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Alcântara Formation

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Coordinates: 2°30′S 44°30′W / 2.5°S 44.5°W / -2.5; -44.5
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Alcântara Formation
Stratigraphic range: Cenomanian
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofItapecuru Group
UnderliesCujupe Formation
OverliesUndifferentiated unit
Thickness30–35 m (98–115 ft)
Lithology
PrimarySandstone
OtherClaystone, conglomerate
Location
Coordinates2°30′S 44°30′W / 2.5°S 44.5°W / -2.5; -44.5
Approximate paleocoordinates9°24′S 19°18′W / 9.4°S 19.3°W / -9.4; -19.3
Region Maranhão
Country Brazil
ExtentSão Luís-Grajaú Basin
Type section
Named forAlcântara (city)
Named byRossetti & Truckenbrodt
Year defined1997
Alcântara Formation is located in Brazil
Alcântara Formation
Alcântara Formation (Brazil)

The Alcântara Formation is a geological formation in northeastern Brazil whose strata date back to the Cenomanian of the Late Cretaceous.[1]

Fossil content

[edit]
Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Dinosaurs

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Sauropods

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Sauropods of the Alcântara Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Itapeuasaurus[2] I. cajapioensis Itapeua beach Early Cenomanian A rebbachisaurid sauropod; closely related to Demandasaurus darwini.
Limaysaurus[3] L. tessonei Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Vertebrae A rebbachisaurid sauropod
Lithostrotia[4] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian A lithostrotian titanosaur; closely related to Paralititan stromeri.
Malawisaurus?[5] M. sp. Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Tooth Probably Titanosauria indet rather than Malawisaurus?
Sauropoda indet.[4] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Teeth May belong to a titanosaurian or a diplodocoid rebbachisaurid
Titanosauria indet.[4] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Vertebrae A titanosaurian sauropod; closely related to Aegyptosaurus baharijensis.
Titanosauria indet.[4] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Osteoderm A titanosaurian sauropod

Theropods

[edit]
Theropods of the Alcântara Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Abelisauridae Indet.[6] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Two shed tooth crowns A abelisaurid theropod; closely related to Rugops primus.
Bahariasauridae Indet.[4] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian A bahariasaurid theropod; closely related to Bahariasaurus ingens.
Carcharodontosauridae Indet.[7] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Teeth A giant carcharodontosaurid theropod; closely related to Carcharodontosaurus saharicus.
Dromaeosauridae indet.[4] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Teeth Possible member of Velociraptorinae
Noasauridae indet. [8] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Nine teeth A noasaurid theropod; closely related to Masiakasaurus knopfleri.
Oxalaia[9] O. quilombensis Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Fused premaxillae; isolated and incomplete left maxilla A spinosaurid theropod which may be synonymus with Spinosaurus itself.[10] However, this has been disputed.[11]

Sigilmassasaurus[4]

S. brevicollis

Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Two caudal vertebrae

Referral to Sigilmassasaurus was based on similarity to presumed caudal vertebrae of the genus from the Kem Kem Group. However, these caudal vertebrae have since been separated from the genus, meaning that it is currently impossible to refer any caudal vertebrae to it.

Spinosauridae indet.[12] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Teeth A spinosaurid theropod different from Oxalaia.
Theropoda indet.[4] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Claw
Unenlagiinae[13] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island, São Luís-Grajaú Basin Early Cenomanian Teeth A dromaeosaurid theropod; closely related to Buitreraptor gonzalezorum.

Ornithopods

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Ornithopods of the Alcântara Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Hadrosauriformes Indet.[4] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian A sail-backed hadrosauriform iguanodontian; closely related to Ouranosaurus nigeriensis.
Parankylosauria Indet.[4] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian A parankylosaurian ankylosaurian; closely related to Stegouros elengassen.

Pterosauria

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Pterosaurs of the Alcântara Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Anhangueridae indet.[4] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Teeth A anhanguerid pterosaur; closely related to Siroccopteryx moroccensis.
Azhdarchoidea Indet.[4] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian
Tapejaridae Indet.[4] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian

Crocodylomorphs

[edit]
Crocodylomorphs of the Alcântara Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Aegyptosuchidae Indet.[4] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian
Araripesuchus[4] A. sp. Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian A uruguaysuchid notosuchian
Crocodylomorpha indet.[4] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Teeth and osteoderms
Coringasuchus[14] C. anisodontis Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Partial right lower jaw (dentary) A ziphosuchian notosuchian; closely related to Libycosuchus brevirostris.
Elosuchus E. sp. Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian A pholidosaurid neosuchian
Laganosuchus[4] L. sp. Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian A stomatosuchid neosuchian
Mahajangasuchidae Indet.[4] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian A mahajangasuchid crocodyliform; closely related to Kaprosuchus saharicus.
Stomatosuchidae Indet.[4] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian A large stomatosuchid neosuchian; closely related to Stomatosuchus inermis.

Turtles

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Turtles of the Alcântara Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Bothremydidae Indet.[4] Indeterminate aje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian A bothremydid turtle; closely related to Apertotemporalis baharijensis.
Pelomedusoides indet.[4] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Incomplete carapace

Plesiosaurs

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Plesiosaurs of the Alcântara Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Leptocleididae Indet.[4] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian A leptocloidid plesiosaur; closely related to Leptocleidus capensis.

Squamates

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Squamates of the Alcântara Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Seismophis[15] S. septentrionalis Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Vertebrae A snake
Simoliophiidae Indet.[4] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian A simoliopiid sea snake; closely retated to Simoliophis lybica.

Fish

[edit]
Fishes of the Alcântara Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Adrianaichthys[4] A. sp. Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian A lepisosteiform fish.
Aegyptobatus[16] A. kuehnei Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Teeth A distobatid hybodont.
Aidachar[4] A. sp. Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian A member of Ichthyodectiformes
Arganodus[4] A. tiguidiensis Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Dental plates A ceratodontid lungfish
Asteracanthus[4] A. sp. Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian A hybodont shark.
Atlanticopristis[17] A. equatorialis Falésia do Sismito and Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Fourteen denticle specimens (two complete) A sclerorhynchid rajoid; closely related to Onchopristis numida.
Bartschichthys[4] B. sp. Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Spines A cladistian.
Bawitius[4] B. sp Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian A giant bichir.
Ceratodus[4] C. brasiliensis Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Dental plates A ceratodontid lungfish.
C. humei
Cretolamna[4] C. sp. Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian A mackerel shark.
Equinoxiodus[4] E. alcantarensis[18] Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian One complete and eight incomplete tooth plates A neoceatodontid lungfish; possibly closely related to Neoceratodus africanus
E. schuitzei[19]
Lepidotes[4] L. sp. Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Mineralized scales A lepidotid fish.
Lepisosteidae Indet.[4] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian A gar; closely related to Atractosteus africanus.
Mawsonia[20] M. gigas Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Palato-quadrate and post-parietal cranial material A mawsoniid coelacanth.
Myliobatis[4] M. dixoni Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian A myliobatid eagle ray.
Onchopristis[4] O. numida Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Rostral teeth A sclerorhynchoid.
Paranogmius[4] P. sp. Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian A plethodid fish.
Pycnodontiformes indet.[4] Indeterminate Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Dental plate and teeth
Retodus[4] R. sp. Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian A neoceratodontid lungfish
Squalicorax[4] S. sp. Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian A large crow shark
Stephanodus[4] S. sp. Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Pharyngeal teeth A pycnodontid fish.
Tribodus[4] T. limae Laje do Coringa, Cajual Island Early Cenomanian Dorsal spines A hybodont shark.

References

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  1. ^ Rossetti, D.F.; Truckenbrodt, W. (1997). "Revisão estratigráfica para os depósitos do Albiano-Terciário Inferior (?) na Bacia de São Luís (MA), Norte do Brasil". Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. 9: 29–41.
  2. ^ Lindoso, Rafael Matos; Medeiros, Manuel Alfredo Araújo; Carvalho, Ismar de Souza; Pereira, Agostinha Araújo; Mendes, Ighor Dienes; Iori, Fabiano Vidoi; Sousa, Eliane Pinheiro; Arcanjo, Silvia Helena Souza; Silva, Taciane Costa Madeira (July 2019). "A new rebbachisaurid (Sauropoda: Diplodocoidea) from the middle Cretaceous of northern Brazil". Cretaceous Research. 104: 104191. Bibcode:2019CrRes.10404191L. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104191. ISSN 0195-6671. S2CID 201321631.
  3. ^ Medeiros, Manuel Alfredo; Schultz, Cesar Leandro (2004). "Rayososaurus (Sauropoda, Diplodocoidea) no meso-Cretáceo do Norte-Nordeste Brasileiro". Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia. 7 (2): 275–279. doi:10.4072/rbp.2004.2.22.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap Medeiros, Manuel Alfredo; Lindoso, Rafael Motos; Mendes, Ighor Dienes; Carvalho, Ismar de Souza (2014). "The Cretaceous (Cenomanian) continental record of the Laje do Coringa flagstone (Alcântara Formation), northeastern South America". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 53: 50–58. Bibcode:2014JSAES..53...50M. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2014.04.002.
  5. ^ Freire, Pedro Carvalho; Medeiros, Manuel Alfredo; Lindoso, Rafael Matos (2007). "Sauropod teeth diversity in the Laje do Coringa fossiliferous site, Eocenomanian of Northeastern Brazil". Paleontologia: Cenários de Vida: 523–532.
  6. ^ Marcos A.F. Sales; Isabel A.P. de Oliveira; Cesar L. Schultz (2018). "The oldest abelisaurid record from Brazil and the palaeobiogeographic significance of mid-Cretaceous dinosaur assemblages from northern South America". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 508: 107–115. Bibcode:2018PPP...508..107S. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.07.024. S2CID 133650699.
  7. ^ Candeiro, C.R.A.; Martinelli, Agustin G. (2005). "Abelisauroidea and Carcharodontosauridae (Theropoda, Dinosauria) in the Cretaceous of South America. Paleogeographical and geocronological implications". Sociedade & Natureza. 17 (33).
  8. ^ Lindoso, Rafael Matos; Medeiros, Manuel Alfredo; Carvalho, Ismar de Souza; Marinho, Thiago da Silva (August 2012). "Masiakasaurus-like theropod teeth from the Alcântara Formation, São Luís Basin (Cenomanian), northeastern Brazil". Cretaceous Research. 36: 119–124. Bibcode:2012CrRes..36..119L. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2012.03.002.
  9. ^ Kellner, Alexander W.A.; Azevedeo, Sergio A.K.; Machado, Elaine B.; Carvalho, Luciana B.; Henriques, Deise D.R. (2012). "A new dinosaur (Theropoda, Spinosauridae) from the Cretaceous (Cenomanian) Alcântara Formation, Cajual Island, Brazil" (PDF). Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 83 (1): 99–108. doi:10.1590/S0001-37652011000100006. ISSN 0001-3765. PMID 21437377.
  10. ^ Smyth, Robert S.H.; Ibrahim, Nizar; Martill, David M. (2020). "Sigilmassasaurus is Spinosaurus: A reappraisal of African spinosaurines". Cretaceous Research. 114: 104520. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104520.
  11. ^ Isasmendi, Erik; Navarro-Lorbés, Pablo; Sáez-Benito, Patxi; Viera, Luis I.; Torices, Angelica; Pereda-Suberbiola, Xabier (2023-06-03). "New contributions to the skull anatomy of spinosaurid theropods: Baryonychinae maxilla from the Early Cretaceous of Igea (La Rioja, Spain)". Historical Biology. 35 (6): 909–923. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2069019. ISSN 0891-2963.
  12. ^ Medeiros, Manuel Alfredo (2006). "Large theropod teeth from the Eocenomanian of northeastern Brazil and the occurrence of Spinosauridae". Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia. 9 (3): 333–338. doi:10.4072/rbp.2006.3.08.
  13. ^ Letizio LA, Bertini RJ, Medeiros MA (2022-07-16). "New evidence of putative Unenlagiinae (Deinonychosauria, Theropoda) in the São Luís-Grajaú Basin, Albian–Cenomanian, State of Maranhão, Brazil". Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia. 25 (2): 157–164. doi:10.4072/rbp.2022.2.05.
  14. ^ Kellner, A.W.A.; Pinheiro, A.E.P.; Azevedo, S.A.K.; Henriques, D.D.R.; de Carvalho, L.B.; Oliveira, G.R. (2009). "A new crocodyliform from the Alcântara Formation (Cenomanian), Cajual Island, Brazil". Zootaxa. 2030: 49–58. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2030.1.4. S2CID 88042701.
  15. ^ Hsiou, A. S.; Albino, A. M.; Medeiros, M. A.; Santos, R. A. B. (2013). "The oldest Brazilian snakes from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian)". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 59 (3): 635–642. doi:10.4202/app.2012.0091. hdl:11336/99860.
  16. ^ Neves, Gabrielle S.; Medeiros, Manuel Alfredo; Dutheil, Didier B.; Brito, Paulo M. (26 July 2024). "First record of Aegyptobatus (Hybodontiformes: Distobatidae) in the Cretaceous Alcântara formation (?Albian-Cenomanian) of Maranhão, Northeastern Brazil". Historical Biology: 1–7. doi:10.1080/08912963.2024.2379031.
  17. ^ Pereira, A.A.; Medeiros, M.A. (2008). "A new sclerorhynchiform (Elasmobranchii) from the middle Cretaceous of Brazil". Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia. 11 (3): 207–212. doi:10.4072/rbp.2008.3.07.
  18. ^ Toledo, C.E.; Sousa, E.P.; Medeiros, M.A.; Bertini, R.J. (2011). "A new genus of dipnoiformes from the Cretaceous of Brazil". Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências. 83 (4): 1181–1192. doi:10.1590/s0001-37652011000400006. hdl:11449/25070. PMID 22146953.
  19. ^ Eliane Pinheiro De Sousa; Manuel Alfredo Medeiros; Carlos Eduardo Vieira Toledo; Reinaldo J. Bertini; Agostinha Araújo Pereira; Rafael Matos Lindoso (2015). "A new species of Equinoxiodus (Dipnoi: ?Neoceratodontidae) from the Late Cretaceous of Brazil". Zootaxa. 3905 (3): 397–406. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3905.3.5. PMID 25661218.
  20. ^ Medeiros, M.A., Carvalho, M.S.S., Silva, M.A.M., Pereira, A.A., Araujo, M.N., Ferreira, N.N., Vilas Bôas, I., 2011. O senhor dos rios: Mawsonia gigas (Mawsoniidae) do Cenomaniano do Maranhão, Brasil. In: Carvalho, I.S., Srivastava, N.K., Strohschoen, J.O., Lana, C.C. (Eds.), Paleontologia: Cenários de Vida, Vol. 4. Interciência, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 575-583.
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