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African knifefish

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Gymnarchus niloticus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Osteoglossiformes
Family: Gymnarchidae
Bleeker, 1859
Genus: Gymnarchus
Cuvier, 1829
Species:
G. niloticus
Binomial name
Gymnarchus niloticus
Cuvier, 1829
Map
Aba IUCN range
  Extant (resident)
  Presence Uncertain & Introduced

The African knifefish, Gymnarchus niloticus – also called the aba aba[a] – is an electric fish, living at the bottoms of rivers and lakes. It is the only species in the genus Gymnarchus and the family Gymnarchidae, within the order Osteoglossiformes.[1][2] It is a long slender fish with no pelvic or anal fins, and a tail fin shaped like a rat's tail. It swims using its elongated dorsal fin, allowing it to keep its body straight while it moves. This in turn enables it to produce a steady but weak electric field, which it uses to locate its prey. It is large for a river fish; adults can reach 1.6 m (5.2 ft) in length and 19 kg (42 lb) in weight.

In 1950, Hans Lissmann noticed that the fish could swim equally well forwards or backwards, clearly relying on a sense other than vision. He demonstrated that it could locate prey by electroreception, making it the first fish known to have this ability.

The fish is considered good to eat in West Africa, where it has a wide but scattered distribution. It is important culturally, as it is given as a gift in community celebrations and marriages. Its conservation status is globally of least concern, but it faces local threats in West Africa from human activities including overfishing and pollution.

Taxonomy

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Gymnarchus niloticus was described by Georges Cuvier in 1829, along with the monospecific genus Gymnarchus. The monogeneric family Gymnarchidae was erected by Pieter Bleeker in 1859. The synonym Gymnarchus electricus was accidentally created by Henri Émile Sauvage in 1880, intending to write G. niloticus.[3] The generic name is from Greek gymnos, 'naked', and archos, 'anus'.[3] The specific name is Latin, meaning 'from the River Nile'.[4]

The Gymnarchidae is sister to the another family of weakly electric fishes, the Mormyridae; both are within the superfamily Mormyroidea. The ability to generate an electric field is shared and basal to the group.[5]

 
Mormyroidea
electric organ

Biology

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Description

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Gymnarchus niloticus is a part of the ancient taxon of bony-tongue fishes (Osteoglossomorpha).[6] It has a long and slender body, with brown/grey coloration on the top half of its body and a white underside.[2] Four small and bony gills are present on both the left and right sides of the body,[7] but the species is an obligate air-breather.[2] There is a single lung on the right of the body, which arises via a slit on the right of the throat; the body is covered in small round cycloid scales.[7] Their anguilliform swimming mode helps them swim effectively in open water as well as more viscous media like thick mud or sand.[8]

This species uniquely[9] has no pelvic or anal fins, while its caudal fin is shaped like a rat's tail.[9] Its pectoral fins are small and rounded. The dorsal fin is elongated, running along the back of the fish towards the blunt, finless tail. The dorsal fin is the main source of propulsion, whereas typical fishes use their tail fin, powered by the large muscles of the back and tail, to generate thrust. This enables it to swim backwards as easily as forwards.[10]

Juveniles range from 49–72mm (1.9–2.8 inches) and weighing 0.09–0.31 grams.[citation needed] Adults grow up to 1.6 m (5.2 ft) in length and 19 kg (42 lb) in weight.[11] They show signs of negative allometric growth, meaning they get slimmer as they increase in size.[12] The larval fish has an unusual arrangement of nerves in the head.[13]

The fish's karyotype is either 2n=34 or 2n=54 chromosomes, reported from different locations, suggesting there could be two species in the genus.[9][14]

Electroreception

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Further information: Electroreception
Gymnarchus swims with its back straight, propelling itself with its dorsal fin, not its tail. This allows it to generate a steady electric field to navigate and to detect its prey.

Gymnarchus niloticus is nocturnal and has poor vision. Instead, it navigates and hunts smaller fish using a weak electric field, as demonstrated by the zoologist Hans Lissmann in 1950. He noticed that it could swim equally well forwards or backward, clearly relying on a sense other than vision. This opened up research into electroreception and electrogenesis in fish. He demonstrated by experiment that it could locate prey in the dark, using only the prey's electrical conductivity.[15] Like the related elephantfish, which hunts the same way, it possesses an unusually large brain, which allows it to interpret the electrical signals.[11] G. niloticus makes its tail negatively charged with respect to its head. This produces a symmetrical electric field around its body, provided it keeps its back straight; it does this by swimming using its fins. This electric field enables the fish to navigate and find prey as nearby objects distort this field, and it can sense the distortion on its skin.[16] The electric organ is derived from striated muscle in a developmental process which makes the filaments thicker, loses the striations, and creates positive and negative ends of the constituent electroplates.[17]

Nearby fish with similar electric discharge frequencies can affect the ability to electrolocate. To avoid this, fish shift their discharge frequencies apart from each other in a jamming avoidance response. Eigenmannia, a South American electric fish, processes sensory information extremely similar to G. niloticus and likewise employs a jamming avoidance response, evolved convergently.[18]

Ecology

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Gymnarchus niloticus is predatory both as a juvenile and as an adult. Juveniles mainly catch aquatic insects and decapod crustaceans. Adults catch a variety of small prey including aquatic insects (28%) and fish (27%), with smaller quantities of copepods, shrimps, crabs,[19] frogs, and snails.[1] The species is bottom-dwelling and lives in fresh water.[1]

Reproduction

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Gymnarchus niloticus females possess a singular ovary and the males possess a singular testis, i.e. both sexes have unpaired gonads.[7][19] The sperm cells lack a flagellum, moving like an amoeba instead.[20] They breed in swamps during the high water season when their rivers' floodplains are under water. They build large elliptical nests up to 1.5 m (4.9 ft) across at a depth of around 1–1.5 m (3.3–4.9 ft), selecting thickly-vegetated swamps as their preferred nest sites. They use the waterside plant Echinochloa pyramidalis (antelope grass) as nesting material, available to the fish only during floods. Spawning is triggered by flooding.[1][21] The female lays between 620 to 1378 eggs in the nest.[7] The eggs, at around 4.7 or 5.4 mm (in two different populations), are the largest of any species in the Mormyroidea.[22] The sex ratio, biased in favour of males, may help to guarantee that the small number of large eggs are fertilised. Along with Pollimyrus, the genus is distinctive among the Mormyroidea in providing parental care to its young.[22] The adults continue to guard the young after hatching.[11] Males are more common than females, with a sex ratio of 1:1.4.[7]

Distribution

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Gymnarchus niloticus is a freshwater fish endemic to the tropical freshwaters of Africa.[7] It is found in lakes and rivers in the Nile, Turkana, Chad, Niger, Volta, Senegal, and Gambia basins.[1][2]

Conservation status

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The conservation status of this species is not very clear. The IUCN Red List last assessed G. niloticus in 2019, where they were listed as 'least concern'.[23] They also claim that the current population trend for this species is unknown.[23] While they are classified as least concern in most of the countries in Africa, Nigeria has listed them as an endangered species.[7] The decline of this species in Nigeria is thought to be due to the destruction of habitat, unauthorized and irregular fishing practices, overfishing, and human activities near the river.[7] A specific threat is that the young are often captured along with their parent; since they die in captivity, the population is in danger from this unsustainable fishing approach.[21] Ongoing regional threats for G. niloticus are ecosystem stresses and habitat degradation.[23] Causes of these may be local pollution (waste water, and agricultural and forestry effluents), natural system modifications (dams and water management/use), biological resource use (logging/wood harvesting, and fishing/harvesting aquatic resources), and climate change/severe weather (droughts).[23]

Human use

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Food

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With good taste and large body size with a lot of meat, Gymnarchus niloticus is a highly valued food source in several West African countries.[7][24] It has a high protein and energy content.[citation needed] It is often eaten raw or smoked, and the eggs (which are very large) are edible as well.[7][24] Due to its rapid growth and demand, it has the potential to be a good fish for aquaculture farming. Although it has the potential for aquaculture, supply greatly relies on wild collection which is insufficient for the amount of demand it has.[citation needed]

G. niloticus is known for its cultural significance in Nigeria and several other West African countries. It is considered to be a high-priced ceremonial fish and has a great amount of sociocultural importance in Nigeria.[citation needed] It is highly valued in customary rites for community celebrations as well as marriages, as they are given as gifts from suitors to the bride's family,[7] and to leaders during celebrations.[21]

Aquarium pet

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The species is sometimes found in the aquatic pet trade, where it is known as the aba aba knifefish. Dedicated aquarium enthusiasts can purchase them online, but they are not easy to keep in the average home aquarium, nor are they ethically sourced. Due to the juveniles' dark coloration and ability to swim backward, wild collection has increased.[citation needed]

Biomimetic inspiration

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The fish's unusual mode of swimming has inspired a biomimetic study that has resulted in a prototype undulating robotic fin called RoboGnilos, enabling detailed examination of the swimming mechanism.[25]

Notes

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  1. ^ Other names used locally include Freshwater Rat-tail, Nile Knifefish, Aba KnifeFish, Abba, Frankfish and Trunkfish.[citation needed]

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Lalèyè, P.; Azeroual, A.; Entsua-Mensah, M.; et al. (2020). "Gymnarchus niloticus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T181688A134949091. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-2.RLTS.T181688A134949091.en.
  2. ^ a b c d Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2014). "Gymnarchus niloticus". FishBase.
  3. ^ a b "Gymnarchus electricus Cuvier, 1829". FishBase. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
  4. ^ "Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)". GBIF. Retrieved 2 December 2024.
  5. ^ Bullock, Theodore H.; Bodznick, D. A.; Northcutt, R. G. (1983). "The phylogenetic distribution of electroreception: Evidence for convergent evolution of a primitive vertebrate sense modality" (PDF). Brain Research Reviews. 6 (1): 25–46. doi:10.1016/0165-0173(83)90003-6. hdl:2027.42/25137. PMID 6616267. S2CID 15603518.
  6. ^ Dymek, Anna M.; Dymek, Jakub; Pol, Przemysław (29 October 2022). "Sciendo". Annals of Animal Science. 22 (4): 1193–1200. doi:10.2478/aoas-2022-0043.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Agbugui, M. O.; Abhulimen, F. E.; Egbo, H. O. (18 June 2021). Barreiros, Joao Pedro (ed.). "Gross Anatomy and Histological Features of Gymnarchus niloticus (Cuvier, 1829) from the River Niger at Agenebode in Edo State, Nigeria". International Journal of Zoology. 2021: 1–7. doi:10.1155/2021/3151609.
  8. ^ Stin, Vincent; Godoy-Diana, Ramiro; Bonnet, Xavier; Herrel, Anthony (December 2024). "Form and function of anguilliform swimming". Biological Reviews. 99 (6): 2190–2210. doi:10.1111/brv.13116. hdl:10067/2070710151162165141. PMID 39004428.
  9. ^ a b c Jegede, O.I.; Akintoye, M.A.; Awopetu, J.I. (16 November 2018). "Karyotype of the african weakly electric fish, Gymnarchus niloticus (Osteoglosiformes: Gymnarchidae) from Oluwa River, Nigeria". Ife Journal of Science. 20 (3): 539. doi:10.4314/ijs.v20i3.8.
  10. ^ Li, Fei; Hu, Tian-jiang; Wang, Guang-ming; Shen, Lin-cheng (1 September 2005). "Locomotion of Gymnarchus niloticus: Experiment and kinematics". Journal of Bionic Engineering. 2 (3): 115–121. doi:10.1007/BF03399488.
  11. ^ a b c Greenwood, P.H.; Wilson, M.V. (1998). Paxton, J.R.; Eschmeyer, W.N. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Fishes. San Diego: Academic Press. p. 84. ISBN 0-12-547665-5.
  12. ^ Nwabueze, Agatha Arimiche; Nwabueze, Emmanuel Obiajulu (7 July 2021). "Impact of environmental variables on abundance, growth and condition factor of Gymnarchus niloticus (Curvier, 1829) from Umueze-Ossissa Lake System, Southern Nigeria" (PDF). Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 2021 (3). doi:10.35495/ajab.2020.11.567.
  13. ^ Omarkhan, M. (1949). "The morphology of the chondrocranium of Gymnarchus niloticus". Journal of the Linnean Society of London, Zoology. 41 (281): 452–481. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1940.tb02417.x.
  14. ^ Hatanaka, Terumi; de Oliveira, Ezequiel A; Ráb, Petr; Yano, Cassia F.; Bertollo, Luiz A C; et al. (27 August 2018). "First chromosomal analysis in Gymnarchus niloticus (Gymnarchidae: Osteoglossiformes): insights into the karyotype evolution of this ancient fish order". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 125 (1): 83–92. doi:10.1093/biolinnean/bly098.
  15. ^ Lissmann, H. W. (1951). "Continuous Electrical Signals from the Tail of a Fish, Gymnarchus niloticus Cuv". Nature. 167 (4240): 201–202. Bibcode:1951Natur.167..201L. doi:10.1038/167201a0. PMID 14806425.
  16. ^ Alexander, R. McNeill (2006). "A new sense for muddy water". Journal of Experimental Biology. 2006 209 (2): 200–201. Bibcode:2006JExpB.209..200M. doi:10.1242/jeb.10.1242/jeb.02012. PMID 16391343.
  17. ^ Srivastava, C. B. L.; Szabo, T. (1972). "Development of electric organs of Gymnarchus niloticus (Fam. Gymnarchidae) : I. Origin and histogenesis of electroplates". Journal of Morphology. 138 (3): 375–385. doi:10.1002/jmor.1051380305. PMID 4636816.
  18. ^ Kawasaki, M. (1 July 1993). "Independently evolved jamming avoidance responses employ identical computational algorithms: a behavioral study of the African electric fish, Gymnarchus niloticus". Journal of Comparative Physiology A. 173 (1): 9–22. doi:10.1007/BF00209614. PMID 8366474.
  19. ^ a b Agbugui, M.O.; Abhulimen, F.E.; Adeniyi, A.O. (26 November 2021). "Abundance, Distribution, Morphometric, Feeding Evaluation and the Reproductive Strategies of Gymnarchus niloticus in the Lower River Niger at Agenebode, Edo State Nigeria". Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management. 25 (8): 1371–1377. doi:10.4314/jasem.v25i8.5.
  20. ^ Kunz, Yvette W. (2004). Developmental Biology of Teleost Fishes. Fish & Fisheries. Springer. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-4020-2996-7.
  21. ^ a b c Oladosu, O. O.; Oladosu, G. A.; Hart, A. I. (2011). Some Ecological Factors of the Tropical Floodplain Influencing the Breeding and Conservation of Gymnarchus niloticus (Cuvier 1829): A Review (PDF). pp. 193–200. Retrieved 4 December 2024.
  22. ^ a b Saunders, Alyssa N.; Gallant, Jason R. (2024). "A review of the reproductive biology of mormyroid fishes: An emerging model for biomedical research". Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution. 342 (3): 144–163. doi:10.1002/jez.b.23242.
  23. ^ a b c d "Gymnarchus niloticus: Lalèyè, P., Azeroual, A., Entsua-Mensah, M., Getahun, A., Moelants, T. & Vreven, E." IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 12 May 2019. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2020-2.rlts.t181688a134949091.en.
  24. ^ a b Pekkola, Waino (1918). "Seasonal Occurrence and Edibility of Fish at Khartoum". Sudan Notes and Records. 1.
  25. ^ Hu, Tianjiang; Shen, Lincheng; Lin, Longxin; Xu, Haijun (2009). "Biological inspirations, kinematics modeling, mechanism design and experiments on an undulating robotic fin inspired by Gymnarchus niloticus". Mechanism and Machine Theory. 44 (3): 633–645. doi:10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2008.08.013.
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