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BIMARU states

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BIMARU (Hindustani: बीमारू, بیمارو Bīmārū) is an acronym, coined by demographer Ashish Bose in mid-1980s, formed from the first letters of names of some states, namely Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh. BIMARU in Hindustani, bīmār (बीमार, بیمار), denotes "sick" states referring to the poor economic conditions of these states. The acronym has also been used as a pejorative for the people originating from these states. BIMARU states are low on HDI and food security. The present-day states of Jharkhand, and Uttarakhand were part of Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh, respectively, when the BIMARU acronym was coined. All of these are in the Hindi Belt, which also has relatively richer non-BIMARU states, such as Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Chandigarh, and Uttarakhand.[1]

Madhya Pradesh, once labelled a BIMARU state, has seen tremendous growth, especially in its agricultural sector, and has quadrupled its GDP between 2011 and 2024.[2] Uttarakhand, after it was split from Uttar Pradesh and made a separate state, has made sufficient progress to get out of the BIMARU category.[3] Rajasthan is next in order for coming out of the BIMARU group but it still has far to come. Chhattisgarh falls in the middle category of Human Development Index. Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Jharkhand are lagging behind. During 2008–2011, some of BIMARU states had higher growth rate and some of their natives argued that the BIMARU concept was outdated, but in reality these states have a low economic base and thus despite higher rate of growth they remain much poorer than other states.[3][4][5] The concept has re-emerged due to the faltering growth rates of the states.[6][7]

BIMARU states are usually net negative providers of food security, i.e. they consume more food than they produce. Hence, these states are major consumers of India's PDS for food redistribution. The much smaller but richer states of Haryana and Punjab are massive providers of food security to India as they provide 60-80% of wheat and 28-44% of rice of India's total PDS.[8]

Etymology

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In the mid-1980s, economic analyst Ashish Bose coined an acronym BIMARU, in a paper submitted to then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.[9] Several studies, including those by the UN, showed that the performance of the BIMARU states affected the GDP growth rate of India.[10][11]

Improvements & former BIMARU states

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Uttarakhand is now a relatively-developed state and is no longer in the BIMARU category because of its economic growth,[1] education,[12] healthcare[13] and more when compared with the other states formed. Uttarakhand is the only state for which all the districts are in the category of top 25% HDI districts.[14] Dehradun, the winter capital of Uttarakhand, is known for its good quality education and also hosts the top schools in the country. It is also known as the school capital of India.[15] The state also hosts top schools of the country in its other cities[16] as well with a number of higher education institutes, notable being Garhwal University, Kumaon University, an IIT at Roorkee and an NIT at Srinagar, Uttarakhand.[16]

Recent developments

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In recent times, some of the states have experienced high growth rates, but they still lag behind the more developed states. Madhya Pradesh was second in the United Nations GDP development ranking's with a record of 225%.[17] Bihar's GDP grew by 80% from 2006 to 2007, which was higher than in the two prior years, which was one of the highest recorded by the Government of India for that period. They have laid greater emphasis on education and learning by appointing more teachers and opening a software park. Bihar and Uttar Pradesh contribute significantly to the Indian Army, Central Industrial Security Force, Border Security Force, National Security Guard, Indian Air Force and many paramilitary forces because of their large young populations. Recently, these states are working for their improvement by developing infrastructure, IT parks and becoming more inviting to businesspeople for investment.

Population growth

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The BIMARU states have some of the highest fertility rates in India. In 2010, the total fertility rate was 3.9 for Bihar, 3.5 for Uttar Pradesh, 3.2 for Madhya Pradesh and 3.1 for Rajasthan, compared to 2.5 for India as a whole. That has led to higher population growth in these states than rest of India.[18]

Literacy rates

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The literacy rates in the BIMARU states, according to the 2011 census are Bihar (63.8%), Rajasthan (67.1%), Jharkhand (67.6%), Madhya Pradesh (70.6%) and Uttar Pradesh (71.7%). The national average is 74.04%. Those states trail the national average in the current literacy rate they are registering very healthy growth rates in literacy and comfortably outpace states like Andhra Pradesh (67.7%) and Chhattisgarh (71%), which have comparable literacy levels except for Rajasthan.

A recent survey by the National University of Educational Planning and Administration (UNEPA) has determined that only 21% of all primary school teachers in Bihar and 12.8% in UP are Matriculates or lower.

Renowned educationists have asked for a complete overhaul of the educational system, particularly at the primary level.[19]

Health care

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The life expectancy in the BIMARU states is lower than other Indian states and is lower than the average life expectancy of India as a whole. That implies that that they bring down the overall average.[20]

Economic growth

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Corruption remains one of the key factors reflecting poverty levels throughout the world, and these states generally fare worse in the corruption indexes that are published.[21]

It is one of the enigmas that in spite of the large representation in the Indian Parliament, the states cannot get adequate resources for their development.[22]

Another factor determining the BIMARU states' economic situation is the lack of investment in irrigation and flood control. In spite of the highest incidence of floods in the region, the investment to manage this has been rather meager.[citation needed] Even though the socialist era in India was known for large infrastructure projects, the most modern irrigation system of Bihar is the British-built Son Command Canal System, which was opened for use in the 1890s. That is in sharp contrast to projects like Bhakra Nangal Dam in Punjab.

Yet another factor is the lack of perspective in the planning exercise. For example, even though large portions of the national highway schemes like the Golden Quadrilateral and the East-West Corridor pass through the so-called BIMARU states, their alignment would not serve the population of those states. Also, there is no provision even for by-passes to serve towns such as Ranchi, Patna, Dhanbad, Gaya or Jamshedpur.

Since 2000, there has also been a change in the geographic composition of the states, with Bihar being divided into Bihar and Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh being divided into Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh and Uttar Pradesh being divided into Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "U'khand has better per capita income than national average:Govt". timesofindia. September 27, 2020.
  2. ^ "Here are India's Top 10 states with the fastest growth in per capita income in the last decade". Business Today. 2023-10-31. Retrieved 2024-06-27.
  3. ^ a b "Don't call them Bimaru states now". hindustantimes.com. July 19, 2010. Archived from the original on 2011-04-08.
  4. ^ "BIMARU towns fuelling India's economic resurgence". economictimes. September 24, 2010. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012.
  5. ^ "Maharashtra faring worse than BIMARU states". hindustantimes. December 1, 2010. Archived from the original on January 25, 2013.
  6. ^ "BIMARU redux: NITI Aayog CEO says Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan keeping India backward". The Financial Express. 2018-04-24. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
  7. ^ S, Rukmini (2015-08-12). "BIMARU States: the shoe fits even now". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2018-08-10.
  8. ^ How Punjab and Haryana may de-risk Indian economy, 27 June 2023.
  9. ^ "Ashish Bose – The man who coined the term 'Bimaru'". Mint. Archived from the original on 2007-11-16.
  10. ^ "'Bimaru' states hampers India's growth". The Times of India. 7 September 2005. Archived from the original on July 25, 2008.
  11. ^ "BIMARU or bimari?". The Hindu. 12 August 2005. Archived from the original on 16 May 2008.
  12. ^ "Uttarakhand literacy rate". Government of Uttarakhand. March 27, 2023.
  13. ^ "Healthcare in Uttarakhnad" (PDF). Novateur Publications and Kumaon University. November 11, 2021.
  14. ^ "HDI List" (PDF). www.ssca.org.in. September 24, 2022.
  15. ^ "Dehradun Schools Which Are Ranked Among India's Top 10 Schools". euttaranchal. March 27, 2023.
  16. ^ a b "Top schools in Country". euttaranchal. March 27, 2023.
  17. ^ "State Domestic Product of India 2011-12 | State-Wise GDP 2011 | District GDP of India | State-wise Population 2011 | VMW Analytic Services". Archived from the original on 2012-07-24. Retrieved 2015-01-07.
  18. ^ "Annual estimates of Total Fertility rate by residence, India and bigger States, 2005-10" Planning Commission, Government of India. Accessed 21 June 2012."Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-05-15. Retrieved 2012-06-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. ^ Menon, Sreelatha (24 June 2007). "Inclusive education". Business Standard India. Business Standard.
  20. ^ "India Together: Life expectancy in India". Archived from the original on 2014-04-07.
  21. ^ "TII-CMS India Corruption Study 2007" (PDF). CMS India / Transparency International India. June 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-17.
  22. ^ "The Children of the Ganga and the Politics of Allocation" (PDF). Centre for Policy Alternatives, New Delhi. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-30.
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