Ammonium hypoiodite
Ammonium hypoiodites are a class of reactive intermediates used in certain organic oxidation reactions. They consist of either ammonium itself or an alkylammonium with various substituents as cation, paired with an hypoiodite anion as the active oxidant. The hypoiodite is generated in situ from the analogous iodide reagent using peroxides, oxone, peracids, or other strong oxidizing agents.[1] The hypoiodite is then capable of oxidizing various organic substrates. The iodide is regenerated, meaning the reaction runs with the iodide/hypoiodite as a catalyst in the presence of excess of the original strong oxidizing agent.
Ammonium hypoiodites are capable of oxidizing benzylic methyl groups,[2] initiating oxidative dearomatization,[3] and oxidative decarboxylation of β-ketolactones.[4] Similar to the β-ketolactone reaction, oxidative ether formation can be performed at the alpha position of various ketones. Using chiral ammonium cations can give high enantioselectivity of the alpha-etherification reaction, an example of an efficient chiral metal-free organocatalysis process.[5][6]
Several guanidinium hypoiodites can also be used in the various oxidative-coupling reactions. The have the added benefit of forming multiple ionic interactions or hydrogen bonds to the substrates.[7]
References
[edit]- ^ Yusubov, Mekhman S.; Zhdankin, Viktor V. (2015). "Iodine catalysis: A green alternative to transition metals in organic chemistry and technology". Resource-Efficient Technologies. 1 (1): 49–67. Bibcode:2015RETec...1...49Y. doi:10.1016/j.reffit.2015.06.001.
- ^ Pollheimer, David; Mairhofer, Christopher; Waser, Mario (2024). "Syntheses of Diarylmethanes Via an Oxidative Benzylic Functionalization of P-Alkyl Phenol Derivatives Under Quaternary Ammonium Hypoiodite Catalysis". Chemistry – A European Journal. 30 (54): e202402528. doi:10.1002/chem.202402528. PMID 39054252.
- ^ Uyanik, Muhammet; Kato, Takehiro; Sahara, Naoto; Katade, Outa; Ishihara, Kazuaki (2019). "High-Performance Ammonium Hypoiodite/Oxone Catalysis for Enantioselective Oxidative Dearomatization of Arenols". ACS Catalysis. 9 (12): 11619–11626. doi:10.1021/acscatal.9b04322.
- ^ Röser, Katharina; Scheucher, Anna; Mairhofer, Christopher; Bechmann, Matthias; Waser, Mario (2022). "Oxidative decarboxylative ammonium hypoiodite-catalysed dihydrobenzofuran synthesis". Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry. 20 (16): 3273–3276. doi:10.1039/D2OB00463A. PMID 35363244.
- ^ Uyanik, Muhammet; Okamoto, Hiroaki; Yasui, Takeshi; Ishihara, Kazuaki (2010). "Quaternary Ammonium (Hypo)iodite Catalysis for Enantioselective Oxidative Cycloetherification". Science. 328 (5984): 1376–1379. Bibcode:2010Sci...328.1376U. doi:10.1126/science.1188217. PMID 20538945.
- ^ Uyanik, Muhammet; Hayashi, Hiroki; Ishihara, Kazuaki (2014). "High-turnover hypoiodite catalysis for asymmetric synthesis of tocopherols". Science. 345 (6194): 291–294. Bibcode:2014Sci...345..291U. doi:10.1126/science.1254976. PMID 25035486.
- ^ Odagi, Miami; Nagasawa, Kazuo (2023). "Exploring Guanidinium Organocatalysts for Hypoiodite-Mediated Reactions". The Chemical Record. 23 (7): e202300030. doi:10.1002/tcr.202300030. PMID 36949010.
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