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List of wars involving Angola

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The following is a list of wars involving Angola.

List

[edit]
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
Battle of Kombi (29 October 1647) (Part of Dutch–Portuguese War) Dutch Republic and Kingdom of Ndongo Kingdom of Portugal Dutch-Ndongo victory
Battle of Mbwila (29 October 1665) (part of Kongo Civil War) Kingdom of Kongo Portuguese victory
Battle of Mbidizi River (June 1670) Soyo and Ngoyo Soyo victory
Battle of Kitombo (18 October 1670)
Battle of São Salvador (15 February 1709) (part of Kongo Civil War) Orthodox Catholics Antonian Catholics Decisive Orthodox victory
Battle of Quifangondo (10 November 1975) (part of Angolan Civil War) National Liberation Army of Angola or ELNA (National Liberation Front of Angola or FNLA), Zaire and South Africa People's Armed Forces of Liberation of Angola or FAPLA (MPLA) and Cuba FAPLA victory
Angolan War of Independence
(1961–1974)
MPLA
FNLA
UNITA
FLEC
Portugal Portugal
 South Africa
Political victory
Angolan Civil War
(1975–2002)
Angola People's Republic of Angola/Republic of Angola

 Cuba (1975–1989)
SWAPO (1975–1989)[1]
ANC (1975–1989)[2][1]
Executive Outcomes (1993–1995)[3]
FLNC (1975–2001)[4][5]
 Namibia (2001–2002)[a]

Military advisers and pilots:
Democratic People's Republic of Angola

FNLA (1976–1978)[5]
 South Africa (1975–1989)[12]
 Zaire (1975)[15][5]


FLEC

MPLA victory
  • Withdrawal of all foreign forces in 1989.
  • Transition towards a multiparty political system in 1991/92.
  • Dissolution of the armed forces of the FNLA.
  • Participation of UNITA and FNLA, as political parties, in the new political system, from 1991/92 onwards.
  • Jonas Savimbi, leader of UNITA, killed in 2002; UNITA abandoned armed struggle and participated in electoral politics.
  • Resistance of FLEC continued to this day
Cabinda War
(1975–)
 Angola
 Cuba
FLEC Ongoing
  • Surrender of FLEC-Renovada in August 2006
Battle of Cassinga (4 May 1978) (part of South African Border War)  South Africa  Namibia (People's Liberation Army of Namibia or PLAN (SWAPO)

 Cuba

South African military victory
Battle of Cuito Cuanavale (14 August 1987 - 23 March 1988) (part of Angolan Civil War and South African Border War) FALA (UNITA)

 South Africa

 Namibia (SWAPO)

 Cuba

FAPLA (MPLA)

Mkhonto we Sizwe (African National Congress)

Inconclusive
First Congo War
(1996–1997)
Democratic Republic of the Congo AFDL
 Rwanda
 Uganda[16]
 Burundi[17]
 Angola[17]
South Sudan SPLA[18]
 Eritrea[19]
Supported by:
 South Africa[20]
 Zambia[21]
 Zimbabwe[20]
 Ethiopia[22]
 Tanzania[23]
 United States (covertly)[24]

Mai-Mai[c]

 Zaire

 Sudan[18]
 Chad[25]
Rwanda Ex-FAR/ALiR
Interahamwe
CNDD-FDD[26]
UNITA[27]
ADF[28]
FLNC[29]
Supported by:
 France[30][31]
 Central African Republic[31]
 China[32]
 Israel[32]
 Kuwait (denied)[32]


Mai-Mai[c]

Victory
Congo-Brazzaville Civil War
(1997–1999)
Republic of the Congo Nguesso Government
Angola Angola
Chad Chad
Republic of the Congo Lissouba Government
Democratic Republic of the Congo DR Congo
Victory
Second Congo War
(1998–2003)

Note: Rwanda and Uganda fought a short war in June 2000 over Congolese territory.
Stalemate
Kivu Conflict
(2004–2009)
 DR Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo Mai-Mai
 Zimbabwe
 Angola
CNDP Victory
Séléka Rebellion
(2013–)
 Central African Republic
 South Africa
 France
 DR Congo
 Angola
 Cameroon
 Chad
 Congo-Brazzaville
 Gabon
Central African Republic Séléka
Central African Republic Anti-balaka
Ongoing

Notes

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  1. ^ Irritated by UNITA cross-border raids, the Namibian Defence Force retaliated by sending units into southern Angola and destroying a UNITA training camp at Licua in late January 2001.[6] The Namibian troops were not withdrawn from Angola until May 2002.[6]
  2. ^ The North Korean Military Mission in Angola had about 1,500 personnel attached to FAPLA in 1986, most likely advisers, although their exact duties are uncertain.[12] Their presence in Angola may have been indirectly subsidised by the Soviet Union.[13] Up to 3,000 North Korean military personnel served in Angola throughout the 1980s.[14]
  3. ^ a b Many Mai-Mai militias in eastern Zaire initially allied themselves with Rwanda and the AFDL against Hutu militants and refugees.[33] As soon as most Hutu were driven away, however, many Mai-Mai groups turned against Rwanda and the AFDL.[34] Despite this, some anti-Hutu Mai-Mai remained allied with Rwanda and the AFDL.[35]

References

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  1. ^ a b Shubin, Vladimir Gennadyevich (2008). The Hot "Cold War": The USSR in Southern Africa. London: Pluto Press. pp. 92–93, 249. ISBN 978-0-7453-2472-2.
  2. ^ Thomas, Scott (1995). The Diplomacy of Liberation: The Foreign Relations of the ANC Since 1960. London: Tauris Academic Studies. pp. 202–207. ISBN 978-1850439936.
  3. ^ Fitzsimmons, Scott (November 2012). "Executive Outcomes Defeats UNITA". Mercenaries in Asymmetric Conflicts. Cambridge University Press. p. 167. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139208727.006. ISBN 9781107026919.
  4. ^ Wolfe, Thomas; Hosmer, Stephen (1983). Soviet policy and practice toward Third World conflicts. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 87. ISBN 978-0669060546.
  5. ^ a b c Hughes, Geraint (2014). My Enemy's Enemy: Proxy Warfare in International Politics. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. pp. 65–79. ISBN 978-1845196271.
  6. ^ a b Weigert, Stephen (2011). Angola: A Modern Military History. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 85-151, 233. ISBN 978-0230117778.
  7. ^ Vanneman, Peter (1990). Soviet Strategy in Southern Africa: Gorbachev's Pragmatic Approach. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press. pp. 41–57. ISBN 978-0817989026.
  8. ^ Chan, Stephen (2012). Southern Africa: Old Treacheries and New Deceits. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 42–46. ISBN 978-0300184280.
  9. ^ Mitchell, Thomas G. (2013). Israel/Palestine and the Politics of a Two-State Solution. Jefferson: McFarland & Company Inc. pp. 94–99. ISBN 978-0-7864-7597-1.
  10. ^ Baynham, Simon (1986). Military Power and Politics in Black Africa. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 216–219. ISBN 978-0367677275. The Soviets provided direction, heavy lift and training staffs, the East Germans technical specialists ranging from helicopter pilots to medical personnel, and the Cubans a mass of soldiery...The next pattern was one of mixed Angolan and Cuban ground units, supported by East German-manned helicopters...[conditions dictated] the withdrawal of Cuban units to garrison roles, the actual ground fighting being left to Angolan units (now equipped with some very recent Soviet weaponry), very closely supported by East German and Russian training logistic cadres.
  11. ^ Brent, Winston (1994). African Military Aviation. Nelspruit: Freeworld. p. 12. ISBN 978-0958388016. Besides arms and aircraft, large numbers of Russians, East Germans, and Cubans were brought into the country to bolster the Angolan armed forces...Although a number of locals were beginning to undertake combat sorties, most of the sorties were flown either by Cuban or East German pilots and crew.
  12. ^ a b James III, W. Martin (2011) [1992]. A Political History of the Civil War in Angola: 1974–1990. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers. pp. 207–214, 239–245. ISBN 978-1-4128-1506-2.
  13. ^ Polack, Peter (13 December 2013). The Last Hot Battle of the Cold War: South Africa vs. Cuba in the Angolan Civil War. Casemate Publishers. pp. 66–68. ISBN 9781612001951.
  14. ^ Herskovitz, Jon (22 October 2024). "Why North Korean Troops in Russia Have the World's Attention". BNN Bloomberg. Ontario. Archived from the original on 1 January 2025. Retrieved 31 December 2024.
  15. ^ Steenkamp, Willem (2006) [1985]. Borderstrike! (Third ed.). Durban: Just Done Productions Publishing. pp. 102–106. ISBN 978-1-920169-00-8.
  16. ^ Prunier (2004), pp. 375–376.
  17. ^ a b Duke, Lynne (15 April 1997). "Passive Protest Stops Zaire's Capital Cold". The Washington Post. p. A14. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Kabila's forces – which are indeed backed by Rwanda, Angola, Uganda and Burundi, diplomats say – are slowly advancing toward the capital from the eastern half of the country, where they have captured all the regions that produce Zaire's diamonds, gold, copper and cobalt.
  18. ^ a b Prunier (2004), pp. 376–377.
  19. ^ Plaut (2016), pp. 54–55.
  20. ^ a b "Consensual Democracy" in Post-genocide Rwanda. International Crisis Group. 2001. p. 8. In that first struggle in the Congo, Rwanda, allied with Uganda, Angola, Zimbabwe, South Africa and Burundi, had brought Laurent Désiré Kabila to power in Kinshasa
  21. ^ Reyntjens 2009, pp. 65–66.
  22. ^ Usanov, Artur (2013). Coltan, Congo and Conflict. Hague Centre for Strategic Studies. p. 36.
  23. ^ Makikagile, Godfrey (2006). Nyerere and Africa. New Africa Press. p. 173.
  24. ^ Prunier (2009), pp. 118, 126–127.
  25. ^ Toïngar, Ésaïe (2014). Idriss Deby and the Darfur Conflict. p. 119. In 1996, President Mobutu of Zaire requested that mercenaries be sent from Chad to help defend his government from rebel forces led by Lauren Desiré Kabila. ... When a number of the troops were ambushed by Kabila and killed in defense of Mobutu's government, Mobutu paid Déby a fee in honor of their service.
  26. ^ Prunier (2009), pp. 116–118.
  27. ^ Duke, Lynne (20 May 1997). "Congo Begins Process of Rebuilding Nation". The Washington Post. p. A10. Archived from the original on 24 February 2011. Guerrillas of Angola's former rebel movement UNITA, long supported by Mobutu in an unsuccessful war against Angola's government, also fought for Mobutu against Kabila's forces.
  28. ^ Prunier (2004), pp. 375–377.
  29. ^ Reyntjens 2009, pp. 112–113.
  30. ^ "Strategic Review for Southern Africa". University of Pretoria. 20–21. 1998. As the conflict developed, France provided financial support to Mobutu and pushed hard for foreign intervention. However, under US pressure, France eventually terminated its call for intervention.
  31. ^ a b Carayannis, Tatiana (2015). Making Sense of the Central African Republic. Zed Books. In the waning days of Mobutu's rule, while Kabila's Rwandan- and Ugandan-backed putsch was rapidly making its way across Congo, France sought to prop up Mobutu's dying regime through covert military aid to the ailing dictator ... This covert aid was facilitated by Patassé
  32. ^ a b c Reyntjens 2009, pp. 112.
  33. ^ Prunier (2009), pp. 117, 130, 143.
  34. ^ Prunier (2009), p. 130.
  35. ^ Prunier (2009), p. 143.

Sources

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