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Amiriyah shelter bombing

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Amiriyah shelter bombing
Part of the Gulf War
TypeAirstrike
Location
Al-A'amiriya, Baghdad, Iraq

33°17′50″N 44°16′50″E / 33.29722°N 44.28056°E / 33.29722; 44.28056
DateFebruary 13, 1991 (1991-02-13)
Executed byUnited States Air Force United States Air Force
Casualties408+ killed
Unknown injured
Al-A'amiriya is located in Iraq
Al-A'amiriya
Al-A'amiriya
Location of Al-A'amiriya within Iraq

The Amiriyah shelter bombing[N 1] was an aerial bombing attack that killed at least 408 civilians on 13 February 1991 during the Gulf War, when an air-raid shelter ("Public Shelter No. 25") in the Amiriyah neighborhood of Baghdad, Iraq, was destroyed by the U.S. Air Force with two GBU-27 Paveway III laser-guided "smart bombs".[1][2] Human Rights Watch characterised the bombing as a war crime.[3]

The U.S. Department of Defense stated that they "knew the [Amiriyah] facility had been used as a civil-defense shelter during the Iran–Iraq War",[3] while the U.S. military stated they believed the shelter was no longer a civil defense shelter and that they thought it had been converted to a command center or a military personnel bunker.

Background

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The Amiriyah shelter was used in the Iran–Iraq War and the Gulf War by hundreds of civilians. According to the U.S. military, the shelter at Amiriyah had been targeted because it fit the profile of a military command center; electronic signals from the locality had been reported as coming from the site, and spy satellites had observed people and vehicles moving in, and out of the shelter.[4]

Charles E. Allen, the CIA's National Intelligence Officer for Warning, supported the selection of bomb targets during the Gulf War. He coordinated intelligence with Colonel John Warden, who headed the U.S. Air Force's planning cell known as "Checkmate". On 10 February 1991, Allen presented his estimate to Colonel Warden that Public Shelter Number 25 in the southwestern Baghdad suburb of Amiriyah had become an alternative command post and showed no sign of being used as a civilian bomb shelter.[5] However, Human Rights Watch noted in 1991, "It is now well established, through interviews with neighborhood residents, that the [Amiriyah] structure was plainly marked as a public shelter and was used throughout the air war by large numbers of civilians".[3]

A former United States Air Force general who worked as "the senior targeting officer for the Royal Saudi Air Force", an "impeccable source" according to Robert Fisk, asserted in the aftermath of the bombing that "[Richard I.] Neal talked about camouflage on the roof of the bunker. But I am not of the belief that any of the bunkers around Baghdad have camouflage on them. There is said to have been barbed wire there but that's normal in Baghdad... There's not a single soul in the American military who believes that this was a command-and-control bunker... We thought it was a military personnel bunker. Any military bunker is assumed to have some civilians in it. We have attacked bunkers where we assume there are women and children who are members of the families of military personnel who are allowed in the military bunkers".[6]

Satellite photos and electronic intercepts indicating this alternative use as a command and control center were regarded as circumstantial and unconvincing to Brigadier General Buster Glosson, who had primary responsibility for targeting. Glosson commented that the assessment wasn't "worth a shit".[5] However, the unnamed human source in Iraq warned the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) that the Iraqi Intelligence Service had begun operating in the shelter. In addition, military vehicles were seen parked near the shelter. The US military stated that it did not know that many Iraqi officers had brought wives and children to shelter in the bunker, despite surveillance of the bunker by satellites and reconnaissance aircraft.[7] According to residents, civilians had been going in and out of the shelter for "weeks"; an Al-Jazeera journalist argues this should have given the military "ample time" to detect the presence of civilians.[8]

On 11 February, Shelter Number 25 was added to the USAF's attack plan.[5]

Bombing

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Photographs of young victims of the bombing

At 04:30 on the morning of 13 February, two F-117 stealth bombers each dropped a 910 kilograms (2,000 lb) GBU-27 laser-guided bomb on the shelter. The first bomb cut through 3 metres (10 ft) of reinforced concrete before a time-delayed fuse exploded. Minutes later, the second bomb followed the path cut by the first bomb. Neighborhood residents heard screams as people tried to get out of the shelter. They screamed for four minutes. After the second bomb hit, the screaming ceased.[9]

At the time of the bombing, hundreds of Iraqi civilians, mostly women and children, were sheltering in the building; many were sleeping. More than 408 people were killed; reports on precise numbers vary, and the registration book was incinerated in the blast.[10] People staying on the upper level were incinerated by heat while boiling water from the shelter's water tank was responsible for the rest of the fatalities.[10] Not all killed died immediately; black, incinerated handprints of some victims remained fused to the concrete ceiling of the shelter. Journalist John Simpson reported on the horrific sight of "bodies fused together so that they formed entire blocks of flesh" along with "a layer of melted human fat an inch deep lying on the surface of the water pumped in by the firemen".[11][12] The blast sent shrapnel into surrounding buildings, shattering glass windows and splintering their foundations.[13]

Reactions

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Many foreign governments responded to the bombing at Amiriyah with mourning, outrage, and calls for investigations. Jordan declared three days of mourning.[14] Algerian and Sudanese governing parties condemned the bombing as a "paroxysm of terror and barbarism" and a "hideous, bloody massacre" respectively.[14] Jordan and Spain called for an international inquiry into the bombing, and Spain urged the U.S. to move its attacks away from Iraq itself and concentrate instead on occupied Kuwait.[14]

Candles lit near the bomb's entry hole in February 2021, commemorating the 30th anniversary of the bombing
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Jeremy Bowen, a BBC correspondent, was one of the first reporters on the scene. Bowen was given access to the site and found no evidence of military use.[15]

The White House, in a report titled Apparatus of Lies: Crafting Tragedy, states that U.S. intelligence sources reported the shelter was being used for military command purposes. The report goes on to accuse the Iraqi government of deliberately keeping "select civilians" as human shields in a military facility at Amiriyah.[16] USAF Major Ariane L. DeSaussur also accuses Iraq of intentionally commingling civilians with military personnel.[17]

This argument has been disputed by other US military personnel.[18][19] Richard G. Davis of the USAF said this explanation was not convincing.[19] Instead he suggests that civilians were sheltering in this bunker because it was one of the last places in Baghdad with electricity.[19] Laneka West of the US army concurs and argues this may have been a consequence of the US destroying Baghdad's electricity infrastructure early in the war.[18] West also argues that the location of the bunker in a densely populated area was not a violation of API Article 58.[18] It is possible to locate a bunker closer to populated areas to mask electronic signals.[18]

According to Jane's Information Group, the signals intelligence observed at the shelter was from an aerial antenna that was connected to a communications center some 270 metres (300 yd) away.[4]

Oxford professor Janina Dill writes that if the US indeed knew about the presence of civilians, the attack would be a war crime.[20] The 1977 Additional Protocol I (AP1) to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, Article 57 requires the "principle of proportionality", which is that the military advantage of an attack must be balanced against potential for civilian casualties.[20] However, USAF Major Ariane L. DeSaussur argues that during the Gulf War, neither the United States nor Iraq had ratified AP1.[17] (Iraq later ratified it in 2010, but the US has still not ratified it). However, Human Rights Watch points out that the US in 1987 had already accepted parts of Protocol I as customary international humanitarian law, including affirming that "attacks not be carried out that would clearly result in collateral civilian casualties disproportionate to the expected military advantage."[21]

Memorial

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The shelter is currently maintained as it was after the blast, as a memorial to those who died within it, featuring photos of those killed. According to visitors' reports, Umm Greyda, a woman who lost eight children in the bombing, moved into the shelter to help create the memorial and serves as its primary guide.[22][23]

For many years, Iraqi schools commemorated "al Amiriyah shelter day", which often involved criticism of US foreign policy.[8]

Many Iraqis later compared the Amiriyah shelter bombing to other instances when Americans were not held accountable for killing Iraqi civilians, including the Nisour Square massacre and the Haditha massacre.[8]

Lawsuit

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Seven Iraqi families living in Belgium who lost relatives in the bombing launched a lawsuit against former President George H. W. Bush, former Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney, former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell, and General Norman Schwarzkopf for committing what they claim were war crimes in the 1991 bombing. The suit was brought under Belgium's universal jurisdiction guarantees in March 2003 but was dismissed in September following their restriction to Belgian nationals and residents in August 2003.[24]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ The name "Amiriyah" can also be spelled "Amiriya", "Al'amrih", "Amariya", and "Amariyah". There is no agreed spelling for the name in English. For example, The BBC uses all four spellings on its website. CNN uses Amariya, Amariyah and Amiriya, while the Washington Post uses Amiriyah, Amiriya and Amariyah (once).

References

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  1. ^ Jeenah, Na'eem (July 2001). "Al-Amariyah - A Graveyard of unwilling martyrs". Archived from the original on 28 January 2008. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
  2. ^ https://archive.org/details/firethistimeuswa00clar U.S. Attorney General Ramsey Clark, The Fire This Time, U.S. War Crimes in the Gulf, 1992
  3. ^ a b c "Needless Deaths In The Gulf War: Civilian Casualties During the Air Campaign and Violations of the Laws of War". Human Rights Watch. 1991.
  4. ^ a b Scott Peterson, "'Smarter' bombs still hit civilians, Christian Science Monitor, 22 October 2002.
  5. ^ a b c Crusade: The Untold Story of the Persian Gulf War, Rick Atkinson, 1993, pp. 284–285.
  6. ^ Fisk, Robert (2007). The great war for civilisation : the conquest of the Middle East (1. Vintage Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books. pp. 626–627. ISBN 978-1-4000-7517-1.
  7. ^ Gary D. Solis (October 21, 2021). The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War. Cambridge University Press. p. 216. ISBN 9-7811-0883-1635.
  8. ^ a b c Barbarani, Sofia. "Amiriyah bombing 30 years on: 'No one remembers' the victims". Al Jazeera.
  9. ^ Ramsey Clark, The Fire this Time, p. 70
  10. ^ a b Felicity Arbuthnot, "The Ameriya Shelter - St. Valentine's Day Massacre". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-19., 13 February 2007.
  11. ^ Iddon, Paul (2020-03-13). "Baghdad's four decades of conflict and strife". www.newarab.com/. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  12. ^ Simpson, John (2003). The Wars Against Saddam: Taking the Hard Road to Baghdad. Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4050-3265-0.
  13. ^ Ramsey Clark, The Fire This Time, pp. 70-72.
  14. ^ a b c Hiro, Dilip (2003). Desert Shield to Desert Storm: The Second Gulf War. p. 361. ISBN 0-595-26904-4.
  15. ^ Report aired on BBC 1, 14 February 1991
  16. ^ White House, Crafting Tragedy.
  17. ^ a b The Air Force Review, 1994, volume 37, pages 48-50
  18. ^ a b c d West, Laneka A. "An Analysis of the Al Firdos Bunker Strike" (PDF). School of Advanced Military Studies US Army Command and General Staff College Fort Leavenworth, KS. pp. 37–38.
  19. ^ a b c Davis, Richard G. "On Target Organizing and Executing the Strategic Air Campaign Against Iraq" (PDF). p. 275.
  20. ^ a b Dill, Janina (2015). Legitimate targets? social construction, international law and US bombing. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 252. ISBN 978-1107056756.
  21. ^ "THE BOMBING OF IRAQI CITIES: MIDDLE EAST WATCH CONDEMNS BOMBING WITHOUT WARNING OF AIR RAID SHELTER IN BAGHDAD'S AL AMERIYYA DISTRICT ON FEBRUARY 13". www.hrw.org.
  22. ^ John Dear, S. J., Iraq Journal: Notes from a peace delegation to a ravaged land, Sojourners Magazine, 1999.
  23. ^ Riverbend, Dedicated to the Memory of L.A.S., 15 February 2004.
  24. ^ "Belgium Nixes War-Crimes Charges Against Bush, Powell, Cheney, Sharon". Fox News. 25 September 2003. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.

Further reading

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