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Abdul Hamid Khan (general)

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"General Abdul Hamid Khan" redirects here. For other people named Abdul Hamid Khan, see Abdul Hamid Khan (disambiguation).

General
Abdul Hamid Khan
HQA SPk SQA
عبد الحمید خان
Hamid Khan as Chief of Staff c. 1970
Interior Minister of Pakistan
In office
25 March 1969 – 20 August 1969
PresidentYahya Khan
DeputyTikka Khan
Preceded byAfzal Rahman Khan
Succeeded byAbdur Rashid Khan
Personal details
Born
Abdul Hamid Khan

29 April 1917[1]
Maymyo, British Burma
Died1984 (aged 66–67)
Military Hospital, Punjab, Pakistan
Resting placeLahore Cantonment, Punjab, Pakistan
NationalityBritish Subject (1917 - 1947)
Pakistani
RelationsMaj-Gen Tariq Hamid (son)
Children3
Alma materIndian Military Academy
Staff College, Quetta
NicknameHam
Military service
Allegiance British India (1939–1947)
 Pakistan (1947–1971)
Branch/serviceBritish Raj British Indian Army
 Pakistan Army
Years of service1939 – 1971
Rank General
Unit10th Baluch Regiment
Commands6th bn Baluch Regiment
3rd bn Baluch Regiment
11th Infantry Division, Lahore
I Corps, Kharian
Chief of Staff of the Army
Battles/wars
Awards Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam
Sitara-e-Pakistan
Sitara-e-Quaid-e-Azam
Order of the Crown

Abdul Hamid Khan (Urdu: عبد الحمید خان) was a prominent Pakistani general in the Pakistan Army. He served as the chief of Staff of the Pakistan Army under President Yahya Khan and led the army during the Bangladesh Liberation War and Indo-Pakistani War in 1971. During the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, he led the Pakistan 11th Division to victory in the Battle of Kasur. He is accused of inflicting genocide during the Bangladesh Liberation War.[2]

Early life and education

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Hamid Khan was born on 29 April 1917 in Maymyo, British Burma (Now, Pyin Oo Lwin, Myanmar) to Punjabi-Burmese parents.[1] His father, a well-educated civil servant, had moved to Burma from Punjab, as part of the British Colonial Administration.[3]

Growing up in the colonial environment of Burma, Khan was exposed to a structured, disciplined life from an early age, which influenced his later career. He completed his early education in Mandalay[4] before moving to India to pursue higher studies. He attended the Indian Military Academy, Dehra Dun. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant on the Special List 15 July 1939.[5]

Early career

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After being commissioned in July 1939, Hamid Khan was initially attached to the Somerset Light Infantry for experience from 11 August 1939.[5] His date of commission was later antedated to 28 August 1938 and he was promoted lieutenant 28 November 1940. He was admitted to the British Indian Army 27 August 1940. He was appointed acting captain then temporary captain on 23 December 1940.[1] He had been posted to 3rd battalion 10th Baluch Regiment by October 1942. He saw action in Italy towards the end of the war.[6]

He was promoted war substantive captain and temporary major 3 February 1944. He was briefly an acting lieutenant-colonel 15 August to 18 October 1945. He had attended a wartime staff course.[1]

During the Partition of India, he opted for Pakistan and joined the newly created Pakistan Army, in 1947 he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel and became commanding officer of 6th battalion, Baluch Regiment, he commanded from April 1948 to November 1948. Later he was appointed commanding officer of 3rd battalion, Baluch Regiment, he served in this post from November 1948 to December 1949.[7]

1965 War with India

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During the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War, then Major General Abdul Hamid Khan served as the General Officer Commanding (GOC) of 11th Infantry Division at Kasur. This division in addition to 10th Infantry Division under Major General Sarfaraz Khan repelled the Indian thrust at Lahore on 6 September 1965. Following victory at the Battle of Kasur, his division pushed the Indians back to the border and captured the district of Khemkaran in Indian Punjab, though further advances were checked. He then was able to repel multiple counter-attacks by the Indian Army in an effort to retake Khemkaran.[8][9]

Career in the Yahya Dictatorship

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After the Indo-Pak war of 1965, Abdul Hamid Khan was promoted to lieutenant general and served as the commander of I Corps, Pakistans primary strike formation and a strategically important garrison town near the Indian border. Then based in Kharian (it is currently based in Mangla) His appointment as corps commander placed him in charge of key military operations and enhanced his prominence in the army hierarchy.[10]

Abdul Hamid Khan was a close and trusted ally of General Yahya Khan, with their friendship tracing back to their early years in the military.[11] Both officers shared a long-standing association, having served together in various capacities throughout their careers. This camaraderie and trust played a significant role in Hamid Khan’s rise through the ranks, particularly during Yahya Khan’s tenure as the Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army and later as President of Pakistan.[3]

In March 1969, Pakistan experienced severe political unrest and street protests against the regime of President Ayub Khan, largely driven by dissatisfaction with his policies and governance. Amid this chaos, General Yahya Khan, the then Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army, removed Ayub and imposed martial law on 25 March 1969. Yahya took over as President of Pakistan, and in recognition of his loyalty and leadership, Lt. Gen. Abdul Hamid Khan was appointed multiple roles.[12][13]

After martial law was imposed by General Yahya Khan on 25 March 1969, Lt Gen Hamid Khan was made the Chief of Staff (COS) of the Pakistan Army and Deputy Martial Law Administrator (DMLA) of the country.[14] During that time he briefly held the cabinet portfolio of Home Affairs for four months. He was promoted to full general in August 1969 and was appointed as the chief of staff of the Army or in other sense the de facto commander-in-chief of the army in place of Yahya as he was the president. He is accused of war crimes during the 1971 Bangladesh liberation war.[15]

Hamid Khan was a central figure in Yahya's military government along with several active duty military officials:

Yahya Khan administration
Ministers Portrait Ministries and departments Inter-services
General Yahya Khan[16] President and Chief Martial Law Administrator
Information and Broadcasting
Law and Justice
Foreign and Defence		  Pakistan Army
General Abdul Hamid Khan[16] Deputy CMLA
Interior and Kashmir Affairs		  Pakistan Army
Vice-Admiral Syed Mohammad Ahsan[16] Deputy CMLA
Finance and Planning Commission
Statistics, Commerce, and Industry		 Pakistan Navy
Air Marshal Nur Khan[16] Deputy CMLA
Communications and Health
Labour and Science and Technology		  Pakistan Air Force

Role in the 1971 war

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As head of the army and the military operations during the war,[17][18][19] Hamid Khan played a central role in directing Pakistan's Western front campaigns.[20] He oversaw the launch of Operation Chengiz Khan,[21] a preemptive strike on Indian airbases, aimed at crippling Indian airpower and initiating hostilities. Despite extensive planning, the operation inflicted only limited damage.

On the Western front, General Hamid Khan commanded key offensives, including the assault towards Ferozepur and ordered the offensive in Chhamb under Major General Iftikhar Janjua, which resulted in territorial gains. He also directed the attempted advance towards Longewala, though this effort was ultimately repelled by Indian forces.[22] Hamid Khan oversaw the II Corps offensive into the Indian state of Punjab.

The plan involved advancing from Bahawalnagar towards Bhatinda and Ludhiana. Under his directive, major elements of the 1st Armored Division began mobilization on December 15, 1971. Small advancements were made by Pakistani troops. However, due to subsequent orders to halt movements, the offensive was delayed and ultimately did not proceed before the ceasefire on December 17, 1971.[4] His leadership during the conflict, while marked by bold initiatives, has been subject to scrutiny in post-war analyses.[23][24]

Awards and decorations

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Hilal-e-Quaid-e-Azam

(Crescent of the Great Leader)

(HQA)

Sitara-e-Pakistan

(Star of Pakistan)

(SPk)

Sitara-e-Quaid-e-Azam

(Star of the Great Leader)

(SQA)

Sitara-e-Harb 1965 War

(War Star 1965)

Tamgha-e-Jang 1965 War

(War Medal 1965)

Pakistan Tamgha

(Pakistan Medal)

1947

Tamgha-e-Jamhuria

(Republic Commemoration Medal)

1956

Order of the Crown

(Pahlavi Iran)

India General Service Medal

(1936)

North West Frontier 1937–39 Clasp

1939-1945 Star Africa Star

(with Rosette) [check quotation syntax]|-

Italy Star Defence Medal War Medal

1939-1945

Queen Elizabeth II

Coronation Medal

(1953)

Foreign Decorations

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Foreign Awards
 UK 1939-1945 Star
Africa Star
Italy Star
Defence Medal
War Medal 1939-1945
Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal
 Imperial Iran Order of the Crown

References

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  1. ^ a b c d The Half Yearly Indian Army List April 1946
  2. ^ Riza, Maj Gen Shaukat. (1990). The Pakistan Army 1966-71. Rawalpindi: Services Book Club 1990.
  3. ^ a b Ahmad, Riaz (1993). The General's General: The Life and Times of General Abdul Hamid Khan. Oxford University Press.
  4. ^ a b Riza, Maj Gen Shaukat (1990). The Pakistan Army 1966-71. Rawalpindi: Services Book Club.
  5. ^ a b July 1940 Indian Army List
  6. ^ October 1942 Indian Army List Most Secret edition
  7. ^ Riza, Maj Gen Shaukat. The Pakistan Army 1947-49 Rawalpindi: Services Book Club 1989
  8. ^ Riza, Maj Gen Shaukat. (1984). The Pakistan Army: War 1965. Rawalpindi: Services Book Club 1990.
  9. ^ Rikhye, Ravi (24 February 2002). "The Battle of Assal Uttar: Pakistan and India 1965". Pakistan Orbat. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  10. ^ "Changes in the Army High Command" Archived 2008-11-22 at the Wayback Machine "British High Commission", 5 May 1966
  11. ^ Times, Robert M. Smith Special to The New York (9 December 1971). "Old Friend of President". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 January 2025.
  12. ^ Kazi, Dr Ghulam Nabi (21 May 2008), Pakistan’s Smallest Cabinet Ever, retrieved 26 January 2025
  13. ^ Hughes, Thomas L. "Pakistan : Martial Law "Who's Who"". Wayback Machine. The American Papers - Secret and Confidential India.Pakistan.Bangladesh Documents 1965-1973, March 26, 1969. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
  14. ^ Pakistan : Martial Law "Who's Who" Archived 2008-09-23 at the Wayback Machine The American Papers - Secret and Confidential India.Pakistan.Bangladesh Documents 1965-1973, 26 March 1969
  15. ^ Tormenting 71. jonmojuddho. 1975.
  16. ^ a b c d Dr. GN. Kazi (21 May 2008). "Pakistan's Smallest Cabinet". Dr. GN. Kazi. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  17. ^ Smith, Robert. "Old Friend of President". nytimes.com. The New York Times. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
  18. ^ Kazi, Dr. GN. "Pakistan's Smallest Cabinet". Flickr. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
  19. ^ Hughes, Thomas L. "Pakistan : Martial Law "Who's Who"". Wayback Machine. The American Papers - Secret and Confidential India.Pakistan.Bangladesh Documents 1965-1973, March 26, 1969. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
  20. ^ Ahmad, Riaz (1993). The General's General: The Life and Times of General Abdul Hamid Khan. Oxford University Press.
  21. ^ Guttman, Jon. "Lessons Learned from Operation Chenghiz Khan". HistoryNet. stories. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
  22. ^ Cohen, Stephen P. (2004). The Pakistan Army. Oxford University Press.
  23. ^ Mohan, Vijay. "First day of 1971 War". Tribuneindia. The Tribune. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
  24. ^ Ziring, Lawrence (1974). "Militarism in Pakistan: The Yahya Khan Interregnum". Asian Affairs. 1 (6): 402–420. ISSN 0092-7678.
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Political offices
Preceded by Interior Minister of Pakistan
1969 		Succeeded by
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