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Awdal State Movement

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The Awdal State Movement (ASM) is a political organization that represents the interests of the Awdal region of Somaliland in northwestern Somalia.

Primarily associated with the Gadabuursi community, the ASM advocates for increased regional autonomy within Somalia.[1][2][3]

Origins and background

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Traditionally, Awdal was part of the influential Adal Sultanate, a prominent medieval Muslim state that served as a center of trade and Islamic scholarship.

This rich legacy has been a key influence on ASM's push for self-governance within Somalia.[4]

Territory claimed by the Awdal State Movement.

The roots of the Awdal State Movement are closely intertwined with the unique historical and cultural heritage of the Awdal region and preservation of their ancestral lands from historic rivals.

Their goals include to prevent a foreign military base being established in Lughaya, Awdal.[5]

Opposition to the Somali National Movement (SNM)

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The ASM roots, have grown from a consistent and critical stance toward the Somali National Movement (SNM), which was instrumental in Somaliland's establishment following Somalia's collapse in 1991, and attacks against the Awdal region.

Originally backed by Ethiopia, the SNM challenged the Somali central government, later declaring an independent Somaliland, including Awdal, within its claimed borders. However, leaders and communities in Awdal, particularly among the Gadabursi, opposed this incorporation, viewing the SNM's actions as prioritizing external interests over local governance.[6][7][8]

During the early 1980s, the Somali National Movement (SNM) received substantial support from Ethiopia under Mengistu Haile Mariam's administration, in order to stage attacks against Somalia. This backing included financial aid and military support, which Ethiopia provided to counter the Somali central government under Siad Barre. Ethiopian involvement with the SNM formed part of its broader strategy to curtail Somalia's influence in the region.[9][10][11]

Timeline of Significant Events in the Awdal Region

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Tensions between the SNM and communities in Awdal reached its peak after the SNM attacked and bombed Dilla, Awdal in 1991 [12] During this incident, Gadabursi civilians reportedly suffered heavy casualties when attacked by the SNM.[13]

The massacre and attack has since become a symbol of Awdal's grievances with the SNM-led Somaliland administration. ASM leaders frequently refer to this event as a major catalyst for their calls for greater regional autonomy and the preservation of Awdal's distinct cultural and political identity.[14][15]

1987: Car Bomb Attack near Borama

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The SNM targeted Somali government forces near the town Borama, resulting in the deaths of eight soldiers, when two military trucks were destroyed by explosives planted by the SNM.[16]

Late 1980s: Increased Ethiopian Military Support for SNM

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Ethiopia provided further support to the SNM with artillery and other resources, allowing for expanded operations in northern Somalia. This assistance enabled the SNM to intensify its campaign against Somali government forces in regions like Awdal.

February 1991: Borama and Dilla Attacks

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SNM forces entered Borama and Dilla, resulting in violence against the Gadabursi population. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) described the incident as involving forced displacement and ethnic cleansing of the Gadabursi.[17]

1991: Widespread Displacement to Ethiopia

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As violence escalated in Awdal, approximately 80,000 people fled from Borama to Ethiopia to escape the conflict.[18][19]

1991–1992: Resource and Territorial Conflicts in Awdal

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After SNM offensives, disputes over water and grazing land intensified in Awdal, contributing to ongoing social and economic tensions.[20]

Memorandum of understanding between Somaliland and Ethiopia

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In January 2024, the Somaliland administration signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with Ethiopia, which provided Ethiopia access to strategic areas along Somaliland's coast. In exchange, Ethiopia agreed to consider formally recognizing Somaliland's independence.

This MoU has prompted regional and international responses, as it bears potential implications for Somalia's territorial integrity and exploits the Awdal region in the Horn of Africa.[21]

Local and regional opposition

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The MoU has been met with opposition from various groups within Somaliland, especially in the Awdal region. Leaders of the Awdal State Movement (ASM), along with local communities in Lughaya and members of the Gadabursi clan, argue that the agreement compromises Somalia's territorial integrity.

They assert that decisions involving Somali land should be addressed with the involvement of the Somali Federal Government, rather than being handled unilaterally by Somaliland.[22][23]

U.S. congresswoman Ilhan Omar’s statement

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U.S. congresswoman Ilhan Omar has also raised concerns about the MoU, showing solidarity with those in Awdal who oppose the agreement. As a member of the U.S. House of Representatives who hails from Somali heritage, Omar suggested that the MoU would have destabilizing effects in the Horn of Africa. Omar has highlighted the importance of respecting local and national interests in such decisions, drawing worldwide attention to the situation unfolding in Lughaya.[24]

International responses and implications

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The MoU has also drawn responses from international organizations and neighboring countries. Djibouti, Egypt, and the Somali Federal Government have expressed concerns, advocating for agreements that involve all relevant stakeholders to promote regional stability.[25][26][27]

Analysts have noted that the agreement could further entrench Ethiopian influence in the Horn of Africa while impacting Djibouti's economic role as Ethiopia's primary port, underscoring the MoU's significance for regional geopolitics.[28]

References

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  1. ^ "The Traditional Elders of Lughaya, Awdal – The Ministry of Interior, Federal Affairs & Reconciliation – Somalia". Retrieved 2024-10-30.
  2. ^ "H.E Ahmed Moallim Fiqi met with Federal MPs and Senators from Awdal, alongside community leaders – The Ministry of Interior, Federal Affairs & Reconciliation – Somalia". Retrieved 2024-10-30.
  3. ^ "Awdal State Communique" (PDF). wardheer news.
  4. ^ multiethnicsociety (2019-01-04). "Federalism in Africa: The case of Somalia". Federalism in Africa. Retrieved 2024-10-30.
  5. ^ "Ethiopia-Somalia tension may fuel regional instability". Emerald Expert Briefings. oxan–db (oxan–db). 2024-01-01. doi:10.1108/OXAN-DB289601. ISSN 2633-304X.
  6. ^ Arnold, Guy (2016-10-06). Wars in the Third World Since 1945. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4742-9101-9. SNM set up its headquarters in neighbouring Ethiopia , from where it was able to organize unrest in the northern towns of Somalia and also , periodically , to launch cross - border attacks on government targets.
  7. ^ Ylönen, Aleksi (2023-12-28). The Horn Engaging the Gulf: Economic Diplomacy and Statecraft in Regional Relations. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7556-3518-4. SNM secured Ethiopian support and refuge
  8. ^ Ylönen, Aleksi (2023-12-28). The Horn Engaging the Gulf: Economic Diplomacy and Statecraft in Regional Relations. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7556-3518-4. Ethiopia's logistical support to the SNM was crucial.
  9. ^ Stanton, Martin (2009-03-12). Somalia on $5 a Day: A Soldier's Story. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 9780307546999.
  10. ^ Ingiriis, Mohamed Haji (2016-04-01). The Suicidal State in Somalia: The Rise and Fall of the Siad Barre Regime, 1969–1991. UPA. ISBN 978-0-7618-6720-3.
  11. ^ Akinola, Adeoye O. (2024). IGAD and Multilateral Security in the Horn of Africa: Through the Lens of the Somali Conflict. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-031-51548-4.
  12. ^ Malito, Debora Valentina (2019-11-05). Destabilising Interventions in Somalia: Sovereignty Transformations and Subversions. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-12249-8. The SNM entered and bombed Dilla, the capital of the region.
  13. ^ Hayward, R. J.; Lewis, I. M. (2005-08-17). Voice and Power. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-75175-3.
  14. ^ "Dila Massacre in 1991". Kormeeraha Magazine. 2022-02-04. Retrieved 2024-10-30.
  15. ^ Mark-Thiesen, Cassandra; Mihatsch, Moritz; Sikes, Michelle (2021-12-06). The Politics of Historical Memory and Commemoration in Africa. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-065549-0. SNM allegedly took revenge on their community in the Awdal region in 1991
  16. ^ Summary of World Broadcasts: Non-Arab Africa. British Broadcasting Corporation Monitoring. 1987. p. 10.
  17. ^ Canada, Immigration and Refugee Board of (1992-09-01). "Information 1) on the current situation of the Gadabursi in Somalia and in Somaliland, on the actions taken against them by other clans and on their current relationship with the Hawiye and the Issaq, 2) on areas controlled by any affiliated clan, 3) on their ability to carry on trade, 4) on whether they hire soldiers, and 5) on whether they sell arms [SOM11602]". www.ecoi.net. Retrieved 2024-11-02. Armed conflict also occurred which opposed the Gadabursi and the Issaq. In February 1991, "ethnic cleansing" by the SNM took place in the Boroma region, the main Gadabursi town (Inter-NGO Committee Apr. 1991, 71; Africa Research Bulletin 1-28 Feb. 1991, 10025; Radio of the Somali National Movement 5 Feb. 1991). The Gadabursi town of Dila was also partially destroyed by the SNM (Ibid.). More recently, fighting broke out in the Gadabursi town at the end of March 1992, spreading to Berbera two days later (Horn of Africa Bulletin Mar. 1992, 11).
  18. ^ "Awdal "Republic": Declaration of Independence, [Somalia]". www.africa.upenn.edu. Retrieved 2024-11-02.
  19. ^ Africa Contemporary Record: Annual Survey and Documents. Africana Publishing Company. 1998. p. B-376. ISBN 9780841905610. In the northwest, the SNM assaulted and pillaged Borama, causing about 80,000 people to flee to Ethiopia.
  20. ^ "Dila Massacre in 1991". Kormeeraha Magazine. 2022-02-04. Retrieved 2024-11-02.
  21. ^ Abdisamad, Abdiwahab Sheikh (2024-01-28). "Opinion| Ethiopia on the brink: Why it needs to save itself from collapse". Daily News Egypt (Egypt): NA.
  22. ^ "Somalia-Turkey pact adds to growing regional tensions". Emerald Expert Briefings. oxan–db (oxan–db). 2024-01-01. doi:10.1108/OXAN-DB285621. ISSN 2633-304X.
  23. ^ Jama (2024-03-01). "Lughaya Elders Support FGS, Reject Somaliland". Somali News in English | The Somali Digest. Retrieved 2024-10-30.
  24. ^ Lynch, Benjamin (2024-01-29). "Ilhan Omar defends Somalia remarks amid backlash". Newsweek. Retrieved 2024-10-30.
  25. ^ Jama (2024-07-03). "Djibouti-Somaliland Tensions Escalate Over Ethiopia Partnership". The Somali Digest. Retrieved 2024-10-30.
  26. ^ "Djibouti and Ethiopia-Somaliland's Memorandum of Understanding - Orion Policy Institute". 2024-02-15. Retrieved 2024-10-30.
  27. ^ "Egypt's military ties with Somalia defy Ethiopian ambitions and tilt power dynamic". Middle East Eye. Retrieved 2024-10-30.
  28. ^ Ali, Faisal (2024-02-06). "Ilhan Omar speech proved to be mistranslated but outrage continues spread". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-10-30.
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