August 1955
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The following events occurred in August 1955:
- Norway's Ministry of Pay and Prices was established, headed by Gunnar Bråthen.
- The Lockheed Article 001, a prototype of the Lockheed U-2 reconnaissance aircraft, made its maiden flight in what was intended to be only a high-speed taxi test at Groom Lake in Nevada, United States.[1]
- Died: Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria, 86, German military leader and last heir apparent to the Bavarian throne[2]
- The English-language première of Samuel Beckett's play Waiting for Godot, directed by Peter Hall, took place at the Arts Theatre, London.[3]
- The 1955 Mitropa Cup football competition was won by Vörös Lobogó, with ÚDA Praha as runners-up after the second leg of the final.
- While her act was being filmed for NBC variety series The Jimmy Durante Show, Carmen Miranda complained of feeling ill and out of breath but finished her performance.[4][5]
- Died: Carmen Miranda, 46, Portuguese Brazilian singer and actress (pre-eclampsia)[6]
- The French Southern and Antarctic Territories were created, as an overseas territory of France.
- The French département of Bône was created out of the eastern extremity of the former département of Constantine in Algeria.
- Born: Wayne Knight, American actor, in New York City
- Composer Luigi Nono married Nuria, the daughter of another composer, Arnold Schoenberg, in Venice.[7]
- At Edwards Air Force Base in California, an explosion occurred inside the rocket engine of the X-1A research aircraft while it was being carried under its B-29 mother ship prior to a planned flight by test pilot Joseph A. Walker. Walker climbed out of the X-1A back into the B-29, but pilot Stan Butchart, unable to risk landing the B-29 with the X-1A still attached to its underside, was forced to drop the rocket plane, which exploded in the desert.[8]
- Died: Grace Hartman, 48, American actress
- The Canadian National Railway opened its part of Walkley Yard in Ottawa, Canada.
- Born: Maud Olofsson, Swedish politician, in Arnäsvall
- The Division of Stirling was created in a Western Australia electoral redistribution.[9]
- As a formation of nine United States Air Force Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcars flew over Edelweiler, near Stuttgart, West Germany, on a training mission carrying troops, one of them, a C-119G, experienced engine trouble, lost altitude momentarily, pulled upward abruptly, and collided with another C-119G. Both aircraft crashed, killing all 19 people aboard one and all 47 aboard the other. The combined death toll of 66 made it the worst aviation accident in German history at the time and the deadliest ever involving any variant of the C-119. It would tie with the March 22 crash of a United States Navy R6D-1 Liftmaster in Hawaii and the October 6 crash of United Airlines Flight 409 in Wyoming as the deadliest air accident of 1955.[10][11]
- Burhanuddin Harahap became Prime Minister of Indonesia.
- Hurricane Connie struck North Carolina as a Category 2 on the Saffir-Simpson scale.
- Died:
- Thomas Mann, 80, German novelist, Nobel Prize laureate[12][13]
- James B. Sumner, 67, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate[14]
- Died: Florence Easton, 72, English-born operatic soprano
- The US schooner Levin J. Marvel capsized and sank in Chesapeake Bay with the loss of 14 of the 16 people on board. It was lost during high waves in Hurricane Connie.[15][16]
- Rear Admiral Royce de Mel became the first native Commander of the Royal Ceylon Navy.[17][18] He would later be implicated in the 1962 Ceylonese coup d'état attempt.
- Edward Makula set a new world record glider speed of 67.304 kilometres per hour (41.821 mph) over a triangular course of 200 kilometres (120 mi), the first of seven world records Makula would hold in the course of his career.[19]
- Died: Fernand Léger, 74, French painter and sculptor
- The First Sudanese Civil War began.
- First meeting of the Organization of Central American States (Organización de Estados Centroamericanos, ODECA), in Antigua Guatemala.
- Hurricane Diane hit the northeastern United States, killing over 200 people and causing over $1.0 billion in damage.
- Dorothy Hodgkin and her colleagues published the final structure of vitamin B12.[20]
- In Algeria, the Battle of Philippeville, also known as the Philippeville massacre or the August Offensive, began when several thousand civilians launched a general assault on the city of Philippeville, to attack Europeans and moderate Muslim personalities.[21] Over a hundred people, mainly European civilians, were killed in this and the accompanying attacks.[22]
- Flying a U.S. Air Force North American F-100C Super Sabre, Horace A. Haines set a world speed record of 822.135 mph (1,323.889 km/h).[23]
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- The Kelly-Hopkinsville encounter, a claimed alien and UFO encounter in Christian County, Kentucky.
- Eleven schoolchildren were killed when their school bus was hit by a freight train in Spring City, Tennessee, United States after the driver disregarded a crossing signal; a further 39 were injured.[24]
- The Westland Widgeon helicopter made its maiden flight.
- Died: Rudolf Minger, 73, Swiss politician
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- In China, the Sufan movement issued its "Directive on the thorough purge and cleansing of hidden counter-revolutionaries".[25]
- While on a voyage from Hampton Roads, Virginia, United States, to Copenhagen, Denmark, the British cargo ship Argobeam was caught in a hurricane in the Atlantic Ocean. It caught fire and was abandoned by the crew. A few days later it was taken in to Stornoway, Isle of Lewis, and would eventually be repaired and returned to service as Parkgate.[26]
- Satyajit Ray's film Pather Panchali was released in Calcutta, India, receiving a poor initial response but quickly attracting audiences to become a classic of Indian cinema.[27]
- The first edition of the Guinness Book of Records was published, in London, compiled by Norris and Ross McWhirter.[28]
- Born: Sergey Khlebnikov, Soviet speed skater (d. 1999)
- The Challenge Round of the 1955 Davis Cup tennis competition was won by Australia at the West Side Tennis Club, Forest Hills, New York, USA.[29]
- A US-registered tugboat, the Harold J, sank in the Bering Sea near Lopp Lagoon on the Alaskan coast in a storm, with the loss of three crew members.[30]
- Died: Emmett Till, 14, African-American teenager, was beaten and shot to death in Mississippi for allegedly speaking to a white woman.[31]
- A British Royal Air Force English Electric Canberra set a new world altitude record of 65,876 ft (20,079 m).[32]
- The 1955 CCCF Championship soccer competition ended in victory for Costa Rica.[33]
- U.S. Patrolmen William Hudec and Warren Stainbrook of the Cleveland Division of Police were killed when a train struck the police ambulance they were driving.[34][35] Hudec was the father of actress Majel Leigh Hudec, who would later be better known as Majel Barrett and play multiple roles in the Star Trek franchise.
- The Hudson and Manhattan Railroad began experiments with air conditioning on its subway cars, a technology that the New York City Subway system had declared impractical before then.[36] This experiment resulted in the first successful production application of air conditioning in a rapid transit car, 50 cars (20 owned by H&M, 30 by H&M parent PRR) built by St. Louis Car Company in 1958.
- Lockheed Aircraft Corporation engineering test pilot Stanley Beltz was killed in a crash near Lancaster, California, USA, while piloting an F-94B Starfire modified to test the nose section of the BOMARC missile.[37]
- Emmett Till's decomposed corpse was pulled from Mississippi's Tallahatchie River. Moses Wright identified the body from a ring with the initials L.T. [38]
References
[edit]- ^ Huntington, Tom. "U-2". Invention & Technology Magazine. Vol. 22, no. 3.
- ^ Boff, Jonathan (2018). Haig's Enemy: Crown Prince Rupprecht and Germany's War on the Western Front. Oxford University Press. p. 253. ISBN 9780199670468.
- ^ Knowlson, James (1996). Damned to Fame: The Life of Samuel Beckett. London: Bloomsbury. p. 415.
- ^ "Carmen Miranda Of Movies Dies". The Milwaukee Sentinel. 6 August 1955. Retrieved 21 November 2012 – via Google News.
- ^ "Actress Dies After Making Video Film". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 6 August 1955. Retrieved 4 April 2014 – via Google News.
- ^ Encyclopedia of World Biography | 2006; COPYRIGHT 2004 The Gale Group Inc.
- ^ Paxman, Jon (2014). Classical Music 1600–2000: A Chronology. London: Omnibus. ISBN 978-1-84449-773-7.
- ^ Hansen, James R. (April 2018). First Man: The Life of Neil A. Armstrong. Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. p. 66. ISBN 978-1-5011-5306-8.
- ^ Division of Stirling - Australian Electoral Commission
- ^ Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
- ^ Aviation Safety Network: Accident Description
- ^ Bollinger, A. (1999). "The death of Thomas Mann: consequence of erroneous angiologic diagnosis?". Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift. 149 (2–4): 30–32. PMID 10378317.
- ^ "Thomas Mann – Facts". NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB. 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
- ^ "James B. Sumner – Facts". NobelPrize.org. Nobel Prize Outreach AB. 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
- ^ "Twelve Drown When Schooner Capsizes". The Times. No. 53299. London. 15 August 1955. col C, p. 5.
- ^ Longshore, David (2008). "Connie, Hurricane". Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones (New ed.). Facts on File, Inc. p. 105. ISBN 9781438118796. Retrieved 22 April 2024 – via Google Books.
- ^ "Past Commanders". navy.lk. Archived from the original on 2 September 2014. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
- ^ "Sri Lanka Navy: Diamond Jubilee celebrations". navy.lk. Archived from the original on 6 February 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
- ^ FAI: records by Edward Makula Archived 2011-06-08 at the Wayback Machine - accessed 2008-01-11
- ^ Hodgkin, Dorothy Crowfoot; Pickworth, Jenny; Robertson, John H.; Trueblood, Kenneth N.; Prosen, Richard J.; White, John G. (1955). "Structure of Vitamin B12: The Crystal Structure of the Hexacarboxylic Acid derived from B12 and the Molecular Structure of the Vitamin". Nature. 176 (4477): 325–8. Bibcode:1955Natur.176..325H. doi:10.1038/176325a0. PMID 13253565. S2CID 4220926.
- ^ Shatz, Adam (21 November 2002). "The Torture of Algiers". The New York Review of Books. Vol. 49, no. 18.
- ^ Vétillard, Roger (2013). 20 August 1955 dans le Nord-Constantinois. Un tournant dans la guerre d'Algérie? [20 August 1955 in Nord-Constantinois. A turning point in the Algerian war?] (in French). Riveneuve éditions. p. 270.
- ^ Angelucci, Enzo (1987). The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present. New York: Orion Books. p. 352. ISBN 978-0-517-56588-9.
- ^ "Interstate Commerce Commision [sic], Report of the Accident Investigation Occuring [sic] on the CINCINNATI, NEW ORLEANS AND TEXAS PACIFIC, SOUTHERN RAILWAY SYSTEM, SPRING CITY, TENN". Interstate Commerce Commission. August 22, 1955. Retrieved 31 July 2023. - PDF file
- ^ "1955年7月1日 中共中央发出《关于展开斗争肃清暗藏的反革命分子的指示》". The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 30 June 2020.
- ^ Mitchell, WH; Sawyer, LA (1990). The Empire Ships (Second ed.). London, New York, Hamburg, Hong Kong: Lloyd's of London Press Ltd. p. 29. ISBN 1-85044-275-4.
- ^ Robinson, Andrew (1989). Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06946-6 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ "Guinness Book History 1950 – Present". Archived from the original on 13 May 2006. Retrieved 2012-02-10.
- ^ Robertson, Max (1974). The Encyclopedia of Tennis. London: Allen & Unwin. p. 384. ISBN 0047960426.
- ^ "Alaska Shipwrecks (H)". Alaska Shipwreck.
- ^ Huie, William Bradford (January 1956). "The Shocking Story of Approved Killing in Mississippi". Look. Archived from the original on 22 April 2020.
- ^ Donald, David, ed. (1997). The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-7607-0592-6.
- ^ "CCCF Championship 1955 (Tegucigalpa, Honduras, Aug 14-28)". RSSSF. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
- ^ "Patrolman William Hudec, Cleveland Division of Police, Ohio". The Officer Down Memorial Page, Inc. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
- ^ "Patrolman Warren Stainbrook, Cleveland Division of Police, Ohio". The Officer Down Memorial Page, Inc. Retrieved 2022-07-28.
- ^ Klapouchy, B. (2005). "Hudson and Manhattan Railroad: Operating History". Archived from the original on 8 September 2005. Retrieved 31 August 2005.
- ^ Logan, Willy (September 2010). "Death of a Quiet Birdman". Aviation History. p. 21., cited in Logan, Willy (25 January 2018). "Death of a Quiet Birdman". HistoryNet. Retrieved 23 April 2024.
- ^ "The Murder of Emmett Till". Archived from the original on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 2023-04-08.