Alectoris

Alectoris
	Chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Galliformes
Family:	Phasianidae
Tribe:	Coturnicini
Genus:	Alectoris; Kaup, 1829
Type species
	Perdix petrosa;
Species
	See text.
	Rough distributions of species in the genus Alectoris

Alectoris is a genus of partridges in the family Phasianidae, closely related to Old World quail (Coturnix and relatives), snowcocks (Tetraogallus), partridge-francolins (Pternistis), bush quail (Perdicula), and sand and see-see partridges (Ammoperdix). Members of the genus are known collectively as rock partridges (a name that also refers to one species in particular, Alectoris graeca). The genus name is derived from the Ancient Greek: αλέκτωρ, romanized: alektoris, meaning "chicken" or "farmyard fowl".^[2]

Their fossils date back to the early Pleistocene, with extant representatives in southern Europe, North Africa and Arabia, and across Asia in Pakistan to Tibet and western China.

Description

These are non-migratory birds of dry, open and often hilly country. They nest in a scantily lined ground scrape laying up to 20 eggs. They feed on a wide variety of seeds and vegetation. Ants are a very important source of nutrition for the birds as are pine nuts, juniper berries and lichens.^{[citation needed]}

As is typical of many galliform birds, Alectoris partridges are relatively round-bodied and small-headed. They typically have a light brown or grey back, grey breast, buff belly, and barred flanks. Several species have a whitish throat with a black border. Their specialized flank coverts give them the appearance of being more rotund than they actually are.^{[citation needed]} Their legs are red, with well-developed, ball-peen hammer-like spurs. When disturbed they run very rapidly, often uphill, taking to the wing if pressed. Their wings are long and fairly sharp, shaped rather like those of ptarmigan and spruce grouse, suggesting that the birds sustain themselves in flight over substantial distances to find food.^{[citation needed]} This probably occurs most often during winter.^{[citation needed]}

Introduced species and hybridisation

Some members of the genus, notably the chukar and red-legged partridge, have been introduced to many locations outside their natural range; there are now established populations of chukar in western North America, Hawaii, and the South Island of New Zealand, and of red-legged partridge in the United Kingdom, the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary Islands.

The chukar readily interbreeds with the red-legged partridge and rock partridge. The practice of breeding and releasing captive-bred chukar and hybrids between chukar and red-legged partridge has been banned in the United Kingdom, as it is a threat to red-legged partridge populations.^[3]^[4]

Species

The genus contains seven species:^[5]

Common Name	Scientific Name	Distribution
Barbary partridge	Alectoris barbara	North Africa, and is also native to Gibraltar and the Canary Islands
Arabian partridge	Alectoris melanocephala	southern Saudi Arabia, Yemen and western Oman.
Red-legged partridge	Alectoris rufa	Iberian Peninsula, France, Italy and Balearic Islands
Chukar partridge	Alectoris chukar	Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan and India
Rock partridge	Alectoris graeca	Serbia, Albania, Italy, and France to Greece and Bulgaria
Philby's partridge	Alectoris philbyi	Saudi Arabia and Yemen
Przevalski's partridge	Alectoris magna	China(Gansu, Qinghai)

A prehistoric species, A. peii, is known from China. Another one, A. baryosefi, has been described from Early Pleistocene fossils found at El-`Ubeidiya (Jordan valley), Israel.

References

^ "Phasianidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
^ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ Barilani, Marina; Bernard-Laurent, Ariane; Mucci, Nadia; Tabarroni, Cristiano; Kark, Salit; Garrido, José Antonio Perez; Randi, Ettore (June 2007). "Hybridisation with introduced Chukars (Alectoris chukar) threatens the gene pool integrity of native Rock (A. graeca) and Red-legged (A. rufa) Partridge populations". Biological Conservation. 137 (1): 57–69. Bibcode:2007BCons.137...57B. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.01.014. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
^ "Red-legged partridge". Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust. Retrieved 2015-12-25.
^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Pheasants, partridges, francolins". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 25 November 2021.

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[HM4-1] "Phasianidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-08-05.

[Jobling-2] Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[Barilani-3] Barilani, Marina; Bernard-Laurent, Ariane; Mucci, Nadia; Tabarroni, Cristiano; Kark, Salit; Garrido, José Antonio Perez; Randi, Ettore (June 2007). "Hybridisation with introduced Chukars (Alectoris chukar) threatens the gene pool integrity of native Rock (A. graeca) and Red-legged (A. rufa) Partridge populations". Biological Conservation. 137 (1): 57–69. Bibcode:2007BCons.137...57B. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.01.014. Retrieved 15 April 2020.

[GWCT-4] "Red-legged partridge". Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust. Retrieved 2015-12-25.

[ioc-5] Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2021). "Pheasants, partridges, francolins". IOC World Bird List Version 11.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 25 November 2021.

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[5]

Description

Introduced species and hybridisation

Species

See also

References