2025 in climate change

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This article documents notable events, research findings, scientific and technological advances, and human actions to measure, predict, mitigate, and adapt to the effects of global warming and climate change—during the year 2025.

Summaries

Measurements and statistics

10 January: The Copernicus Climate Change Service confirms that 2024 was the warmest calendar year since records began in 1850, with an average global surface temperature reaching 1.6°C above pre-industrial levels, surpassing the 1.5°C warming benchmark set by the Paris Agreement for the first time. C3S further stated that 2024 was the second consecutive year with the hottest global temperature, surpassing 2023 by +0.12°C.^[1]

Natural events and phenomena

6 January: A study published in Nature Climate Change stated that a fungal pathogen (Entomophaga maimaiga) that had successfully controlled the defoliation of the spongy moth in North American forests was becoming less effective due to climate change producing hotter, drier conditions. The study predicts this will lead to significantly decreased forest biodiversity and productivity by spongy moths, evidenced by recent increases in defoliation.^[2]

Actions, and goal statements

Science and technology

Political, economic, legal, and cultural actions

Mitigation goal statements

Adaptation goal statements

Consensus

Projections

6 January: A study published in Scientific Reports comparing projected heat-related deaths from climate change with COVID-19 mortality rates across 38 global cities found that in half, annual heat-related deaths would likely exceed COVID-19 death rates within 10 years if global temperatures rise by 3.0°C above pre-industrial levels. The study projected that cities in North America and Europe, particularly in Mediterranean and Central European regions, would have most dramatic increases in projected heat mortality.^[3]

Significant publications

References

^ "Global Climate Highlights 2024 | Copernicus". climate.copernicus.eu. Retrieved 10 January 2025.
^ Liu, Jiawei; Kyle, Colin; Wang, Jiali; Kotamarthi, Rao; Koval, William; Dukic, Vanja; Dwyer, Greg (6 January 2025). "Climate change drives reduced biocontrol of the invasive spongy moth". Nature Climate Change: 1–8. doi:10.1038/s41558-024-02204-x. ISSN 1758-6798.
^ Batibeniz, Fulden; Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Jha, Srinidhi; Ribeiro, Andreia; Suarez Gutierrez, Laura; Raible, Christoph C.; Malhotra, Avni; Armstrong, Ben; Bell, Michelle L.; Lavigne, Eric; Gasparrini, Antonio; Guo, Yuming; Hashizume, Masahiro; Masselot, Pierre; da Silva, Susana Pereira (6 January 2025). "Rapid climate action is needed: comparing heat vs. COVID-19-related mortality". Scientific Reports. 15 (1): 1002. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-82788-8. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 39762298.

External links

Organizations

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
World Meteorological Organization (WMO)
Climate indicators at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S)

Surveys, summaries and report lists

[1] "Global Climate Highlights 2024 | Copernicus". climate.copernicus.eu. Retrieved 10 January 2025.

[2] Liu, Jiawei; Kyle, Colin; Wang, Jiali; Kotamarthi, Rao; Koval, William; Dukic, Vanja; Dwyer, Greg (6 January 2025). "Climate change drives reduced biocontrol of the invasive spongy moth". Nature Climate Change: 1–8. doi:10.1038/s41558-024-02204-x. ISSN 1758-6798.

[3] Batibeniz, Fulden; Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Jha, Srinidhi; Ribeiro, Andreia; Suarez Gutierrez, Laura; Raible, Christoph C.; Malhotra, Avni; Armstrong, Ben; Bell, Michelle L.; Lavigne, Eric; Gasparrini, Antonio; Guo, Yuming; Hashizume, Masahiro; Masselot, Pierre; da Silva, Susana Pereira (6 January 2025). "Rapid climate action is needed: comparing heat vs. COVID-19-related mortality". Scientific Reports. 15 (1): 1002. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-82788-8. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 39762298.

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v t e Human impact on the environment
General	Anthropocene Ecological footprint Environmental impact assessment Environmental issues list of issues Human impact on marine life List of global issues Impact assessment Planetary boundaries Social ecology (ethics)
Causes	Causes of climate change Agriculture animal agriculture cannabis cultivation irrigation meat production cocoa production palm oil (US) Bitcoin Corporate behavior Deforestation and climate change Energy industry biofuels biodiesel coal electricity energy fashion fracking (US) nuclear power oil shale petroleum reservoirs transport Genetic pollution Environmental crime Explosives Industrialisation Land use Manufacturing cleaning agents concrete fashion plastics nanotechnology paint paper pesticides pharmaceuticals and personal care Marine life fishing fishing down the food web marine pollution overfishing Mining Overconsumption Overdrafting Overexploitation Overgrazing Particulates Pollution Quarrying Reservoirs Tourism Transport aviation rail roads shipping Urbanization urban sprawl War
Effects	Biodiversity threats biodiversity loss decline in amphibian populations decline in insect populations Climate change runaway climate change in the United States Deforestation Defaunation Desertification Ecocide Ecological crisis Effects of climate change Effects of climate change on agriculture Multiple breadbasket failure Effects of climate change on livestock Environmental insecurity Environmental issues in the United States Coral reefs Externality Forest dieback Environmental degradation Erosion Freshwater cycle Greenhouse gas emissions Habitat destruction Holocene extinction Nitrogen cycle Land degradation Land consumption Land surface effects on climate Loss and damage Loss of green belts Phosphorus cycle Ocean acidification Ozone depletion Resource depletion Tropical cyclones and climate change Water degradation Water pollution Water scarcity
Mitigation	Alternative fuel vehicle propulsion Birth control Cleaner production Climate change mitigation Community resilience Cultured meat Decoupling Ecological engineering Environmental engineering Environmental mitigation Industrial ecology Mitigation banking Organic farming Recycling Reforestation urban Restoration ecology Sustainability Sustainable consumption Waste minimization
Commons Category by country assessment mitigation