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Achomi people

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Achomis
Larestanis – Khodmoonis
Bastaki women wearing traditional outfits
Total population
500,000 ~ 1,000,000 (2024?)[1][2][3][note 1]
Regions with significant populations
Historical homeland: Irahistan region, Larestan region, Larestan, Bastak.
Notable presence in Shiraz, GCC countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, UAE, Qatar, Oman, Saudi Arabia)
 IranAround 500,000 (2009)[1][note 2]
Languages
Achomi, Persian, Arabic
Religion
Majority Sunni Islam, minority Shia Islam
Related ethnic groups
Other Iranic Peoples
Ajam of Bahrain • Ajam of Kuwait • Iranians in the UAE • Iranians in Qatar

Achum/Achami people (Persian: مردم اَچُمِ, Gulf Arabic: اتْشُم/اتْشَم),[4][5] also known as Khodmooni (Persian: خُودمونی),[4][5][6] Lari (Persian: لاری),[1][7] Larestani people (Persian: مردم لآرِستَانِی),[4][7][5] or Garmsiris,[6] are an Iranic sub ethnic group of Persians who primarily inhabited southern Iran in a region historically known as Irahistan (now known as Larestan region),[8]: 228 [9] some of them migrated to Shiraz,[6] and the Gulf countries.[6][10][11][12] They are predominantly Sunni Muslims,[13][9] with a Shia minority.[13][9]

Achum/Acham people speak the Achomi language. The language has reported eight dialects and it is not intelligible with Farsi (Dari and Iranian Farsi).[14][15]

Origins

[edit]

The Achum/Acham people are said to be of Persian/Parsi (پارسی) descent.[9][16]

Map from 500 BC showing Persis with Utians on the right

Author Mehran Kokherdi tried to explore the possible roots of the Achums; stating they mainly have their roots in Utians (ancient Iranian group) with possible Pars, Parthian, Jewish, and Indian influences,[9]: 5 

Scythians have been suggested,[9] and a possible Dravidian influence has been suggested.[9] There is an ongoing genetic study project for the Achomi people.[citation needed]

Etymology

[edit]
  • Achum/Acham: In Avesta the holy book of Zoroastrianism, "Achum" (Persian: اَچُمِ) is one of the names of God (Ahuramazda), and it means "self created" and "without cause."[17] Native speakers often refer to their language as "ačomī", Achem (Persian: اچِم) means "I go" in the language.[18] Other explanations for this name are the language's frequent usage of the [tʃ] consonant.[15] Arabs, with whom these people traded, called them 'Ajam', which means non-Arab, Masnsour (2003) believes that it was eventually changed into "Ajami" and "Achumi".[15][6] Thus it is very plausible that Achum,[17] evolved into Ajam.[6][15] possibly due to the initial non-existent "ch" character in Arabic (although Gulf Arabic does include "ch" «چ» and "ga-" «گ» sounds now).
  • Khodmooni (Persian: خُودمونی): Achum/Acham people refer to themselves as Khodmooni, a term literally meaning "part of ourselves"[4][6] Their language is also sometimes referred to as Khodmooni.[10]
  • Lari (Persian: لاری): This language is sometimes called Lari.[3][7] To reiterate, 'Lar' originates from 'Lad' which means "the origin of everything".[19] It is also important to note that Lari can be used to refer to a dialect or a language,[7] or the people themselves.[1]

The ancient Persians; not to be confused with present day Farsi speakers (Arabic: فُرس, romanized: Furs, Persian: فارس, romanized: Fars) who are of diverse origins,[20][21] were an ancient Iranian people who migrated to the region of Persis (corresponding to the modern-day Iranian province of Fars) by the 9th century BCE.[22][23] The 1939 survey of ethnic groups in Iran, particularly Southern areas such as Laristan indicates the area is inhabited by Persians (Iranis) who work as farmers, whilst the coastal areas are inhabited by Sunni and Shia Arabs.[8]: 228  This may explain why the term "Ajam" stuck to the Achums in the Arab Gulf states.[6][9][24] Although in the Arab Gulf states, this was later used to denote Non-Arabs of a Shia background particularly,[25] similarly to the modern usage of the word "Persian".[26]: 27  This was before the Persian nationalism of the former Pahlavi Dynasty and the concurrent Islamic Republic which have both attempted to erase ethnic diversity in Iran (the Kurds, Azeris, and Baluchs being the most affected), with many non-Persian minorities nowadays identifying as "Persian" now.[20][21]

In GCC states surrounding the Persian Gulf, Achum/Achams are referred to as Khodmooni'.[4][6][3] This translates to "of our own kind".[3][27] In the UAE and Qatar they are known as Ajam/Ajamis,[28][6] which is the standard name for GCC citizens of Iranian origin. In Bahrain Sunni Achum/Achams are referred to as "Huwala" (not to be confused with the Huwala Arabs),[24] and their language is sometimes referred to as "Holi,"[29] While Shia Achum/Achams are known as Ajam.[9][24] In Kuwait, they fall under the name 'Ayam which is what Kuwaitis of Iranian origin are called;[9][24] the Shia Achum/Acham are known as "Tarakma". The most notable Sunni families are Al-Kandari (Arabic: الكندري) and Al-Awadhi (Arabic: العوضي); they frequently interbreed.[9][24][5]

Language

[edit]

The Achum people speak the Achomi language, sometimes referred to as Lari,[7] or Larestani.[3] The language has reported eight dialects (Bastaki, Evazi, Gerashi, Khonji, Ashkanani, Lari, ...)[30][10][31] and is mostly unintelligible with New Persian (Farsi),[14][15] and is considered a branch of Middle Persian.[30][10][31] The UNESCO website indicates that it has around a million speakers, and classifies it as an endangered language,[3] whilst the Ethnologue website indicates it has 10k to 1 Million speakers.[2]

They additionally speak Persian (Farsi) as the official language in Iran. In Gulf GCC countries they speak Gulf Arabic (Bahraini, Kuwaiti, Emirati, etc...) along with Achomi,[30][10][31][14][32] some of them also speak English fluently.[33] Some Achomis in Bahrain speak a local "Bushehri derived" dialect of Farsi; which was formed by socializing with Bushehris (Lurs/Ajams, and minority Arabs, etc...).[citation needed] Mainly in part due to the fact that the migration from Bushehr, Bander Abbas, Bander Lingah, happened around the same time.[11][34]: 60 

The Achomi language is in decline,[3][2] mainly due to the Farsification process (Imposed Iranian "New Persian" Farsi language and Identity) in Iran,[18][35][20][21] which was a nationalist ideology invented by the Pahlavi regime, influenced by Aryanism, which sought to erase ethnic and linguistic diversity in favour of an exclusivist Persian identity,[20] affirmed (indirectly) by the Islamic Republic,[21] similarly Arabization (Imposed Arab identity and Gulf Arabic language) in some of the Arab Gulf states,[34]: 72 [34]: 49 [36][37] which in Bahrain was a gradual process initiated by the British protectorate,[37] With no effort being made by either side to preserve this language beside the national language.[citation needed] Despite this, the language is still spoken even in the Gulf countries to some extent.[10][31][14][5]

Religion

[edit]

The Achum people were on the Zoroastrian Religion prior to Islam.[citation needed]

A group of people from Lar followed Judaism, they were described in 1523 as "poor people, native to the same land" by A. Tenreiro,[38] they got wealthier and larger in number in the first half of 16th century due to the arrival of Sephardic Jews, attracted via Hormuz. With these groups came commercial contacts and this had brought Lar the reputation of a "seat of wealthy merchants." In the course of the 17th century, however, important sections of this community moved to the new Safavid capital, Isfahan.[38] They resided in cities such as Lar, Juyom, Banaruiyeh, and Galehdar but later migrated to Shiraz, Tehran, and Isfahan. Many of them also emigrated—primarily to Israel, and a smaller number to the United States and other Western countries. The Jewish population of Galehdar entirely relocated to Israel at the time of its establishment, while Jews from Juyom, Banaruiyeh, and Lar settled in various locations as mentioned. Some Jewish families in Lar did not emigrate and remain there today. The estimated population of Khodmooni Jews is around 100 families.[citation needed]

Presently they are mainly Sunni Muslims,[13][9] with a Shia minority.[13][9]

Geographical distribution

[edit]
Historical province of Irahistan (Garmsir)

The historical region of Irahistan consists of several counties in:

Since the 1940s, due to the combination of harsh natural conditions and political factors has compelled the Garmsiris (Achums) to emigrate, to earn a better living,[11] avoid the harsh nature,[6] and to avoid the Iranian central government imposed new import and export taxes.[4][6][11][12] often moving northward to Shiraz,[6] but more commonly heading south toward the coast,[6] and further to India and the Arab shores of the Gulf (UAE, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and other Arab states of the Persian Gulf).[6][12][11][10][31][29] In 1955, the Larestani scholar Ahmad Iqtidari eloquently captured the plight of his homeland in his book Ancient Larestan, to which he dedicated his work:[6]

Ahmed Eghtedari

To those people of the towns, villages, and ports of Larestan who have stayed in the land of their ancestors, with its glorious past and its desolate present. And to those who have endured the hardship of migration to earn a living on the islands of the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean and in the towns of India, Arabia and other places. They remember with joy their beloved birthplace and still grieve for its ruin.

— Ahmad Eghtedari, Ancient Larestan (1955)

Sub-groups

[edit]

Some Achums are considered to be sub-groups of Achums:

History

[edit]

Laristan was nearly always an obscure region, never becoming involved in the politics and conflicts of mainstream Persia.[7] This was due to independent rule during the Safavid times, but that has failed due to the British Empire "Anti Piracy Company" and continued to decline due to Reza Shah Pahlavi's centric policies and the Ayatollah policies.[6]

7th Century

[edit]

The first Lari prince to convert to Islam was Jalal al-Din Iradj, who converted around 100 A.H, (718–19).[45]

12th-13th Century

[edit]

From Early 12th Century, Laristan was being ruled by the local Miladian dynasty.

In the thirteenth century, Lar briefly became a centre of trade and commerce in southern Persia.[7]

14th Century

[edit]

Ibn Battuta's Travelogue

[edit]

Ibn Battuta entered the city of Khonj in 733 AH and wrote about the piety and asceticism of the people and his meeting with the religious hermitage at the time. He travelled through the Dhofar region (modern Oman) and arrived at the island of Hormuz, entering the Laristan area. He passed through the cities of Minab, Rudan, Kuhoristan, Kookherd, Laro, and Khonj. Here is an excerpt from his travelogue:[46]

I came to Lar via India, and together with Abu Zayd Abdulrahman ibn Abu Dolaf Hanfi, we entered Khonj in 733 AH. I heard that there was another hermitage in Khonj (likely referring to Sheikh Abdul Salam's hermitage). It was inhabited by righteous people and worshipers. I visited them at night. There was a noble man whose devotion was visible on his face. They had yellowish complexions, frail bodies, and tear-filled eyes. When I entered the hermitage, they brought food. He called out to the elders of the community to call my son, Mohammad (referring to Sheikh Haji Mohammad, the son of Sheikh Abdul Salam), to come. Mohammad, sitting in a corner, rose, appearing so frail from his devotion that it seemed as if he had risen from the grave. He greeted me and sat down. The elder said, 'Son! Join us in the meal so that you may share in their blessings.' Mohammad, who was fasting, joined us and broke his fast with us. This group was all Shafi'i in their beliefs. After the meal, prayers were performed, and we returned to our place.

— Ibn Battuta, The Rihla

Marco Polo's Travelogue

[edit]

Marco Polo described the Hormuz Plain and the Minab River as a lush, fruitful region, diverse in its offerings. Hormuz, an ancient area, was a place of trade between the Persian Gulf merchants and Kish. Marco Polo noted the significance of the port of Hormuz and its trade with Indian merchants, with large ships carrying spices and pearls. This region was popularly known as "Daqyanus City" among the locals, and its ruins are believed to be located in the northern part of Jiroft today. Marco Polo also commented on the shipbuilding industry in Iran at the time, criticizing the lack of tar on the ships, which he believed led to many of them sinking. Another interesting detail he mentioned was the intense, often deadly seasonal winds in the area, known as Teshbada.[47]

15th Century

[edit]

According to an anecdotal account shared on a blog (Sons of Sunnah), when the Safavid dynasty under Ismail I initiated efforts to convert Iran's population to Shia Islam in 1501, some Sunni Persians allegedly fled to the Zagros Mountains to escape persecution. Following the Battle of Chaldiran, these Sunni Persians reportedly descended to settle in a region they named 'Bastak,' said to signify a 'barrier' against Shia Safavid influences.[48]

17th Century

[edit]

Shah Abbas I ruled from 1588 to 1629 CE (995–1038 AH). The capture of Laristan by Shah Abbas and the fall of the independent Achumestan government likely happened in the early 17th century, around 1600 CE (1009 AH).[citation needed]

After the fall of Isfahan to Mahmud Khan of Afghanistan in 1722 CE (1135 AH), the Afghan rule lasted until the rise of Nader Shah, who re-established Persian control in 1736 CE (1149 AH). During this time, Bastak became the center of the region.[citation needed]

Jangiriyeh under Sheikh Ahmad Madani: The Afghan period and the early years of Nader Shah's reign, likely between 1720s to 1740s CE.[citation needed]

Hassan Khan Delar ruled during the mid-18th century, particularly after Nader Shah's death in 1747 CE (1160 AH).[citation needed]

18th–19th Century

[edit]

The Bani Abbas family ruled the region during the late 18th century and early 19th century, likely under the Zand dynasty (from the late 1700s until the early 1800s). The rule of the Bani Abbas continued until the land reform era in early 20th century.[citation needed]

In the second half of the 13th century AH (late 19th century CE), the governance of Larestan was entrusted to the Dehbashi family, one of the prominent families of Gerash. This family ruled Larestan for approximately a century, beginning in 1262 AH (1846 CE) under Karbala'i Alireza Dehbashi. During the tenure of his son, Fath Ali Khan Biglarbeigi, Larestan experienced its most prosperous period in both military and economic aspects.[49]: 343–344  Fath Ali Khan established strong ties with the influential Qavam family in Shiraz and maintained favourable relations with the Qajar dynasty in Tehran, which helped him expand and solidify his authority.[50]

After the establishment of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution (early 20th century CE), the Dehbashi family retained their hold on Larestan, navigating alliances with constitutionalists to maintain their rule. However, the dynasty's governance came to an end in 1929 CE (1348 AH) when Reza Shah's army attacked Gerash Castle, marking the conclusion of their reign.[49]: 61 

The political and security stability achieved during Fath Ali Khan Gerashi's rule brought significant advancements in the scientific and literary domains. Early in his reign, Shaykh 'Ali Rashti, a mujtahid from Najaf, was sent to Gerash by Mirza Shirazi to establish a seminary. This period saw cultural enrichment, including the production of religious and mystical writings by Haj Asadullah, the brother of Fath Ali Khan, and Shaykh 'Ali Rashti. Additionally, Rostam Khan Gerashi, the son of Fath Ali Khan and father of Mohammad Jafar Khan (Sheyda Gerashi), compiled a poetic collection titled Baghestan. Mohammad Jafar Khan later contributed his own collection of poetry, further cementing the literary heritage of the period.[49]: 59–60 

Mohammad Jafar Khan (Sheyda Gerashi)

Muhammad Ja'far Khan (Sheyda Gerashi) ruled the whole of Larestan and the ports of the Persian Gulf in two periods: first after his father, Rostam Khan, and from 1327 to 1329 AH (1909–1912 CE), after which he was angered by Habibullah Khan Qavam al-Mulk, the ruler of Fars, and lived in exile in Narenjestan Qavam of Shiraz. During this period of his reign, his cousin, Hasan Quli Khan, was his viceroy in Gerash.[51]: 172–177  After the death of Habibullah Khan in 1334/1935 and the accession of his son Ibrahim Khan to the government of Fars province, Muhammad Ja'far Khan was released and returned to Gerash. However, the beginning of his second reign has been mentioned in various books from 1332 or 1333 AH.[49]: 346 [51]: 172  In this period, which lasted until the end of his life in 1338/1939, he was in charge of the Gerash and its castle as well as the endowments left over from Fath Ali Khan Gerashi after his father, Rostam Khan.[49]: 371 [52]: 9  After him, and during the period between the two periods of Muhammad Ja'far Khan's rule, the government of Larestan was in the hands of Ali Muhammad Khan Iqtadar al-Sultan.[49]: 346 

A young woman from the tribes of Laristan

Mohammad Jafar Khan, as the ruler of Gerash, traveled to the Sahra-ye Bagh district at the request of Ebrahim Khan Qavam-al-Molk, the governor of Fars, to mediate conflicts between the Shia Lor-e-Nafar tribes and the Sunni residents of the region.[52] On 12 Rajab 1338 AH (April 19, 1920 CE), near the village of Dideban, he was shot and wounded by Yousef Beyg Nafar, a leader of the Lor-e-Nafar tribe.[51]: 173–174  He survived for two days but ultimately passed away on Sunday, 14 Rajab 1338 AH (April 21, 1920 CE), before reaching the age of 42. As per his will, his body was transported to Gerash and placed in dokhmeh. Thirty-eight years later, his remains were moved to Karbala by a man named Seyed Kazem and buried behind the shrine of Imam Hussein. According to one account, his body was still intact when it was exhumed, to the extent that even the color of the henna from his second marriage ceremony—held just days before his death—was still visible on his hand.[51]: 175  During a visit to his grandfather's (Sheyda Gerashi) tomb in 1346 SH (1967 CE), Ahmad Eghtedari described the grave marker as illegible.[53]: 132 

Mohammad Taqi Khan Bastaki

Mohammad Taqi Khan, son of Mostafa Khan, known as "Solat al-Molk," (born in 1272 AH; 1855 CE) in Bastak served as the ruler of Bastak and Jahangiriyeh for 41 years (1305 AH; 1887 CE – 1346 AH; 1927 CE).[54][55] Mohammad Taqi Khan died at the age of 74 in 1346 AH (1927 CE), coinciding with the second year of the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi, in his personal garden in Makhdan Bastak and was buried in Bastak Cemetery.[54] He was succeeded by his son Mohammed Reza-Khan Bastaki (known as "Satout Al-Malik").[54]

Since the 1940s, due to the combination of harsh natural conditions and political factors has compelled the Garmsiris (Achums) to emigrate, often moving northward to Shiraz,[6] but more commonly heading south toward the coast,[6] and further to India and the Arab shores of the Gulf (UAE, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, and other Arab states of the Persian Gulf).[4][12][11][6]

Migration to GCC Countries

[edit]
See also: Ajam of Bahrain, 'Ajam of Kuwait, Iranians in the UAE, and Iranians in Qatar
Khadija Al-Bastaki, Emirati businesswoman.

Between the 19th and 20th centuries, many Achumi merchants have migrated to GCC Countries, to earn a better living,[11] avoid the harsh nature,[6] and to avoid the Iranian central government imposed new import and export taxes.[4][6][11][12] The introduction of taxes was an effort to reinforce the authority of the Iranian state and draw revenue from affluent peripheral areas like Bandar Lingeh and Bushehr, which were key economic hubs in the Gulf during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[11][6] Migrants, familiar with the region, circumvented these restrictions by choosing alternative routes.[11] To escape the heavy taxation, many merchants simply relocated to the other side, a practice that had been common for centuries due to the familiarity of the region,[12] prompting the migration of tens of thousands of people from southern Iran to the opposite shores.[12] Bahrain,[11][10][31] and UAE,[6][10][31] Qatar,[10][31] Oman,[10][31] and Kuwait,[10][31] became a primary destination for these migrants,[11] leading to a significant increase in their Iranian population.[11] This period also saw heightened British involvement in Bahrain.[12][11]

For centuries, transnational Sunni Arab families, as well as Sunni and Shia Persians, have migrated from southern Iran to the Arab coast of the Persian Gulf.[4] Coastal Iranian groups have historically been more closely connected to the United Arab Emirates (UAE) than to Iranian communities further inland (Potter, 2009).[4] These communities have maintained a "dual existence," often owning homes in multiple countries and speaking several languages (Nadjmabadi, 2010).[4] This transnational lifestyle has historically provided economic benefits to both Iran and the UAE, though it has been affected by recent political unrest in the region.[4]

A Gerashi Hussainiya indicating the presence of Shia Gerashi Achumis in UAE

Many Iranians and Emirati citizens of Iranian origin residing in Dubai and other UAE cities trace their roots to towns in the Larestan region (shahrestân) and the Hormozgân province of Iran.[4]

The shipping expertise of the Larestani/Achumi people, combined with their access to the lucrative markets of Africa and Asia, significantly influenced the development of Dubai's economy (Davidson, 2008). By the early 1900s, Dubai had established itself as the region's most attractive business hub, drawing skilled migrant entrepreneurs from the unstable Persian coast. This tradition of fostering entrepreneurship in the UAE predates the nation's oil exports (Davidson, 2008). During this period, approximately 30 of the most adaptable immigrant Iranian family businesses in Dubai gradually evolved into global conglomerates (Jaidah, 2008).[4]

When the Bastakis migrated south to Lengeh, they brought the architectural innovation of wind towers with them. Upon settling in Dubai, they carried this technology forward, constructing coral rock homes adorned with these elegant structures. In tribute to their homeland in Iran, they named their district in Dubai Bastakiya.[6]

Al-Bastakiyeh, Dubai

However, there was a challenge: while wind towers are highly effective in dry, hot regions like Yazd, Kashan, and Bastak (and theoretically in places like Arizona) due to the rapid evaporation that facilitates cooling, they are less functional in the humid summer climates of both coasts of the Persian Gulf. While visually striking, the wind towers in such conditions are more decorative than practical.[6]

Kuwaiti Actress and model Amal Al-Awadhi

Beyond architecture, the Bastakis also introduced mahiyawa, a highly pungent sauce made from fermented fish and spices. It is typically enjoyed with fresh Bastaki bread. Though considered a delicacy by many, particularly among khodmooni families in Dubai, mahiyawa is very much an acquired taste. Achums from Dubai often send bottles of it, emphasizing its cultural significance.[6]

Assimilation

[edit]

In Dubai, the Al-Maktoum rulers welcomed newcomers for their wealth and trading expertise. Many thrived, with some engaging in Dubai's burgeoning "gold trade." Their success was further bolstered during the 1960s and 1970s by Sheikh Rashid's open-door commercial policies, which avoided favoritism toward Arabs and encouraged economic inclusivity.[6]

The Larestani/Achumi people have generally contributed greatly to the economy of Dubai, and are as such very well respected.[4]

However, not all interactions were positive. In 1904, anti-Persian rioting broke out in the markets of Manama, marking the first recorded instance of local resistance against migrants in Bahrain.[11] The British labeled the incident as "anti-Persian" and subsequently took control over the affairs of Iranian migrants in Bahrain.[11] In response, the Iranian central government requested British assistance to ensure justice for its citizens in Bahrain.[11] According to Lindsay Stephenson, speaker for Ajam Media Collective, this request was a temporary measure rather than an attempt to permanently cede jurisdiction, reflecting the historically fluid and overlapping borders in the Gulf region.[11]

In 1928, violence erupted in Dubai against Iranian-origin merchants after the British intercepted a boat in the Gulf carrying kidnapped women and children from Dubai to Iran. Suspicion fell on the British agent of Iraqi origin for inciting this unrest, necessitating British intervention to restore order. Additional challenges arose during the 1950s and 1960s with tensions fueled by Arab nationalist movements.[6]

In the 1950s the British protectorate started the gradual process of Arabizing the Persian locals.[37] The imposed Arab identity,[34]: 49–72 [36][37] much like the imposed Fars identity in Iran,[18][35] did not help in preserving the language in which is in decline,[3][2] but by any means, there still exists a minority of them that are bilingual and sometimes even trilingual Achomis who excel in Achomi,[29][14] Farsi, Arabic,[32] and sometimes even English.[33] Those who do not speak it still held on to their khodmooni culture in the form of music and foods.[6]

Many Emiratis express discomfort not only with the significant number of foreign residents but also with the diversity within their own population.[6] They often assert, "We are all Arabs," while overlooking the influence of cultural and social currents from Iran and other regions that have shaped their society.[6] However, some, like writer Sultan Saud al-Qasimi, have embraced this diversity.[6] Al-Qasimi advocates for acknowledging the rich cultural tapestry of the UAE, stating, "It is high time that we recognize the contributions of the mosaic that forms this young nation. The Emiratis of Asian, Baluch, Zanzibari, Arab, and Persian origin make this country what it is today."[6]

In 2001, al-Qasimi underscored this appreciation of cultural heritage by naming his Dubai brokerage firm Barjeel (wind tower), a nod to the uniquely Iranian architectural feature that has become a distinctive part of the UAE's landscape.[6]

In Bahrain, they were all known as "Ajam."[36] Today, they are separated by religion. Sunni Achamis have abandoned the term "Ajam" and more commonly use the term "Huwala,"[56][57] based on the belief that "Ajam" refers to those with Shia roots,[25] which is generally a term denotes "non-Arab" and encompasses a broad range of meanings, Musa Al-Ansari states that this term originally referred to non-Arabs of a Persian-speaking (or derivative; i.e. Achumi) background as they were the only non-Arabic speakers in Bahrain, but due to the increase of other non-Arab/non-Arabic speaking ethnicities and people (such as Asians) he claims to have "reservations" to it due to its wide meaning.[26]: 27  Sunnis among them are said to not face any discrimination.[56][57] "Huwala" is a term used in some Gulf countries to describe people with Sunni ancestry from southern Iran, and it includes a significant population of such individuals.[56] These groups are descendants of Persians and Africans who migrated to the Arab countries of the Persian Gulf in the 19th century.[56] For someone to be recognized as Huwala, they do not need to officially follow the Sunni religion, but must have Sunni background from southern Iran, as their ancestors who migrated to the Gulf Arab countries were Sunni.[56] A person who is Sunni but has Shia ancestry from southern Iran is still recognized as "Ajam."[56] Some Arabs consider this a new identity fabrication for Sunni Persians, as they did not speak Arabic when they first arrived.[58]

With Northern Iranians
[edit]

Many of the khodemooni express pride in their heritage but noted feeling little connection with "northern" Iranians.[6] This disconnect was not solely due to religious differences.[6] One Dubai merchant explained:[6]: 15 

We can operate as far north as Shiraz. That is familiar territory. Above Shiraz is alien to us. When we do business there we inevitably get cheated. The mentality and the manners of the people there are like Persian carpets – too complicated. We have more in common with the Arabs, whom we know. Like us, they are straightforward people, without the complexes and complexities of Tehranis and Isfahanis.

— Iranian and Arab in the Gulf: Endangered Language, Windtowers, and Fish Sauce, Page 15

Culture

[edit]

Local Calendar

[edit]

The Achumi calendar is an agricultural calendar; although its oral version has no specific starting point and is primarily used for agricultural purposes, it aligns with the solar calendar.[59] The new year begins in mid-February, and its first month is "Naybahar," with the final month being "Borobar."

Music and dance

[edit]
See also: Sultaneez and Iranian dance

The people of Irahistan are known for their famous handkerchief dance, known as (Dastmal Bazi), also known as "Se Pah" (Persian: سِه پا, lit. 'three foot') where mostly the men dance,[60][61][62][63][9]: 177  the Bastaki variation being the most common,[64] even in Dubai,[65][66] and is similar to Bakhtiari dance, however, Lamerdi women have their own dance.[67] In an addition to that, the stick dance (Tarka bazi or Chob Bazi) is also common.[9]: 177  These dances are also popular among the Turks and Lurs in western Iran, though each ethnic group has its unique way of performing them.[9]: 177  Additionally, certain musical instruments are renowned in the region, such as the reed (Nay), bagpipe (Haban), tambourine (Daf), and lute (Oud). The Daf holds a special role in ceremonies celebrating births or weddings.[9]: 177 

Yousif Hadi Bastaki
Yousif Hadi Bastaki
Arvin Bastaki
Arvin Bastaki
Sultanies band
Sultanies Band

The Achums have many local folkloric songs which have been sung by Yousif Hadi Bastaki, the Bahraini-Iranian Sultanies band, Arvin Bastaki, and other bands, some of their iconic ethnic songs include:

  • Chayi Chayim Kelam Dard Akon (چایی چاییم کله‌ام درد اَکُن)[68][69]
  • Raftum Be Baghe Shalom Darrideh (رفتُم به باغ شالُم دریده)
  • Esmush Nadunem/Gol Bostanan (اِسمُش نادُنِم/گل بستانن) sung by Arvin Bastaki,[70] Yousif Hadi,[71][72] Sutlanies,[73] and is/was popular in Bander Abbas too.[74]
  • Del Naghrah Del Naghrah Yaram Soraghm Naghrah (دل ناگره دل ناگره یارم سراغم ناگره)
  • Esho Golom Shabran Jan Delom Shabran (اشو گلُم شبرِن جان دِلُم شبرِن)[75][76][77]
  • Ey Vay Delom Vay Delom Delbar Zibai Delom (ای وای دلُم وای دِلُم دِلبَر زیبایی دِلُم)
  • Delbari Man Che Khoshgelan Vay Vay Umnasha (دلبری من چه خوشگلن وای وای اومناشا)
  • Dastband Tala Dastat Ghorbun Chesh Mastat (دستبند طلا دستات قربون چش مستات)
  • Ching Bekenam, Ching Vakonam Chahare Delbar Nakonam (چینگ بکنم، چینگ واکُنِم چهاره دلبر ناکنم)[78]
  • Dar Mawsam Beharan Del Shadom Ney (در موسم بهارن دل شادُم نی)

Cuisine

[edit]
Khanfaroosh
Khanfaroosh
Mahweh (Mahyaweh)
Mahweh (Mahyaweh)
Ranginak
Balaleet
  • Mahyawa (Mahuwa) – Fish Sauce: Mahyawa is a famous dish widely consumed in the southern regions of Fars province and Hormozgan (including Bushehr),[9]: 177 [6] as well GCC countries,[79][6] which has been introduced there by the Achums.[6] It is made from a type of sardine fish, locally known as Hashineh, or other fish such as Balem or anchovies (Moto).[9]: 177  The exact origins of this dish or how it spread are unclear, but it is evident that the inhabitants of inland areas developed methods to preserve fish and other foodstuffs, such as drying and salting, to prevent spoilage.[9]: 177  The Achum, or the people of Irahistan, are considered among the most skilled in preparing Mahyawa according to its traditional standards, which serves as evidence of their pioneering role in creating this unique dish.[9]: 177 In the Achumi language, the word Mahyawa is pronounced Mahuwa, derived from the two words Mi (fish) and Awa (water).[9]: 177 
  • Noun Falazi (Arabic: خبز فلزي, romanized: Khobz Falazi, Persian: نان فلزی, romanized: Nan Falazi) is a type of local bread known for its high quality, made in the village of Kookhord, located in the Kookhord district of Bastak County. It is also found in other regions of Bastak, Laristan, Gerash, Ouz, Khenj, and Beghard in southern Iran. "Noun Falazi" is a popular and high-quality bread in many areas of Hormozgan and parts of Bushehr province.
  • Balotawa - is a dough spread over a pan placed over hot embers and mixed with eggs, sesame, and fish sauce; it is then heated with local oil or cheese. This may be the same type of "pizza" eaten by Darius the Great's soldiers in ancient wars
  • Ranginak (Arabic: رنگینه/رنقينه, romanized: Rangeenah, Persian: رنگینک, romanized: Ranginak) is a type of sweet from the southern regions of Iran (Fars, Bushehr, Hormozgan, and Khuzestan) and in Arab gulf states,[80] made from dates or dried dates, flour, and cinnamon powder. In this local sweet, cinnamon and dates combine to create a delicious treat that can last up to a week in the refrigerator.
  • Noun Regag (Arabic: خبز رقاق/خبز رگاگ, romanized: Knobz Regag, Persian: نان رگاگ, romanized: Nan Regag) also known as (Persian: لتک, romanized: litak) is common in Hormozgan, Laristan, and throughout the southern parts of Iran, as well as in Bahrain, Kuwait, and the UAE.
  • Khanfaroosh, Khan (خان) meaning "House" and Foroosh (فروش) meaning "Selling," which translates to "Selling of the house" and its popular in both Arab gulf states (known as Arabic: خنفروش, romanized: Khanfaroosh),[81][82] and Southern Iran, It has "Achum/Acham" roots in southern Iran (particularly Hormozgan province).[83][84]
  • Pishoo (Persian: پیشو) made from rose water (golab) and agar.[48]
  • Cham-Chamoo (Persian: چم چمو) is a sweet naan that is made similar to Qeshm Island version.[48]
  • Kebab Kenjeh Lari (Persian: کباب کنجه لاری) is one of the traditional and popular dishes in the city of Lar and the southern regions of Iran. This kebab is made from chunks of meat (usually lamb or beef) that are marinated in a mixture of yogurt, onion, saffron, lemon juice, and various spices, then skewered and grilled. Kebab Kenjeh Lari is known for its unique and delicious flavor and is typically served with either bread or rice.[85]
  • Balaleet (Arabic: بلاليط, Persian: بلاليت) – This nutritious dessert of is prepared in Bahrain, Kuwait, the UAE, Hormozgan, and Bandar Abbas and other parts of Southern Iran. Balaleet is made from macaroni, sugar or date syrup, cardamom, rose water, saffron, and oil. It is traditionally served as a breakfast dish. This dessert is also popular in some other southern cities of Iran.

Khonj cuisine

[edit]

Kashk o Bademjan, Miyeh, Meheh Roghan, Khoresh Gousht, Damikht, Polow Barj, Kideh, Reshk, Omeh, Awpiya, Ilim, Kleh Sar, Khak, Bi Pakh, Cheshgadeh, Doogh, Dowlat, Khazak Bad, Lchavo, Jarjat, Ardeh, Pashmak.[9]: 25 

Qeshm cuisine

[edit]

Mofalek, Kelmbarankineh Bantoolech, Doogh, Mast Haosorakh, Miyaveh May Brashtahkuli Khaskpoduni Ba Kuli, Poduni Ba Pao Rahoduni Bakashkh, Kashkh Khaskh, Mandah, Sorjosh Dadeh, Nan Tamshinan Dasti, Nan Liheh, Nan Khomeri, Nan Rakhteh, Nan Krosi, Nan Shekri (Setayari), Chinkal, Halva Narkil, Halva Turk, Halvashooli Berenj Dishobereng Sheleh, Hard Berenj.[9]

Clothes

[edit]
Men outfit (regular class)
Men outfit (regular class)
Bastaki women outfit
Bastaki women outfit
Bandari women outfit
Bandari women outfit
Achomi men of the regular class wearing traditional outfit

Achums have a varied range of clothes; the higher class men have their own outfits,[9]: 173  and the regular class outfit (presented in Shmd Lawry; شمد لاوری film).[86][9]: 173–174 [87]

The outfits are similar to Arab and Indian outfits in the Bandars (ports),[9]: 175  with southern variants identical to Zoroastrian outfits.[9]: 176 

Women have what is known as "Rakht Goshad" in Evaz[88] with Bastaki,[89] Khonji, Lamerdi, Galedarie and Bandari variants.[88][9]: 174–177 [87]

Nowroz

[edit]
Main article: Nowruz

The Achums are naturally devout people, and they celebrate the two Islamic Eids—Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha.[9]: 6  This sets them somewhat apart from other peoples in Iran, who celebrate the ancient Persian festivals due to the emergence of the national movement in Iran after Islam as a natural reaction to Arabization policies.[9]: 6  However, the Achums were not significantly influenced by this movement and remained adherent to Islamic traditions. Yet, they cherish Persian heritage and its festivals, such as Nowruz, in their poetry, though they only celebrate it within a limited scope.[9]: 6  The Achums have a rich tradition of poetry and songs related to spring season (Persian: موسم بهار, romanized: mawsem-e-bahar) – Nowruz,[90][91][92] which includes music too.[93][94][95]

From the poetry of Seyed Mohammad Seyed Ibrahim Dehtali, who passed away in 1344 AH, found in the book Bet va Deirashna (Persian: بت وديرآشنا), edited by Seyed Kamel:[9]

 شِوُی درفصل نیسان .... کَمُی هُنسون ز باران

زمین دِن سبز وخرم .... زگلهای بهاران

دمامدم بوی شَبَمبو .... آهُند از دشت وهامون

گهی دِن ماه پیدا .... گهی در ابر وپنهان

Translation of the verses:

On one of the spring nights... a light rain fell,

And the green lands... rejoiced with the flowers of spring.

The fragrances of wildflowers spread... coming from the wilderness and desert.

At times, the moon appeared bright... and at times, it hid behind the clouds.

Local Games

[edit]
  • Khonj: Lwetkibelkhtar, Haft Sang, Khorpa, Sk Skala Belandi, Nader Bazi, Leher, Kase Pas Kun, Kab Bazi, Tira Gal, Gut Bazi, Kargam Be Hawa, Azad Bazi, Dar Chulk, Khormasho, Dar O Sop, Darbazi, Khorsho, Kai Kai, Til Ameh, Khat Khat, Panj Sank Ya Rokh, Yer Shesh Duneh, Beshkel Kol, Belm Petsk, Wast Wast, Allah Bedeh Baroon, Khooneh Khoda, Gap, Do Bel Bro, Bel Bel Jonam Bel, Charkhoneh, Shakhani Daraz, Mo Karkam Te Kalleh Aznam, Alla Kalang, Bel Wa Chak, To Zar Mo Zar, Lat Pas Pa, Khorkeh Tart o Shiri, Khor Sooz, Kai Ko, Asiyo Jalmep, Fandak, Mach o Feel.[9]: 25 
  • Qeshm: Kelmcha, Ramaza, Dar, Sawariya, Dartupa, Haft Senka, Charkhabaz Dar Magharahhul Wulat, Tilia, Dibia, Salam Salama, Wastarchomurokhta, Korkomochartak Abafam Hasile Bam.[9]

Local Beliefs and Types of Heritage

[edit]

Some local beliefs in the region include the tradition of raising green flags when someone returns from Hajj or military service. Some people also have a custom of visiting on Wednesdays. There is a belief that it is necessary to perfume children's toys to ward off the evil eye. In the south, during wedding celebrations, the custom of the "hajlah" (a colorful wedding room decorated with mirrors) is common. This tradition is shared among the Gulf countries, southern Iran, and parts of India.[9]: 178 

In Pop Culture

[edit]

In the popular Achomi song "Dokht Qatari" (Qatari Girl) the song references buying a chador from Bander Abbas,[96] likely referring to Achomi people of Bander Abbas and Hormozgan in Qatar, the Achomi people of Bandar Abbas use "Khash" instead of "Khoob" (Farsi);[97] meaning "good" and "Dokht" instead of "Dokhtar" (Farsi) meaning "Girl" as well as "Chuk" instead of "Pesar" (Boy in Farsi) as in Sahar's Bander Abbasi song.[98]

Emirati actress Huda Al-Khatib who herself is of Achomi ancestry has appeared in the Kuwaiti TV comedy drama serial "Al-Da'la" (الدعلة) where she speaks broken Arabic, and mixes it with Persian/Achomi, she brings up "bringing her giddu (گِدو; old traditional Iranian hookah) to fix her mood she is shown raging out in Achomi and Farsi,[99][100] the show has a full scene in the 24th Episode in which the character she plays is shown learning the Arabic language and sings the Laristani/Achomi/Khudmuni/Bastaki song of Yousif Hadi Bastaki "Ghalyon ma teshn, ghori ma chai, yar nazanin, jaye to khali" (My hookah has no fire, my teapot has no tea, my beloved, your place is empty),[101] likely referencing the Achomi migrants' cultural identity and their challenges in adapting to Arabic-speaking environments, while also highlighting their efforts to preserve their linguistic and musical heritage despite assimilation pressures.

Historical Heritage

[edit]
Name Photograph Period Date of registration Registration number Location Notes
Castle of Gerash (Homayoun Doj) Pre-Islamic 25-10-2003 10502 Gerash, Fars province, Iran
Tangab Dam (Gerash) 224–651 CE – Sassanid period 2001 Gerash, Fars province, Iran
Doulab Castle 224–651 CE – Sassanid period Bastak County
Tamb Talar 224–651 CE – Sassanid period Bastak County
Tamb Pergan 224–651 CE – Sassanid period Bastak County
Gachvayeh Bridge 224–651 CE – Sassanid period Bastak County
Ashgaft Muneh Castle 224–651 CE – Sassanid period Bastak County
Dahmeh Cemetery 224–651 CE – Sassanid period Bastak County
Bandu Dam 224–651 CE – Sassanid period Asaluyeh County
Castle of Siba (Persian: قلعه سیبه) 224–651 CE – Sassanid period Kukherd District, Bastak County, Hormozgan province in south Iran
Castle of Aamaj (Persian: قلعه آماج) 224–651 CE – Sassanid period Kukherd District, Bastak County, Hormozgan province in south Iran
Castle of Tawseelah (Persian: قلعه توصیله) 224–651 CE – Sassanid period Kukherd District, Bastak County, Hormozgan province in south Iran
Azhdeha Peykar Castle (Persian: قلعه اژدهاپیکر) 224–651 CE – Sassanid period Larestan County, in south Iran
Parvizeh Evaz Castle (Persian: قلعه پرویزه اِوَز) 224–651 CE – Sassanid period Evaz County, in south Iran
Shah Neshin Castle (Persian: قلعه شاه‌نشین) 224–651 CE – Sassanid period Larestan County, in south Iran.
Grave of Sh. Abdulsalam Abbas (known as Abdulsalam Khonji)[note 3] Abbasid Caliphate Khonj, Fars province, Iran He was the reason for many Zoroastrians and Jews of Lar region to convert to Islam.[citation needed]
Al-Fath Khan Caravanserai Safavid-Qajar 27-11-2013 10926 Central part, 15 km northeast of Bastak, Bastak road, Lar, Fatuyeh village
Caravanserai Pond Safavid-Qajar 24-12-2014 15366 Bastak city, Moalem Square, east side of Caravansara Street, west of Caravansara
Tomb of Sayyid Taj al-Din Mansur Safavid 03-17-2015 15392 Bastak city, Mashouri, Imam Khomeini St., behind Melli Bank Central Branch
Kazem Gavchah Safavid-Pahlavi 24-12-2014 15365 Bastak city, Caravansara Street, below the Caravansara, next to Sheikh Yusuf pond
The grave of Sheikh Abdul Qadir Bastaki Zand dynasty Gachoyeh village of Bastak city, Iran Tomb of Sheikh Abdul Qader Bastaki
Agha Ahmad Bastak Pond (Ab anbar) Zand to Pahlavi 24-12-2014 15363 Bastak city, Mostafavieh St., at the end of Khawanin neighborhood, next to Bibi Latifa Mosque
Bastak Bazaar Qajar 1379-08-16 2828 Inside the city of Bastak, Imam St
Bestak Jame Mosque Qajar 07-07-2013 6107 Bastak, Masjid Jame St
Khan Bastak Castle Qajar 07-07-2013 6110 Bastak, east side of Defence Square, next to Mostafavieh school
Sheikh Bastak Pond (Ab anbar) Qajar 24-12-2014 15360 Bastak city, Moalem Square, south side of Moalem Square, end of Caravansara Street
Shaykh Muhammad Shaykh Abdul Hadi Pond Qajar 24-12-2014 15370 Bastak city, Belt Street, University Street, in front of Shoaib Aluminum Factory
Sheikh Yusuf pond Qajar 24-12-2014 15371 Bastak city, southeast side of Moalem Square, east side of Caravansara St., south of Caravansara
Sheikh Mohammad Khan pond Qajar 24-12-2014 15372 Bastak, Mustafa Street, behind the gas station, behind the old post office
Kazem Bastak's House Qajar 03-17-2015 15400 Bastak city, east side of Imam Khomeini St., Uziha neighborhood, in front of the elementary school and middle school for girls of Nebubot
Hamam Khan Bastak (Bastak House Bath) Qajar 22-02-1999 2211 Bastak city in front of Mustafavieh primary school

27.19788°N 54.37141°E

Bastak Caravanserai Qajar 23-03-1999 2233 Northeast of Bastak near the city
Mustafaviyeh School Qajar – Early Pahlavi 07-07-2013 6108 Bastak, the intersection of Imam Khomeini St. and Mostafavieh St
The Keriki Water Mill Qajar – Early Pahlavi 24-12-2014 15357
Kariki Bastak Pond (Ab anbar) Qajar – Pahlavi 24-12-2014 15358 Central part, 3 km west of Bastak, Kiriki district, next to Kiriki bungalow
Haji Mohammad Rashid Pond (Ab anbar) Qajar – Pahlavi 24-12-2014 15367 Bastak city, Moalem Square, behind the Agricultural Jihad office
Bungalow Kariki (Kariki Mansion) Qajar – Early Pahlavi 03-17-2015 15391 Bastak city, near the main road from Bestak to Lange, Karaki region, about 3 kilometers west of Bestak
Badgir in Khonj Khonj, Fars province, Iran
Gate of Khonj Khonj, Fars province, Iran
Bathhouse of Khonj Qajar Khonj, Fars province, Iran
Dasht Khonj Pond (Ab anbar) Dasht, Khonj, Fars province, Iran
Pond of Kal (Ganj al-Bahr) Qajar 15-03-2001 3292 Gerash, Fars province, Iran
Dehbashi Bath 2012 30910 Gerash, Fars province, Iran[103]
Haj Asadollah Pond (Kashkool Pond) 2001 Gerash, Fars province, Iran
The Seven Ponds of Gerash (Haft Berkeh Gerash) 26-12-1976 1327 Gerash, Fars province, Iran
Minaret of Daniel Khonji 975 Khonj, Fars province, Iran
Dome of Kokherd 10924 Kukherd
Seyyed Muzafar Kokhard's tomb 10925 Kukherd

Khonj

[edit]

The Shrine of Sheikh Afifuddin, The Lighthouse of Daniyal, The Grand Mosque of Kofeh Lake, The Shrine of Haj Sheikh Mohammad Abunajm, The Tomb of Kaka Raldin, Kohpayeh Park, Medina Park, Jahreh Cemetery Hill, Qara Aqaj Canal and the Seljuq era Ibrahim Dam, Nark Strait, Bar Bara o Bala, Al-Miyah Ahara (Alchaksama), Awnar, Bikhuyah Strait, Charkho Khonj, Bar Chel Gazi, Khan Baghi between Kaz Youz and Baghan, Rocks and Historic Khonj Troops from Different Eras, Koluqi Castle, Magellan Castle, Khelvat Castle, Shahnashin Castle, Senk Farsh Road from the Final Era, Talah Tavangran from the Sassanian Era, Mahmal Castle, Chireh Ghar, Bikhuyah Sadeh, Maz Qanats, Adkhama Nal Kuri Talah Shahmakh in the village of Jenkio (Mako Road to Khonj), The Big Talah near the village of Baghan and Haftwan Road.[9]: 25 

Qeshm

[edit]

Naderi Castle, Portuguese Castle, Water Reservoirs, Dome-shaped Dome, Historical Cemetery dating back to over a thousand years, Hormuz Castle, Old Laft, Koyal Khan or Hall for Hospitality, Church.[9]

Ancient Pre-Islamic Sites:

Mithraic Rock Remains (Izadmehr Anahita), Water Reservoirs of Laft from Pre-Islamic Eras, Laft Port and Harbor, Khorbas Water Reservoirs, Khorbas Ruins, Adkhamah Khorbas, Souq, Talah Kolgan, Sadda Tal Balaw Pipasht.[9]

In the Countries Around the Persian Gulf

[edit]
Al Bastakiya, Dubai
Muharraq, Bahrain
Souq Waqif, Doha, Qatar
Bahrain

The Badgir (wind-catcher): A style of traditional old architecture, which is found in most regions of Iran in various forms, such as in Kerman, Fars, Mazandaran, and Khorasan.[9]: 178  The Achums are said to have brought the wind-catchers (badgirs), to the GCC Countries.[11][104][6]

  • Bastakiya: Bastakiya is a neighborhood in the eastern part of Dubai, established around the year 1308 AH / 1890 CE after the migration of Bastaki traders to the area. It is located along the Dubai Creek, approximately 300 meters long and 100 meters wide. The Bastakiya neighborhood is famous for its wind towers, intricately carved wooden doors, beautiful stucco work, and its reputation as a major tourist attraction and a place for official meetings in Dubai. When the Achums/Larestanis/Khodmoonis arrived in Dubai they named this area Al-Bastakiya, after their own homeland.[6]
  • Bahrain: The wind tower of "Isa bin Ali's House" in Muharraq, Bahrain, is an architectural building constructed by the Ajam (Achums) of Bahrain.[11][104] Additionally, the first hotel in Bahrain known as "Bahrain Hotel" was opened by an Achumi man named "Abdul Noor Al Bastaki" which began construction in 1920s and officially opened in 1950 and is set to receive rewnewal.[105][106]

Notable people

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Moridi, Behzad (2009). "The Dialects of Lar (The State of Research)". Iran & the Caucasus. 13 (2): 335–340. doi:10.1163/157338410X12625876281389. ISSN 1609-8498. JSTOR 25703812.
  2. ^ a b c d "Lari". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2024-11-21.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "Larestani". UNESCO WAL. Archived from the original on 2024-11-19. Retrieved 2020-12-10.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Halkias, Daphne; Adendorff, Christian (2016-04-22). Governance in Immigrant Family Businesses: Enterprise, Ethnicity and Family Dynamics. Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 9781317125952.
  5. ^ a b c d e Khazaeli, Maryam; Barrett, Mary (2014-01-01). "Case study: the al-Awadhi brothers: the story of two Emirati entrepreneurs". University of Wullong Research Online. ISSN 2779-3281. Archived from the original on 2024-12-06. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq Limbert, John W. (January 2014). "Iranian and Arab in the Gulf : endangered language, windtowers, and fish sauce". pp. 11, 15, 16. Archived from the original on 2024-11-18.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Project, Joshua. "Larestani in Iran". joshuaproject.net. Archived from the original on 2024-03-05. Retrieved 2024-11-18.
  8. ^ a b "The Peoples of Iran". 1939. in Field, Henry (1939). "Contributions to the anthropology of Iran". Publications of the Field Museum of Natural History. Anthropological Series. Publication. Field Museum of Natural History. 29 (1). doi:10.5962/bhl.title.3355. JSTOR 29782234.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an Kokherdi, Mehran. تاريخ جنوب فارس لارستان و بستك [History of South Persia Larestan and Bastak] (in Arabic) (1st ed.).
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Western Iranian languages History". Destination Iran. 2024-06-16. Archived from the original on 2024-11-28. Retrieved 2024-11-28. Achomi or Khodmooni (Larestani) is a southwestern Iranian language spoken in southern Fars province and the Ajam (non-arab) population in Persian Gulf countries such as UAE, Bahrain, and Kuwait. It is a descendant of Middle Persian and has several dialects including Lari, Evazi, Khoni, Bastaki, and more.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t DC, Arab Center Washington. "From Neighbors to Foreigners: Iranians in Bahrain in the Early 20th Century". Arab Center Washington DC. Archived from the original on 2024-09-14. Retrieved 2024-09-14.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h "Historic View of Iranians in Bahrain". 2021-09-02. Archived from the original on 2022-06-20. Retrieved 2024-09-14.
  13. ^ a b c d Van Donzel, E. J. (January 1994). Islamic Desk Reference. BRILL. pp. 225. ISBN 9004097384. Archived from the original on 2024-11-27. Lar/Laristan: the name denotes an important town and region of Fars, Iran, and an island and an islet in the Persian Gulf. The inhabitants of Lari-stan are mainly Sunnis and members of Sunni dervish orders, the Twelver Shi'a being only implanted to a partial extent.
  14. ^ a b c d e Bahador Alast (2023-03-26). Achomi (Larestani): Can Persian Speakers Understand It?. Retrieved 2024-11-21 – via YouTube.
  15. ^ a b c d e Rahimi, Ali; Tayebeh Mansoori (2016). A Study of Personal Pronouns of Larestani Language as an Endangered Iranian Language. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.1342.0566. Archived from the original on 2024-11-27.
  16. ^ "Knowledge Graph – Triple UI". fkg.iust.ac.ir. Retrieved 2024-11-21. مردم اچُمی، لارستانی و یا خودمونی قوميتی پارسی ساکن بخش‌های جنوبی استان فارس و غرب استان هرمزگان هستند. گروه‌های قابل توجهی از این قوم به کشورهای جنوب خلیج فارس از جمله کویت، بحرین، قطر و امارات متحدۀ عربی مهاجرت کرده‌اند. این مردم عمدتاً خود را خودمونی یا اچمی معرفی می‌کنند. هرچند در بحرین و قطر و امارات متحدۀ عربی و کویت این مردمان به هوله مشهورند. منطقهٔ لارستان در گذشته شامل شهرهای جنوبی استان فارس همچون لارستان، خنج، گراش، اوز لامرد و شهرستان مهرو بخشی از استان هرمزگان همچون بستک، بندر لنگه و گاوبندی و کیش می‌شده است. «خودمونی»، همان «خودمانی» در زبان فارسی است و معنای «بخشی از خودمان» را دارد. همچنین، از عناوین «لاری» و «اچمی» نیز برای اشاره به این قوم استفاده می‌شود. مردم اچمی به زبان اچمی سخن می‌گویند. نسب اين مردمان پارسی است و با نژاد بعضی از مردم شهر لار که دارای اصلیت یهودی بوده و اکنون در سرزمین‌های اشغالی هستند متفاوت است. اکثریت این مردم اهل سنت‌اند و دارای اقلیتی شیعه مذهب نیز می‌باشند. در سدۀ ۱۳ خورشیدی، لار به عنوان یکی از مراکز تجارت فعال در جنوب ایران شناخته‌شده بوده‌است. در گذشته، منطقهٔ لارستان تقریباً منطقه‌ای مبهم بوده و هیچگاه درگیر سیاست‌ها و کشمکش‌های دولت مرکزی نبوده‌است. [The people of Achomi, Larestan, or Persian ethnic group live in the southern parts of Fars province and the western part of Hormozgan province. Significant groups of this people have migrated to countries south of the Persian Gulf, including Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates. These people mainly identify themselves as self-righteous. Although in Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates and Kuwait, these people are known as Hola. In the past, Larestan region included the southern cities of Fars province, such as Larestan, Khanj, Gerash, Oz Lamard, and Mehro city, a part of Hormozgan province, such as Bastak, Bandar Lange, Gaubandi, and Kish. "Khodmuni" is the same as "Khodmani" in Persian and means "a part of ourselves". Also, the titles "Lari" and "Achemi" are also used to refer to this tribe. Achmi people speak Achmi language. The lineage of these people is Persian, and it is different from the race of some people of Lar city, who had Jewish origins and are now in the occupied territories. The majority of these people are Sunni and there is also a minority of Shia religion. In the 13th century, Lar was known as one of the active trade centers in the south of Iran. In the past, the region of Larestan was almost an obscure region and was never involved in the policies and conflicts of the central government.]
  17. ^ a b Shirkhodaey, Meliha (2016-08-01). "نام های خدا در اوستا و قرآن / ملیحه شیرخدائی" [Names of God in Avesta and Quran]. The Centre for the Great Islamic Encyclopaedia. Archived from the original on 2024-05-20. اچم: خودآفریده، بی علت [Echm: self-created, without cause]
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Notes

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  1. ^ Censeus of 2009 for the Larestan region, the source mentions the region is predominantly inhabited by Laris/Achomis, along with Baluchis, Kurds, Arabs, and the Turkic-speaking Qashqais from the Khamseh tribal confederation, UNESCO website stating the language has 1 Million speakers whilst the Ethnologue website indicates 10k to 1 Million speakers.
  2. ^ Censeus of 2009 for the Larestan region, the source mentions the region is predominantly inhabited by Laris/Achomis, along with Baluchis, Kurds, Arabs, and the Turkic-speaking Qashqais from the Khamseh tribal confederation.
  3. ^ The surname "Khonji" is said to be attributed to both descendants of Abbas ibn Abdul Muttalib, while others are from the city itself, such as the Muslim scholar Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani, who was originally from Persia.[102]
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