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African-American officeholders during and following the Reconstruction era

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More than 1,500 African American officeholders served during the Reconstruction era (1865–1877) and in the years after Reconstruction before white supremacy, disenfranchisement, and the Democratic Party fully reasserted control in Southern states.[1] Historian Canter Brown Jr. noted that in some states, such as Florida, the highest number of African Americans were elected or appointed to offices after the end of Reconstruction in 1877. The following is a partial list of notable African American officeholders from the end of the Civil War until before 1900. Dates listed are the year that a term states or the range of years served if multiple terms.

U.S. Senate

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Main article: List of African-American United States senators

U.S. House of Representatives

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Main articles: First generation of African-American House members, 1870–1893 and List of African-American United States representatives

Alabama

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Between 1868 and 1878, more than 100 African Americans served in the Alabama Legislature.[4]

Alabama Senate

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Alabama legislators at the capitol in 1872

Alabama House of Representatives

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Alabama Constitutional Convention

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Other state offices

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Federal offices

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Local offices

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Arkansas

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Between 1868 and 1893, 85 men noted as "colored" or "mulatto" were elected to the Arkansas legislature.[14][15] Initially, they served under the 1868 Arkansas Constitution that granted them the right to vote and hold office. The Democrats retook control of state government and instituted the 1874 Constitution. As a result, after 1893, the next African American to serve as an Arkansas state legislator was in 1973.[16]

Arkansas Senate

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Arkansas House of Representatives

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Arkansas Constitutional Convention

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Other state offices

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  • Joseph Carter Corbin – Arkansas Superintendent of public schools 1873–1875
  • William Henry Grey – Arkansas Commissioner of Immigration and State Lands (also Arkansas House, Arkansas Senate, and Arkansas Constitutional Convention)
  • James T. White – Arkansas Commissioner of Public Works (also Arkansas House, Arkansas Senate, and Arkansas Constitutional Convention)

Federal offices

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Local offices

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California

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Local offices

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Colorado

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Colorado House of Representatives

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Other state offices

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Florida

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Florida Senate

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Florida House of Representatives

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Constitutional conventions

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During the Florida Constitutional Convention of 1868, 18 of 46 elected delegates were Black. At the 1885 Constitutional Convention seven of the 63 delegates were Black.[27]

Florida Constitutional Convention of 1868

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Florida Constitutional Convention of 1885

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Other state offices

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Federal offices

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Local offices

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Georgia

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See also: Original 33

In Georgia, 69 African Americans served in the state legislature or as delegates to the state's constitutional convention between 1867 and 1872.[31]

Georgia State Senate

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Georgia House of Representatives

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Georgia Constitutional Convention

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Federal offices

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Local offices

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Idaho

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Federal offices

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Illinois

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Illinois House of Representatives

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Indiana

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Indiana did not have African American legislators until after the Reconstruction era.[41]

Indiana House of Representatives

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Federal offices

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  • James Cantrell – postmaster of Lyles September 12, 1898 – February 12, 1920[11]

Kansas

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Kansas did not have African American legislators until after the Reconstruction era.[41]

Kansas House of Representatives

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Other state offices

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  • Edward P. McCabe – Kansas State Auditor (also county clerk, U.S. Treasury Department clerk, and country treasurer in Oklahoma)

Federal offices

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Local offices

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  • Edward P. McCabe – county clerk for Graham County (also Kansas State Auditor, U.S. Treasury Department clerk, and county treasurer in Oklahoma)

Kentucky

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Federal offices

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Louisiana

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Through 1900, 24 African Americans served in the Louisiana Senate during Reconstruction; more than 100 served in the Louisiana House of Representatives.[42] In addition, six African American men held statewide offices in Louisiana, including the nation's first African American acting governors.

Louisiana Governor

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  • Oscar James Dunn – acting governor May–July 1871[43][e]
  • P. B. S. Pinchback – acting governor December 1872–January 1873 (also U.S. Senate, Louisiana Lt. Governor, Louisiana Constitutional Convention, and Louisiana Senate)

Louisiana lieutenant governor

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  • Caesar Antoine – 1873–1877 (also Louisiana Senate and Louisiana Constitutional Convention)
  • Oscar James Dunn – 1868–1871, (also Louisiana Constitutional Convention
  • P. B. S. Pinchback – 1872 (also U.S. Senate, acting Louisiana Governor, Louisiana Constitutional Convention, and Louisiana Senate)

Louisiana State Senate

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Louisiana House of Representatives

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African American delegates to the Louisiana Constitutional Convention 1868

Louisiana Constitutional Convention

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Other state offices

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Federal offices

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Local offices

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Maryland

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Federal offices

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Local offices

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Massachusetts

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Massachusetts House of Representatives

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Local offices

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Michigan

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Michigan House of Representatives

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Other state offices

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Minnesota

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Minnesota did not have any African American legislators until after the Reconstruction era.[41]

Minnesota House of Representatives

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Mississippi

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The Mississippi Plan was part of an organized campaign of terror and violence used by the Democratic Party and Ku Klux Klan to disenfranchise African Americans in Mississippi, block them from holding office, end Reconstruction, and restore white supremacy in the state. Nevertheless, many African Americans served in its legislature and Mississippi was the only state that elected African American candidates to the U.S. Senate during the Reconstruction era; a total of 37 African Americans served in the Senate and 117 served in the House.[58][59]

Mississippi Lieutenant Governor

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Mississippi Secretary of State

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Photo composite of Mississippi state legislators in 1874 by E. von Seutter

Mississippi State Senate

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Mississippi House of Representatives

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Mississippi Constitutional Convention

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Other state offices

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Federal offices

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Local offices

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Missouri

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Federal positions

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Nebraska

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Nebraska House of Representatives

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New York

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Local offices

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North Carolina

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North Carolina Senate

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North Carolina House of Representatives

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North Carolina Constitutional Convention

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Federal offices

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Ohio

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Ohio Senate

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Ohio House of Representatives

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Federal offices

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  • George W. Harding – postmaster of Wilberforce August 21, 1893 – July 24, 1897[11]

Local offices

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Oklahoma

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Federal offices

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Local offices

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  • Edward P. McCabe – treasurer of Logan County (also Kansas State Auditor, U.S. Treasury Department clerk in Kansas, and county clerk in Kansas)

Pennsylvania

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Federal offices

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Local offices

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Rhode Island

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Rhode Island General Assembly

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South Carolina

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During Reconstruction, South Carolina was the only state whose legislature was majority African American.[89] Eric Foner says 29 African Americans served in the South Carolina Senate, and 210 African Americans served in the South Carolina House of Representatives.[89] In addition, 72 African Americans participated in the 1868 South Carolina Constitutional Convention. Many others served in various state or local offices ranging from Lt. Governor to justice of the peace.[89]

South Carolina Lt. Governor

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A composite of 63 "Radical Republicans" in the South Carolina Legislature in 1868 including fifty "negroes or mulattoes"

South Carolina Senate

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South Carolina House of Representatives

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South Carolina Constitutional Convention

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Other state offices

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Federal offices

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Local offices

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Tennessee

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Only one African American served in the Tennessee Legislature during the 1870s, but more than a dozen followed in the 1880s as Republicans retook the governorship.[96] They advocated for schools for African Americans, spoke against segregated public facilities, and advocated for voting rights protections.[97]

Tennessee House of Representatives

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Other state offices

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Other state and federal offices

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Local offices

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Texas

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During the Reconstruction era, four African Americans won election to the Texas Senate and 32 to the Texas House of Representatives.[99]

Texas Senate

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Texas House of Representatives

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Texas Constitutional Convention

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Federal offices

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Local offices

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Vermont

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Local offices

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  • Stephen Bates, Sheriff of Vergennes and the first Black chief law enforcement officer in Vermont history, 1879

Virginia

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In 2012, the Virginia Senate enacted Joint Resolution No. 89, recognizing that Reconstruction in Virginia lasted from 1869 to 1890 due to Jim Crow laws; federal Reconstruction ended in 1877.[128]

Senate of Virginia

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Virginia House of Delegates

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Virginia Constitutional Convention

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Federal offices

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Local offices

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Washington

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Washington did not have any African American legislators during Reconstruction.[41]

Washington House of Representatives

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West Virginia

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West Virginia did not have any African American legislators during the Reconstruction.[41]

West Virginia House of Delegates

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Wyoming

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Wyoming did not have any African American legislators during Reconstruction.[41]

Wyoming Territorial House of Representatives

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Washington, D.C.

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Federal offices

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House of Delegates

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Local offices

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See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ He was expelled from the Constitutional Convention by moderate Republicans because of his British citizenship.
  2. ^ Expelled from office
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Blocked from office by racial state legislation during 1868 and 1869. After an 1869 ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court, they were reseated in January 1870.
  4. ^ Turner may not have served as postmaster according to the U.S. Postal Service.
  5. ^ When he became Louisiana's Lieutenant Governor, Oscar James Dunn was the first African American elected to a state-level position in the United States.
  6. ^ Pierre Caliste Landry was the first elected African American mayor in the United States.
  7. ^ a b c d e f All-African American towns that existed in the Indian Territory in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but no longer exist today, include Lee, Lincoln, Udora, and Wellington. For more information, refer to "All-Black Towns" in The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture.
  8. ^ Gleaves was elected to a third term as Lt. Governor in 1876 but the Democrats forced him to withdraw.
  9. ^ Lomax was elected to the South Carolina House in 1869 but died in January 1870 before the legislature convened.
  10. ^ a b c d Assassinated by the Ku-Klux Klan, according to H. A. Wallace.
  11. ^ Wright was the first African American to occupy a judicial position in the United States.
  12. ^ Murdered during a white mob attack on February 22, 1898.
  13. ^ Smalls lost this position in 1913 when newly installed President Woodrow Wilson segregated federal offices.
  14. ^ Allen was the first African American elected to a municipal judgeship in the United States.
  15. ^ Bouey was elected county sheriff in 1876 but was not granted the position.
  16. ^ Whipper was elected by the legislature a Circuit Court Judge but Governor Chamberlain refused to commission him.
  17. ^ Unseated after being sworn into office.
  18. ^ The next African American to serve in Wyoming's legislature was Liz Byrd who served in Wyoming's House and a few years later to the Wyoming Senate.
  19. ^ William E. Matthews was the first African American to receive an appointment in the United States Postal Service.

References

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  1. ^ Foner, Eric. "Reconstruction | Definition, Summary, Timeline & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Black Americans in Congress 1870–2007 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2008.
  3. ^ Office of the Historian. "The Election of Samuel Peters of Louisiana". Historical Highlights, History, Art & Archives. Office of the Clerk, House of Representatives of the United States. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
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Further reading

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