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2024 South Korean martial law

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2024 South Korean martial law
Crowd of protesters waving flags
Protests following the declaration of martial law
Date3–4 December 2024 (2024-12-03 – 2024-12-04)
10:27 p.m. – 4:30 a.m. (UTC+9)
Location
South Korea
Caused byOpposition to budget proposals and attempted impeachment of prosecutors involved in scandals.[1]
StatusNational Assembly votes for lifting of martial law; martial law lifted by Yoon
Parties
Lead figures

On 3 December 2024, at 10:27 p.m. Korea Standard Time (KST), South Korean president Yoon Suk Yeol declared martial law during an address broadcast live on YTN television. In his declaration, he accused the Democratic Party, which has a majority in the National Assembly, of sympathizing with North Korea and conducting "anti-state activities", further labelling them a criminal organization working with North Korean communists to destroy the country. The order included the prohibition of any political activities, including of the National Assembly, and a suspension of the freedom of the press.

The declaration was opposed by the Democratic Party and Yoon's People Power Party, and resulted in protests. At approximately 1:01 a.m., lawmakers present in the National Assembly unanimously passed a motion to lift martial law 190–0 despite attempts by security forces to prevent the vote.

Yoon subsequently lifted martial law after a Cabinet meeting at 4:30 a.m. on 4 December, and the Martial Law Command was disbanded. After martial law was lifted, the opposition stated that it would begin impeachment proceedings against Yoon if he did not step down.

Background

[edit]
Official portrait of Yoon Suk Yeol
President Yoon Suk Yeol in 2022

South Korea is governed as a presidential democracy under the 1987 Constitution, which replaced the prior parliamentary and semi-presidential systems. Yoon Suk Yeol, a member of the conservative People Power Party and former prosecutor general, took office as President of South Korea following his victory in the 2022 presidential election.[2] His administration has had low approval ratings, going as low as 17%, with a November 2024 survey showing 58% of the population would want to see Yoon either resign or be impeached.[3] He has struggled to achieve his agenda due to opposition from the National Assembly, which has been controlled by the opposition Democratic Party since 2020. In the April 2024 legislative election, the opposition kept its grip but still lacked sufficient numbers (200 out of 300) to impeach the president.[4]

Yoon boycotted the opening of the National Assembly even though it is customary for the president to deliver a speech at the event.[5] Yoon has also opposed investigations into scandals involving his wife Kim Keon-hee and top officials,[6] vetoing bills on three separate occasions that called for a special counsel investigation into his wife, the third of which occurred on 26 November 2024.[7] The opposition-controlled parliament had also moved to impeach Board of Audit and Inspection Chair Choe Jae-hae and three prosecutors involved in two scandals involving Kim on 2 December that year,[8] and had rejected the government's budget proposal.[9]

This was the first time martial law had been declared in South Korea since the 1980 military coup d'état after the assassination of dictator Park Chung Hee, and the first since democratization in 1987.[10] This is the 17th martial law declaration since the foundation of the republic in 1948.[11] Under Article 77 of the Constitution of South Korea, when declaring martial law, the president must immediately notify the National Assembly. This enables measures to be taken to restrict freedoms, including the need for arrest warrants, parliamentary immunity, and amongst others freedom of speech and freedom of assembly. The National Assembly has the right to vote and if successful make a binding demand on the president to cancel martial law.[12][13]

Events

[edit]

Declaration of martial law

[edit]
Korean Wikisource has original text related to this article:

At 10:22 p.m. KST on 3 December 2024, President Yoon Suk Yeol declared martial law. In a nationally televised speech, Yoon accused the opposition of "trying to overthrow the free democracy" by impeaching members of his cabinet and blocking his budget plans. He asked citizens to believe in him and tolerate "some inconveniences",[14][15] and also claimed that there was a North Korean conspiracy against the South Korean government.[16] It was the first time that martial law had been declared in South Korea since 1979,[10] during Chun Doo-hwan's military dictatorship.[17][18] The Korea Times reported that prime minister Han Duck-soo had been sidelined on the declaration, adding that the move appeared to have been done following direct communications between President Yoon and his defense minister Kim Yong-hyun. Both have been referred to as the "Chungam faction" for Kim being an upperclassman of Yoon at the Chungam High School in Seoul.[19]

According to Yonhap News Agency, defense minister Kim Yong-hyun ordered a meeting with the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Kim Myung-soo.[20][21] Yoon appointed Chief of Staff of the Republic of Korea Army Park An-su as his martial law commander.[22]

Following the declaration, the government said that activities in educational institutions and transport services would continue to operate normally.[23][24]

Decree

[edit]

At 11:00 p.m. on 3 December, Park An-su of the Martial Law Command issued the following decree on martial law:[25][26][27]

Martial Law Command proclaims the following as of 11 p.m. on 3 December 2024, in order to protect liberal democracy from anti-state forces active within the free Republic of Korea and their threats to subvert the state, and to ensure public safety.

  1. All political activities, including activities of the National Assembly, local councils, political parties, and political association, rallies and demonstrations, are prohibited.
  2. All acts that deny or attempt to overthrow the free democratic system are prohibited. The dissemination of fake news, manipulation of public opinion, and false propaganda are prohibited.
  3. All media and publications are subject to the control of Martial Law Command.
  4. Strikes, work stoppages and rallies that incite social chaos are prohibited.
  5. Trainee doctors and all other medical personnel, who are on strike or have left their worksites, must return to their positions within 48 hours and work faithfully. Those who violate the order will face punishment in accordance with the Martial Law Act.
  6. Innocent ordinary citizens, excluding anti-state forces and other subversive forces, will be subject to measures to minimize inconvenience in their daily lives.

Violators of the proclamation may be arrested, detained and searched without a warrant in accordance with Article 9 of the Martial Law Act (Special Measures Authority of the Martial Law Commander), and will be punished in accordance with Article 14 of the Martial Law Act (Penalties).

— Martial Law Commander, Army General Park An-su

National Assembly vote

[edit]
Main article: 2024 South Korean protests
Protest in front of the National Assembly during the night
Anti–martial law protest on 4 December in Seoul

Following the announcements, the military entered the National Assembly building and attempted to enter the main hall, where voting takes place. In response, party officials sprayed them with fire extinguishers and successfully stopped their entry. Some soldiers attempted to enter through the fourth floor, but were stopped by employees.[28] At least three helicopters also landed on the assembly grounds while two others were seen hovering above.[29] Tanks were seen on the streets.[30] The martial law command also ordered the eviction of the presidential office press corps from its building in Seoul.[31] Confrontations occurred at the assembly complex's main gate between security forces and civilians.[32] The Korea Times and opposition parties identified units of the security forces involved in the incursion at the assembly as the elite 1st Airborne Special Forces Brigade of the Army Special Warfare Command and the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency, with the National Police Agency believed to have been bypassed by the declaration.[19] Protests against martial law were also organized in Gwangju.[33]

All main parties, including the ruling People Power Party of which President Yoon is a member, opposed the move. PPP leader Han Dong-hoon said: "The president's martial law declaration is wrong. We will stop it along with the people."[34] The mayor of Seoul, Oh Se-hoon, who is also a member of the PPP, said he opposed Yoon's declaration.[35] Lee Jae-myung, the leader of the opposition Democratic Party, urged citizens to gather at the National Assembly and declared that Yoon "is no longer the president of South Korea"; Lee was filmed climbing over the fences of the Assembly building to get inside, after soldiers had blocked the entrances.[36] Rebuilding Korea Party leader Cho Kuk also called the declaration of martial law "illegal" and said it met conditions for the impeachment of Yoon and defense minister Kim Yong-hyun.[37] The Korean Confederation of Trade Unions, the largest trade union group in the country, called for a general strike to reverse the declaration of martial law and impeach the president.[38]

Protesters clashed with police outside the National Assembly.[39] National Assembly Speaker Woo Won-shik called for all lawmakers to gather at the National Assembly.[4] The Incheon branch of the Democratic Party criticized the move as beginning an "era of Yoon dictatorship".[40] Lawmakers maneuvered around police barricades to enter the National Assembly. Lee Seong-yoon [ko] of the Democratic Party live streamed himself climbing over a 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) fence to gain access.[41][42]

The National Assembly commenced an emergency session at 12:48 a.m. on 4 December.[43] At around 1 a.m.,[44] the National Assembly, with 190 out of a total of 300 lawmakers present, voted unanimously to lift martial law.[16] Those who voted for its lifting included 172 opposition MPs and 18 others from the PPP.[45] Following the vote, Speaker Woo Won-shik called for the military to leave the National Assembly, while Lee Jae-myung said that the Democratic Party would remain in the National Assembly until the president lifted martial law.[46][47] They were also joined by members of the PPP.[43]

Aftermath

[edit]

After the vote, some soldiers who had been stationed at the National Assembly were seen to be leaving,[48] with the Speaker's office later saying that they had left altogether.[49] Others began pushing back the crowd of protesters who gathered there,[50] which numbered around 2,000.[28] Protesters also began calling for Yoon's arrest and impeachment.[50][51] Lee Jae-myung said the declaration of martial law was done without cabinet approval[52] and that members of the security forces who continued to follow Yoon's martial law orders were committing "an illegal act".[53] The defense ministry stated that martial law would remain in effect until ended by the president.[54][55]

Lifting of martial law

[edit]

During a televised briefing at 4:27 a.m., Yoon announced that he would lift martial law as soon as a quorum could be obtained for a cabinet meeting, and that he had withdrawn military personnel from the National Assembly.[56] At approximately 4:30 a.m., the cabinet approved the motion to lift martial law.[57] The Martial Law Command was also disbanded.[58][59]

Following the lifting of martial law, the Democratic Party held an emergency meeting at the National Assembly, announcing that they would commence impeachment proceedings if Yoon did not step down. In a resolution, it said "Yoon's declaration of martial law is a clear violation of the Constitution", adding that it was "a serious act of rebellion and a perfect reason for impeachment".[60]

Analysis

[edit]

Dominic Waghorn of Sky News noted from preliminary observations that the military seemed ill-prepared to enforce martial law and surmised that Yoon acted unilaterally.[61]

The Economist described the situation as a constitutional crisis.[62] BBC News reported one resident comparing it to the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état.[63] It has been compared to the January 6 United States Capitol attack, with one expert saying the effects of the declaration on South Korean politics and its reputation would be far worse than what happened in the United States.[64]

Youngshik Bong, an adviser to the Ministry of Unification and visiting professor at Yonsei University, said that declaring martial law should be reserved for the most serious situations, such as war. He added that this will backfire on the president as "his impeachment is really in the cards now".[65]

Foreign Policy magazine and political scientist Sidney Tarrow both described the events as a self-coup.[66][67]

Responses

[edit]

Financial

[edit]

The announcement of martial law was met by surprise and panic amongst the South Korean public due to its suddenness.[68] Following the announcement, the value of the won fell to 1,444 per U.S. dollar, its lowest value in 25 months; it later recovered to around 1,420, still down from the previous day's high of 1,403.[69][70] The iShares MSCI South Korea ETF decreased by 5%. Franklin FTSE South Korea ETF declined by 4.4% and Matthews Korea Active ETF fell 4.5%.[71] Reuters reported that: "A central bank official said it was preparing measures to stabilize the market if needed. Finance Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Choi Sang-mok convened an emergency meeting among top economic officials."[9]

Domestic

[edit]

National Assembly Floor Leader Choo Kyung-ho said he had no knowledge of the decree and only found out about it in the news.[72] The Inspector General of the Ministry of Justice, Ryu Hyuk, a former prosecutor who was appointed to the position in 2020 resigned in protest after arriving at the ministry building for a meeting over the martial law that convened by Justice minister Park Sung-jae [ko].[73][74] Shortly after Yoon backed down and lifted martial law, the opposition began to consider impeaching Yoon.[75][76] Some South Korean analysts described the episode as a self-coup to seize power.[66] In the early hours of 4 December, dozens of Yoon's aides resigned en masse following the martial law declaration and recantation.[77] That same day, the Supreme Court announced it would investigate whether or not Yoon's declaration of martial law was illegal, given that he had failed to abide by various mandatory provisions of the martial law mechanism, such as notifying both the cabinet and the legislature that it was to be used.[78] The leadership of the People Power Party discussed expelling Yoon from the party during a meeting.[79] Yoon's party also urged the removal of defense minister Kim Yong-hyun after it was confirmed that Kim had proposed the martial law declaration to Yoon.[80] The Democratic Party later confirmed they would initiate impeachment proceedings against Yoon on 5 December if Yoon did not resign.[81] At noon on 4 December, Yoon's prime minister held a meeting with Yoon's remaining aides, and the party leaders to discuss the fallout of the martial law declaration.[82] Later on 4 December, all of the major newspapers in South Korea unanimously condemned Yoon and called for his arrest, saying the martial law was illegal, arguing it was an attempted repeat of the brutal coups of the 1980s.[83] At the same time, multiple South Korean celebrities also heavily condemned Yoon.[84] Around 2:40 p.m, on 4 December, the opposition announced its intention to submit a motion to impeach Yoon.[85]

International

[edit]

Multiple countries have issued advisories urging caution for their citizens in South Korea advising them to be vigilant and avoid public demonstrations.[86]

Italian foreign minister Antonio Tajani said that NATO has warned North Korea not to take advantage of the situation.[87]

In Taiwan, the Democratic Progressive Party Legislative Caucus posted an article on Threads, claiming that that martial law was to protect free constitutional democracy in South Korea and criticizing the opposition parties in Taiwan for blocking national security proposals.[88] While the post was deleted shortly afterwards, it sparked criticism from major opposition parties, including the Kuomintang and the Taiwan People's Party.[88][89]

In the United States, the White House and the State Department say they were not given notice ahead of time of Yoon's intention to declare martial law.[90] State Department spokesman Vedant Patel expressed "grave concern" for the ongoing developments while reiterating the United States' "iron-clad" alliance with South Korea.[91]

See also

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References

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  2. ^ "South Korean President Yoon Suk Yeol declares martial law". Sky News. 3 December 2024. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
  3. ^ Park, James (3 December 2024). "Fearing his enemies, South Korea's Yoon declares martial law". Responsible Statecraft. Retrieved 3 December 2024.
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  5. ^ Kim, Tong-Hyung (2 September 2024). "South Korea's president skips opening ceremony of parliament as strife with opposition deepens". AP News.
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