Amazophrynella

Amazophrynella
	Amazophrynella minuta
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Amphibia
Order:	Anura
Family:	Bufonidae
Genus:	Amazophrynella; Fouquet et al, 2012
Type species
	Atelopus minutus; Melin, 1941
Synonyms
	Amazonella Fouquet et al, 2012;

Amazophrynella is a genus of toads in the family Bufonidae.^[3]^[4] They are found throughout the Amazon Basin.^[3]

Description

Species of the genus Amazophrynella are small toads measuring 12–27 mm (0.47–1.06 in) in snout–vent length. The hind limbs are well developed. The parotoid glands are absent, as are vocal slits and tympana. The skin is uniformly and finely granulose. Dorsal coloration is cryptic.^[2]

Species of the genus Amazophrynella are pond breeders, which is presumably an ancestral trait in bufonids (most Dendrophryniscus breed in phytotelmata).^[2]

Taxonomy

Amazophrynella was separated from Dendrophryniscus in 2012 based on molecular genetic evidence that indicated deep divergence between an Amazonian and an Atlantic Forest clade, the latter retaining the name Dendrophryniscus whereas the former was described as a new genus Amazonella,^[2] later amended to Amazophrynella because of homonymy.^[1]^[3] The analysis suggested that Amazophrynella is the sister taxon of Dendrophryniscus, but a later study has suggested a more distant relationship.^[3]

Species

The following species are recognized in the genus Amazophrynella:^[3]^[4]


Species	Image
Amazophrynella amazonicola Rojas, Carvalho, Ávila, Farias, Gordo, and Hrbek, 2015
Amazophrynella bilinguis Kaefer, Rojas, Ferrão, Farias & Lima, 2019
Amazophrynella bokermanni (Izecksohn, 1994)
Amazophrynella gardai Mângia, Koroiva & Santana, 2020
Amazophrynella javierbustamantei Rojas-Zamora, Chaparro, Carvalho, Ávila, Farias, Hrbek, and Gordo, 2016
Amazophrynella manaos Rojas, Carvalho, Ávila, Farias, and Hrbek, 2014
Amazophrynella matses Rojas, Carvalho, Ávila, Farias, Gordo, and Hrbek, 2015
Amazophrynella minuta (Melin, 1941)
Amazophrynella moisesii Rojas-Zamora, Fouquet, Ron, Hernández-Ruz, Melo-Sampaio, Chaparro, Vogt, Carvalho, Pinheiro, Ávila, Farias, Gordo, and Hrbek, 2018
Amazophrynella siona Rojas-Zamora, Fouquet, Ron, Hernández-Ruz, Melo-Sampaio, Chaparro, Vogt, Carvalho, Pinheiro, Ávila, Farias, Gordo, and Hrbek, 2018
Amazophrynella teko Rojas-Zamora, Fouquet, Ron, Hernández-Ruz, Melo-Sampaio, Chaparro, Vogt, Carvalho, Pinheiro, Ávila, Farias, Gordo, and Hrbek, 2018
Amazophrynella vote Ávila, Carvalho, Gordo, Kawashita-Ribeiro, and Morais, 2012
Amazophrynella xinguensis Rojas-Zamora, Fouquet, Ron, Hernández-Ruz, Melo-Sampaio, Chaparro, Vogt, Carvalho, Pinheiro, Ávila, Farias, Gordo, and Hrbek, 2018

References

^ ^a ^b Fouquet, Antoine; Recoder, Renato; Teixeira, Mauro; Cassimiro, José; Amaro, Renata Cecília; Camacho, Agustín; Damasceno, Roberta; Carnaval, Ana Carolina; Moritz, Craig; Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut (2012). "Amazonella Fouquet et al., 2012 (Anura:Bufonidae) junior homonym of Amazonella Lundblad, 1931 (Acari:Unionicolidae): proposed replacement by Amazophrynella nom. nov" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3244: 68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3244.1.3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Fouquet, Antoine; Recoder, Renato; Teixeira, Mauro; Cassimiro, José; Amaro, Renata Cecília; Camacho, Agustín; Damasceno, Roberta; Carnaval, Ana Carolina; Moritz, Craig; Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut (2012). "Molecular phylogeny and morphometric analyses reveal deep divergence between Amazonia and Atlantic Forest species of Dendrophryniscus". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (3): 826–838. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.11.023. PMID 22166838.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Frost, Darrel R. (2016). "Amazophrynella Fouquet, Recoder, Teixeira, Cassimiro, Amaro, Camacho, Damasceno, Carnaval, Moritz, and Rodrigues, 2012". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
^ ^a ^b "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016.

[Fouquet_et_al_2012_bis-1] Fouquet, Antoine; Recoder, Renato; Teixeira, Mauro; Cassimiro, José; Amaro, Renata Cecília; Camacho, Agustín; Damasceno, Roberta; Carnaval, Ana Carolina; Moritz, Craig; Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut (2012). "Amazonella Fouquet et al., 2012 (Anura:Bufonidae) junior homonym of Amazonella Lundblad, 1931 (Acari:Unionicolidae): proposed replacement by Amazophrynella nom. nov" (PDF). Zootaxa. 3244: 68. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3244.1.3.

[Fouquet_et_al_2012-2] Fouquet, Antoine; Recoder, Renato; Teixeira, Mauro; Cassimiro, José; Amaro, Renata Cecília; Camacho, Agustín; Damasceno, Roberta; Carnaval, Ana Carolina; Moritz, Craig; Rodrigues, Miguel Trefaut (2012). "Molecular phylogeny and morphometric analyses reveal deep divergence between Amazonia and Atlantic Forest species of Dendrophryniscus". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 62 (3): 826–838. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.11.023. PMID 22166838.

[Frost-3] Frost, Darrel R. (2016). "Amazophrynella Fouquet, Recoder, Teixeira, Cassimiro, Amaro, Camacho, Damasceno, Carnaval, Moritz, and Rodrigues, 2012". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 8 May 2016.

[AmphibiaWeb-4] "Bufonidae". AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation. [web application]. Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2016.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]