Ba Saw Phyu

Ba Saw Phyu
ဘစောဖြူ
Kalima Shah (ကလမသျှာ)
Ba Saw Phyu ; ဘစောဖြူ; Kalima Shah (ကလမသျှာ)
King of Arakan
Reign	c. January 1459 – 5 August 1482
Predecessor	Khayi
Successor	Dawlya
Born	c. March 1430 (Thursday born); Mrauk-U
Died	5 August 1482 (aged 52) ; Monday, 7th waning of Wagaung 844 ME; Mrauk-U
Consort	Saw Nandi ; Saw Htin
Issue	Dawlya (son) ; Gamani (son) ; Narapati Sekkya (son) ; Saw Mi Saw (daughter) ; another daughter
Father	Khayi
Mother	Saw Pa-Ba
Religion	Theravada Buddhism

This article contains Burmese script. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Burmese script.

Ba Saw Phyu (Burmese: ဘစောဖြူ, Burmese pronunciation: [ba̰ sɔ́ pʰjù]; also spelled Ba Saw Pru, Arakanese pronunciation: [ba̰ sɔ́ pʰɹù]; also known as Kalima Shah; 1430–1482) was king of Arakan from 1459 to 1482. He acquired Chittagong in 1459, and put down a rebellion there in 1481. He established religious contacts with Ceylon and built the Mahabodhi Shwe-Gu Temple. Though he was beloved by his subjects for his enlightened rule, the king was assassinated by a servant of his eldest son Dawlya.

Early life

Ba Saw Phyu was born to Prince Khayi and Princess Saw Pa-Ba (စောပဘာ), both of Launggyet royalty in early 1430.^{[note 2]} Prince Phyu had a younger brother Ba Saw Nyo and several half-brothers. Although he had an older half-brother, Min Khayi's first son by a commoner wife, Phyu's main rival to the throne was Min Swe, his half-brother whose mother Saw Pyinsa was also of Launggyet royalty and a first cousin of Saw Pa-Ba.^[1] According to the Arakanese chronicles, the young prince was athletic as well as an expert archer and marksman. He was later married to Saw Nandi and Saw Htin. He had a son, Dawlya, by Saw Nandi and two sons, Gamani and Narapati Sekkya, by Saw Htin. He also had at least two daughters.^[2]

Phyu was chosen as the heir apparent by the king in 1458. Min Swe, then governor of Launggyet, revolted, and came back with a force supplied by the Shan state of Kale (Kalay) in November 1458. However, Mrauk-U forces easily defeated the attack, clearing the way for Ba Saw Phyu as the undisputed heir apparent.^[3]

Reign

Soon after the Min Swe rebellion, King Khayi died, and Phyu succeeded the throne at age 29.^[2] The new king proved an ambitious king. In the first year of his reign, he took advantage of the turmoil at Sultan Rukunuddin Barbak Shah's court, and seized Chittagong.^[4]^[5] (Note that the Arakanese chronicles claim that the conquest of Chittagong came nine years earlier in 1450 by King Khayi.^[6]) The conquest of Chittagong pointed as much to Arakan's rise as to Bengal's "weakness". After the conquest of Chittagong, Ba Saw Phyu issued a coin bearing the kalima in Persian script "as a token of sovereignty" over Chittagong.^[4]

His reign was largely peaceful although rebellions did break out from time to time. In 1461, the lord of Tanlwe revolted. On 23 May 1476 (Thursday, 1st waxing of 1st Waso 838 ME), the Thet people revolted.^[7] Both were easily put down but the most serious rebellion came in 1481 when Chittagong revolted. In December 1481 (Natdaw 843),^{[note 3]} he marched to Chittagong. The city was taken only after a fierce battle that lasted several days. The control of the city exchanged hands several times but Arakanese forces eventually prevailed. The chronicles report that Ba Saw Phyu chased the rebels deep into Bengal.^[7]

The king founded a town called Pyin-htaung in 1463. In 1471, he expanded Mrauk-U city and built new moats and water canals.^[7] For religion, he built the Mahabodhi Shwe-Gu Temple, on a hill northwest of the palace. The temple's octagonal plan is attributed to the Le-Mro period.^[8] He also established religious contacts with Ceylon, which presented him the Tripiṭaka, Theravada Buddhism's sacred texts.^[7]

Death

Though "highly praised by his countrymen" for his enlightened rule, the king was assassinated by a servant of his eldest son Dawlya on 5 August 1482. Dawlya had been unhappy about the king's recent decision to anoint his younger half-brother Gamani as the heir apparent. The king was 52. The patricidal Dawlya succeeded him.^[9]

Notes

^ Rakhine Razawin Thit (Sandamala Linkara Vol. 2 1999: 24) says he was assassinated on Monday, 7th waning of Wagaung 843 ME which translates to Friday, 17 August 1481. It is clearly a typo since the prior page (Sandamala Linkara Vol. 2 1999: 23) says he was on the front in Chittagong in Natdaw 843 (November 1481). Moreover, the chronicle says he reigned for 23 years; since he came to power in 1459, the correct date should be a year later, 5 August 1482 which was indeed a Monday.
^ (Sandamala Linkara Vol. 2 1999: 18): His parents were married c. mid-1429, after King Saw Mon had taken over Launggyet in April 1429.
^ (Sandamala Linkara Vol. 2 1999: 24): Natdaw 843 ME = 22 November 1481 to 20 December 1481

References

^ Sandamala Linkara Vol.2 1999: 18
^ ^a ^b Sandamala Linkara Vol. 2 1999: 23
^ Sandamala Linkara Vol.2 1999: 21
^ ^a ^b Phayre 1967: 78–79
^ Harvey 1925: 140
^ Sandamala Linkara Vol.2 1999: 20
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Sandamala Linkara Vol.2 1999: 23–24
^ Gutman 2001: 87
^ Sandamala Linkara Vol. 2 1999: 25

Bibliography

Gutman, Pamela (2001). Burma's Lost Kingdoms: Splendours of Arakan. Bangkok: Orchid Press. ISBN 974-8304-98-1.
Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
Phayre, Lt. Gen. Sir Arthur P. (1883). History of Burma (1967 ed.). London: Susil Gupta.
Sandamala Linkara, Ashin (1931). Rakhine Yazawinthit Kyan (in Burmese). Vol. 1–2 (1997–1999 ed.). Yangon: Tetlan Sarpay.

Regnal titles
Ba Saw Phyu Mrauk-U Kingdom Born: c. March 1430 Died: 5 August 1482
Preceded by Khayi	King of Mrauk-U c. January 1459 – 5 August 1482	Succeeded by Dawlya

[1] Rakhine Razawin Thit (Sandamala Linkara Vol. 2 1999: 24) says he was assassinated on Monday, 7th waning of Wagaung 843 ME which translates to Friday, 17 August 1481. It is clearly a typo since the prior page (Sandamala Linkara Vol. 2 1999: 23) says he was on the front in Chittagong in Natdaw 843 (November 1481). Moreover, the chronicle says he reigned for 23 years; since he came to power in 1459, the correct date should be a year later, 5 August 1482 which was indeed a Monday.

[2] (Sandamala Linkara Vol. 2 1999: 18): His parents were married c. mid-1429, after King Saw Mon had taken over Launggyet in April 1429.

[10] (Sandamala Linkara Vol. 2 1999: 24): Natdaw 843 ME = 22 November 1481 to 20 December 1481

[sml-2-18-3] Sandamala Linkara Vol.2 1999: 18

[sml-2-23-4] Sandamala Linkara Vol. 2 1999: 23

[sml-2-21-5] Sandamala Linkara Vol.2 1999: 21

[app-78-79-6] Phayre 1967: 78–79

[geh-140-7] Harvey 1925: 140

[sml-2-20-8] Sandamala Linkara Vol.2 1999: 20

[sml-2-23-24-9] Sandamala Linkara Vol.2 1999: 23–24

[pg-87-11] Gutman 2001: 87

[sml-2-25-12] Sandamala Linkara Vol. 2 1999: 25

[note 1]

[note 2]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[note 3]

[8]

[9]

v t e Burmese monarchs
Pagan dynasty 849–1297	Pyinbya Tannet Sale Theinhko Nyaung-u Sawrahan Kunhsaw Kyaunghpyu Kyiso Sokkate Anawrahta Saw Lu Kyansittha Sithu I Narathu Naratheinkha Sithu II Htilominlo Naratheinga Uzana¹ Kyaswa Uzana Narathihapate Kyawswa²
Myinsaing and Pinya Kingdoms 1297–1364	Athinkhaya¹, Yazathingyan¹ and Thihathu¹ Thihathu Uzana I Sithu¹ Kyawswa I Kyawswa II Narathu Uzana II
Sagaing Kingdom 1315–1364	Saw Yun Tarabya I Anawrahta I Kyaswa Anawrahta II Tarabya II Minbyauk Thihapate
Kingdom of Ava 1364–1555	Thado Minbya Swa Saw Ke Tarabya Minkhaung I Thihathu Min Hla Kale Kye-Taung Nyo Mohnyin Thado Minye Kyawswa I Narapati I Thihathura Minkhaung II and Thihathura II Narapati II Sawlon³ and Thohanbwa³ Hkonmaing³ Narapati III³ Narapati IV³
Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1287–1539, 1550–1552	Wareru Hkun Law Saw O Saw Zein Zein Pun Saw E Binnya E Law Binnya U Maha Dewi¹ Razadarit Binnya Dhammaraza Binnya Ran I Binnya Waru Binnya Kyan Leik Munhtaw Shin Sawbu Dhammazedi Binnya Ran II Takayutpi Smim Sawhtut⁴ Smim Htaw⁴
Mrauk U Kingdom 1429–1785	Saw Mon Khayi Ba Saw Phyu Dawlya Ba Saw Nyo Ran Aung Salingathu Raza Gazapati Saw O Thazata Minkhaung Min Bin Dikkha Saw Hla Sekkya Phalaung Razagyi Khamaung Thiri Thudhamma Sanay Narapati Thado Sanda Thudhamma Thiri Thuriya Wara Dhammaraza Muni Thudhammaraza Sanda Thuriya I Nawrahta Mayuppiya Kalamandat Naradipati Sanda Wimala I Sanda Thuriya II Sanda Wizaya Sanda Thuriya III Naradipati II Narapawara Sanda Wizala Madarit Nara Apaya Thirithu Sanda Parama Apaya Sanda Thumana Sanda Wimala II Sanda Thaditha Maha Thammada
Prome Kingdom 1482–1542	Thado Minsaw Bayin Htwe Narapati⁵ Minkhaung⁵
Toungoo dynasty 1510–1752	Mingyi Nyo Tabinshwehti Bayinnaung Nanda Nyaungyan Anaukpetlun Minye Deibba Thalun Pindale Pye Narawara Minye Kyawhtin Sanay Min Taninganway Min Mahadhammaraza Dipadi
Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1740–1757	Smim Htaw Buddhaketi Binnya Dala
Konbaung dynasty 1752–1885	Alaungpaya Naungdawgyi Hsinbyushin Singu Phaungka Bodawpaya Bagyidaw Tharrawaddy Pagan Mindon Thibaw
¹ Regent or Co-Regent ² Mongol vassal (1297) ³ Confederation of Shan States (1527–55) ⁴ Brief revival (1550–52) ⁵ Vassal of the Confederation of Shan States (1532–42)