hind limb. A therocephalian.
Moschorhinus.
Notaelurodon N. kitchingi A therocephalian.
Olivierosuchus O. parringtoni Palingkloof Member Lystrosaurus assemblege zone. A complete skull and anterior half of skeleton in articulation, including vertebrae, ribs, pectoral girdle, partial left humerus, complete right forelimb,

including terminal phalanges.

A therocephalian.
Promoschorhynchus P. platyrhinus A therocephalian.
Theriognathus T. microps A therocephalian.
Tetracynodon T. tenuis A therocephalian.

Correlation

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The Balfour Formation is known to corresponds in age with the Cis-Uralian fauna of Russia[24] and the Sanga do Cabral Formation, Paraná Basin of Brazil. Correlations with other Late Permian - Early Triassic deposits abroad remain inconclusive.

References

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  1. ^ Rubidge, B. S. (ed.) 1995b. Biostratigraphy of the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup). South African Committee of Stratigraphy. Biostratigraphic Series 1. Pretoria, Council for Geoscience.
  2. ^ Catuneanu, O., Elango, H. N. (2001-04-15). "Tectonic control on fluvial styles: the Balfour Formation of the Karoo Basin, South Africa". Sedimentary Geology. 140 (3–4): 291–313. Bibcode:2001SedG..140..291C. doi:10.1016/S0037-0738(00)00190-1. ISSN 0037-0738.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Botha, Jennifer; Smith, Roger M. H. (2007-06-01). "Lystrosaurus species composition across the Permo–Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin of South Africa". Lethaia. 40 (2): 125–137. Bibcode:2007Letha..40..125B. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00011.x. ISSN 1502-3931.
  4. ^ Kammerer, Christian F.; Bandyopadhyay, Saswati; Ray, Sanghamitra (2016-11-01). "A new taxon of cistecephalid dicynodont from the upper Permian Kundaram Formation of India". Papers in Palaeontology. 2 (4): 569–584. Bibcode:2016PPal....2..569K. doi:10.1002/spp2.1055. ISSN 2056-2802. S2CID 88833541.
  5. ^ Visser, J.N.J. and Dukas, B.A., 1979. Upward-fining fluviatile megacycles in the Beaufort Group north of Graaff-Reinet, Cape Province. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Afr, 82(149), p.e154.
  6. ^ Johnson, M.R.; Vuuren, C.J. Van; Visser, J.N.J.; Cole, D.I.; Wickens, H. De V.; Christie, A.D.M.; Roberts, D.L. (1997-01-01). Chapter 12 The foreland karoo basin, south africa. Vol. 3. pp. 269–317. doi:10.1016/S1874-5997(97)80015-9. ISBN 9780444825711. ISSN 1874-5997. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
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  12. ^ Ward, Peter D.; Smith, Roger M. H. (2001-12-01). "Pattern of vertebrate extinctions across an event bed at the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Karoo Basin of South Africa". Geology. 29 (12): 1147–1150. Bibcode:2001Geo....29.1147S. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<1147:POVEAA>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0091-7613.
  13. ^ Smith, R. M. H., Botha, J. (2005-09-01). "The recovery of terrestrial vertebrate diversity in the South African Karoo Basin after the end-Permian extinction". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 4 (6–7): 623–636. Bibcode:2005CRPal...4..623S. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2005.07.005. ISSN 1631-0683.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  15. ^ Smith, Roger; Kirschvink, Joseph L.; Garrison, Geoffrey H.; Erwin, Douglas H.; Kock, Michiel O. De; Buick, Roger; Botha, Jennifer; Ward, Peter D. (2005-02-04). "Abrupt and Gradual Extinction Among Late Permian Land Vertebrates in the Karoo Basin, South Africa". Science. 307 (5710): 709–714. Bibcode:2005Sci...307..709W. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.503.2065. doi:10.1126/science.1107068. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 15661973. S2CID 46198018.
  16. ^ Fröbisch, Jörg (2008-11-17). "Global Taxonomic Diversity of Anomodonts (Tetrapoda, Therapsida) and the Terrestrial Rock Record Across the Permian-Triassic Boundary". PLOS ONE. 3 (11): e3733. Bibcode:2008PLoSO...3.3733F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003733. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2581439. PMID 19011684.
  17. ^ Viglietti, P. A., Smith, R. M. H., Angielczyk, K. D., Kammerer, C. F., Fröbisch, J., Rubidge, B. S. (2016-01-01). "The Daptocephalus Assemblage Zone (Lopingian), South Africa: A proposed biostratigraphy based on a new compilation of stratigraphic ranges". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 113: 153–164. Bibcode:2016JAfES.113..153V. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.10.011. ISSN 1464-343X.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ^ Kammerer, Christian F. (2016-01-26). "Systematics of the Rubidgeinae (Therapsida: Gorgonopsia)". PeerJ. 4: e1608. doi:10.7717/peerj.1608. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 4730894. PMID 26823998.
  19. ^ Dias-Da-Silva, Sérgio; Modesto, Sean Patrick; Schultz, Cesar Leandro (2006). "Canadian Science Publishing". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 43 (11): 1685–1693. Bibcode:2006CaJES..43.1685D. doi:10.1139/e06-043. S2CID 140641975.
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  22. ^ Damiani, R. J. (2004-01-01). "Temnospondyls from the Beaufort Group (Karoo Basin) of South Africa and Their Biostratigraphy". Gondwana Research. 7 (1): 165–173. Bibcode:2004GondR...7..165D. doi:10.1016/S1342-937X(05)70315-4. ISSN 1342-937X.
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