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* {{cite web |url=http://youthjournalisminternational.blogspot.com/2011/01/inside-egyptian-revolution.html |title=Inside The Egyptian Revolution|date=29 January 2011|publisher=Youth Journalism International}}

Revision as of 23:21, 29 January 2011

2011 Egyptian protests
Demonstrators marching on 25 January
Date25 January 2011 – ongoing
Casualties
Death(s)At least 105[1][2] (Possibly dozens in Suez, see below)[3][4][5]
InjuriesAt least 750 policemen and 1,500 protesters[3]
ArrestedOver 1,000[6]
Politics of Egypt

African Union Member State of the African Union
Arab League Member State of the Arab League

Constitution (history)
Government
Legislature
Judiciary
Administrative divisions
Elections
Political parties (former)
Foreign relations
flag Egypt portal

The 2011 Egyptian protests are a series of street demonstrations, protests, and civil disobedience acts that have been taking place in Egypt since 25 January 2011. The demonstrations and riots began in the weeks after the successful Tunisian uprising, and many protesters are carrying Tunisian flags as a symbol of their influence.[7] Specific grievances have centered around legal, political, and economic issues including police brutality,[8] state of emergency laws,[8] lack of free elections, corruption,[9] restrictions on freedom of speech,[9] high unemployment,[10] low minimum wages,[8][10] insufficient housing, food price inflation,[10] and poor living conditions.[11] Mohamed ElBaradei, seen as the most likely candidate for an interim presidency, has identified the ousting of President Hosni Mubarak as the essential objective of the protests.[12]

While localised protests had been commonplace in previous years, major protests and riots broke out all over the country starting on 25 January, known as the "Day of Anger", a date selected by Egyptian opposition groups and others for a major demonstration, coinciding with the National Police Day holiday.[8] The 2011 protests have been called "unprecedented" for Egypt,[13] and "the largest display of popular dissatisfaction in recent memory".[14] These have been the largest demonstrations seen in Egypt since the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots.[14] For the first time, Egyptians from different socio-economic backgrounds and faiths have joined in protest together.[14][15]

As of 29 January, at least 105 protester deaths had been reported (27 in Suez, 33 in Alexandria, 45 in Cairo), along with 10 policemen. Those injured number 750 policemen and 1,500 protesters.[1][2] The capital city of Cairo has been described as "a war zone",[16] and the port city of Suez has been the scene of frequent violent clashes. The Egyptian government has attempted to break up and contain protests using a variety of methods. Anti-riot police groups have been responding with shields, rubber bullets, batons, water cannons, tear gas and, in some cases, live ammunition.[17] For the most part, the protest response has been non-lethal, although there have been fatalities.[3][5][18][19] The government turned off almost all Internet access[20][21] and imposed a curfew,[22]‎ claiming that minimizing disruption from the protests is necessary to maintain order and to prevent an uprising of fundamentalist Islamic groups.[23]

International response to the protests has generally been supportive with most governments and organizations calling for non-violent responses on both sides and peaceful moves towards reform. The protests have captured worldwide attention due to the increasing integration of Twitter, Facebook, YouTube, and other social media platforms that have allowed activists and onlookers to communicate, coordinate, and document the events as they occur. As the level of publicity has increased, the Egyptian government has made increasing efforts to limit internet access, especially to social media. On the eve of major planned protests on Friday, 28 January, a nationwide internet and mobile phone "blackout" began, though before dawn the following morning it was reported that the blackout for cell phones had ended.[24]

Background

Emergency law

Paramilitary riot police of the Central Security Forces deployed during the 25 January protest

Egypt is a semi-presidential republic under Emergency Law (Law No. 162 of 1958)[25] since 1967, except for an 18-month break in the 1980s. Under the law, police powers are extended, constitutional rights suspended and censorship is legalised.[26] The law sharply circumscribes any non-governmental political activity: street demonstrations, non-approved political organisations, and unregistered financial donations are formally banned. Human Rights Organisations estimate that in 2010 between 5,000 and 10,000 people were in long-term detention without charge or trial,[27] and that in the 1990s the number of detainees was over 20,000.[28][29] Under that state of emergency, the government may imprison individuals for any period of time, and for virtually no reason. The government continues the claim that opposition groups like the Muslim Brotherhood could come into power in Egypt if the current government did not forgo parliamentary elections, confiscate the group's main financiers' possessions, and detain group figureheads; actions which are virtually impossible with an independent judiciary and without emergency law. [23] Pro-democracy advocates in Egypt argue that this goes against the principles of democracy, which include a citizen's right to a fair trial and their right to vote for whichever candidate or party they choose.

Mubarak's presidency

President Hosni Mubarak has headed Egypt's government since the 1981 assassination by political opponents of President Anwar Sadat. Mubarak was wounded during the assassination attempt. His government has been criticised in the media and amongst NGOs[which?]. His support of peace negotiations in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict has made him an ally of the West,[30] with Egypt receiving over US$1.3 billion in annual aid from the United States.[31] His government is also noted for its crackdown on Islamic militants.[30] As a result, the initial reactions to Hosni Mubarak's abuses by the U.S. were muted.[32]

Demonstrator holding a sign depicting a shoe with "25 January" written on it flying at the face of President Mubarak in reference to Muntadhar al-Zaidi's reaction to George W Bush's visit to Iraq

Corruption

Political corruption in the Mubarak administration's Ministry of Interior has risen dramatically, due to the increased power over the institutional system necessary to prolong the presidency.[clarification needed] This has led to the imprisonment of political figures and youth activists without trials,[33] illegal undocumented hidden detention facilities,[34][35] and rejecting university, mosque, and newspaper staff members based on their political inclination.[36] A parliamentary election in December 2010 was preceded by a media crackdown, arrests, candidate bans (particularly of the Muslim Brotherhood), and allegations of fraud involving the near unanimous victory by the ruling party in parliament.

In 2010, Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index report assessed Egypt with a CPI score of 3.1, based on perceptions of the degree of corruption from business people and country analysts, with 10 being very clean and 0 being highly corrupt. Egypt ranked 98th out of the 178 countries included in the report.[37]

Police brutality

A leaked US embassy cable from 2009 described police brutality, including torture, as common and pervasive, and the government's efforts to combat it as ineffective and lacking in political will.[38]

On 6 June 2010 Khaled Mohamed Saeed died under disputed circumstances in the Sidi Gaber area of Alexandria.[39] Multiple witnesses testified that Saeed was beaten to death by the police.[40]

Economic climate

It was reported that by late 2010 around 40% of Egypt's population of just under 80,000,000 live on the fiscal income equivalent of roughly $2 USD per day. A large part of the population also relies on subsidised goods.[8]

Alexandria church bombing

Main article: 2011 Alexandria bombing

Early on New Year's Day 2011 a bomb exploded in front of a church in Alexandria, killing 23 Coptic Christians. It was suspected to have been detonated by the Gaza-based Army of Islam.[41][42] Following the attacks, many Christians protested in the streets, and some Muslims later joined the protests. After clashing against the police, some protesters in Alexandria and Cairo began to shout slogans denouncing Mubarak's rule in Egypt.[43][44][45]

Protests

Timeline

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25 January – Day of Anger

Protesters marching on 25 January. Demonstrators later moved to al-Tahrir Square, in Downtown Cairo, where the main protests were being held.

On 25 January 2011, known as the Day of Anger (Template:Lang-ar, IPA: [ˈjoːm elˈɣɑdɑb])[46] or the Day of Revolt,[47] protests took place in several cities, including Cairo, Alexandria, Suez and Ismailiya.[47] Cairo protesters gathered in the morning in front of the High Court in the centre of Cairo within the framework of the activities of the protests, which marks the official celebrations of "Egypt Police Day" (a celebration of the Egyptian National Police). The demonstration that was in front of the Supreme Court was larger than usual and was able to break the security cordon and head to Midan Tahrir public square.

Thousands protested in Cairo, with 15,000 alone occupying Tahrir Square;[46] 20,000 in various locations across Alexandria,[48] 200 demonstrators were in the southern city of Aswan, 2,000 in the eastern city of Ismailiya; and about 3,000 in the northern city of Mahallah.[49]

A policeman was reported to have died in Cairo, while in Suez two protesters died.[47] In Cairo, police forces used tear gas and water cannons against the protesters, who in turn threw stones at police, eventually forcing them to retreat.[47]

Mohamed ElBaradei, former head of the International Atomic Energy Agency, led a rally in Alexandria against alleged abuses by the police and visited Saeed's family to offer condolences.[50]

Marching protesters on 25 January

It has been reported that many police have been restrained in the use of violence. One policeman has been quoted to have said to a protester that he had only three months of duty left and after that "I'll be on the other side of the barricade."[51]

26 January

On 26 January, riots continued, with protesters numbering in the thousands, although no accurate estimate has yet been made. There was increased use of violence from both the protesters and the police, with one protester and one police official killed in Cairo.[52] Suez experienced dramatic uprising, with many being fired upon by live ammunition, and both protesters and police being beaten. Protesters in Suez also managed to set fire to several government buildings, including the police station.[52][53][54] Police eventually retreated from Suez, though later the army[verification needed] took up the position of blocking protesters.[55]

27 January

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Protests were not as large on 27 January because preparations were being made for the planned large-scale uprising on 28 January. The Muslim Brotherhood declared full support for the protests, and members planned to take part during Friday's protests.[56] Reformer and opposition leader Mohamed ElBaradei promised to return in time for Friday's protests. ElBaradei also stated that if asked, he would take over as Egypt's president during the transitional period if Hosni Mubarak were to leave Egypt.[57]

Later in the day a protester of Bedouin descent was shot dead by the police in the North Sinai Region, bringing the death toll to seven.[58]

Suez continued to be a site of major uprising and conflict as more buildings were set on fire, including police posts. The population of Suez and the Sinai region were armed with firearms, and Suez and the nearby region experienced armed revolts by protesters.[53]

The death toll rose to at least eight as one protester happened to videotape a man being shot by police;[59] the man killed was identified as Mohamed Atef (22), a protester killed in Sheikh Zoweid.[60]

28 January – Friday of Anger

An Al Jazeera English report on the protests
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Thousands filled the streets across Egypt on Friday 28 January, dubbed the Friday of Anger (Template:Lang-ar.[61] [not verified in body][62] Shortly before 1:00 am local time, hours ahead of the expected massive anti-government protests, the Egyptian government shut down internet service, although some people were still able to communicate using alternative means.[63][64][65] Text messaging and mobile phone services also appeared to be blocked.[66] All mobile phone operators in Egypt have been instructed to suspend services in selected areas. Under Egyptian legislation the authorities have the right to issue such an order and the operators are obliged to comply.[67]

Shortly after Friday prayers, tens of thousands of Egyptians started protesting, and within hours the number rose to the hundreds of thousands. Potential presidential candidate Mohamed ElBaradei returned to Cairo and said that he planned to join the protesters.[68][69] ElBaradei has been leading the protests in Giza. On 28 January ElBaradei was arrested at an anti-government rally[70] and placed under house arrest.[71] ElBaradei told Al Jazeera the next day that he was unaware of his house arrest.[72]

Throughout the day, police fired tear gas, rubber bullets, and water cannons into crowds during violent clashes between authorities and anti-government protesters in Cairo, Alexandria, and throughout Egypt.[73] Thousands in Suez stormed and took control of the police station, and then freed all protesters held under arrest there.[74] In Port Said tens of thousands of protesters gathered and multiple government buildings were set ablaze.[74] In Suez, police shot and killed at least one man taking part in the protests.[75] The government issued a 6pm to 7am curfew, but protesters ignored it and were met by police tasked with enforcing it.[75] In the evening, protesters set fire to one of the National Democratic Party (NDP) headquarters buildings in Cairo.[76][77] While protesters paused for evening prayers, police continued firing tear gas.[78]

The Egyptian government deployed military in Cairo, Alexandria, and Suez to assist the police.[79][80] Protesters joined soldiers in protecting the Egyptian Museum, situated beside the burning ruling party headquarters.[81] Al Jazeera also reported that in Suez that the military wanted to avoid an openly armed confrontation with protesters.[82] The same was reported in Alexandria.

A delegation led by the chief of staff of Egypt’s armed forces, Lt. Gen. Sami Hafez Enan, was in Washington, D.C. when the visit was truncated due to the protests. The sessions, an annual country-to-country military coordination, were being led for the U.S. by Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs Alexander Vershbow. A meeting with Adm. Mike Mullen, chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, and other talks had been planned to extend to 2 February. However, in light of events in Egypt, the delegation left Washington to return home on 28 January.[83]

29 January

At a protest on 29 January, soldiers stay neutral.

Multiple and widespread protests continued, with protesters primarily calling "Down with Mubarak". Some chants of "the people and the army are one" were also heard, as the position of the army in the course of events continued to be critical but not entirely clear.[81] Around 1 or 2:00 pm local time, approximately 50,000 people had gathered in Tahrir Square, 10,000 gathered in Kafr-al-Sheikh, and additional protests were held throughout Egypt.[84] At about 1:00pm a curfew was announced by the army for Cairo, Alexandria and Suez from 4:00pm to 8:00am. The 6:00pm police curfew the previous day had had "almost no effect whatsoever", reported Al Jazeera English, and protesters continued to descend on Tahrir Square.[81] Protesters also gathered at the Ministry of Interior and three of them were killed by police when they tried to storm the building.[3]

Protesters were described by reporters as more confident than the previous day and earlier, and even celebratory as they felt they were nearing their objective—the end of Mubarak's presidency—although they had no tangible evidence that it was coming about.[81] An eyewitness told Al Jazeera that people of all ages, men and women were present. Despite the curfew people were on the streets and no one was attempting to stop them. Looting was also reported, while no police were visible on Cairo's streets. Though there were also attempts to loot the Egyptian Museum, people were reported to be protecting the "priceless artifacts." Some of them were found damaged, and two mummies were destroyed.[85][86] Access to the Pyramids in Giza was also closed citing the atmosphere. However, the resort town of Sharm-el Shaikh was said to be calm.

As of 29 January, at least 105 people are known to have died, many or most of them shot, based on body counts at morgues.[81] The city of Suez has seen the most violence of the protests thus far. Eyewitness reports have suggested that the death toll there may be higher, though confirmation has been difficult due to a ban on media coverage in the area.[18] Some online activists have referred to Suez as Egypt's Sidi Bouzid, pointing to the Tunisian city around which that nation's 2011 protests centered.[87]

Eyewitnesses have said that "party thugs" associated with the Egyptian regime's Central Security Services bearing government-issued weapons have been looting in Cairo.[85] News from inside Alexandria as reported by an eye witness on Al Arabia News Channel via phone, that a group of people captured a number of armed civilians trying to break into a local bank and after some investigation they learned that those armed civilians were actually part of the "Egyptian Undercover Police" with orders to create chaos.[verification needed]

Casualties

Arrests

Rows of Egyptian Central Security Forces on the Day of Anger

Activists reported that security agents have detained a number of protesters who were taking part in the 25 January demonstration. Twenty-five people have been arrested at Asyut,[88] according to Gamal Eid, director of the Arabic Network for Human Rights Information (ANHRI). He also noted that security agents seized banners hoisted by the protesters.[88] Security sources said that Asyut's police arrested approximately 50 young people the night before the 25 January demonstration and confined them in Central Security trucks.[88] An estimated 860 protesters had been arrested by the beginning of demonstrations on Tuesday.[89]

Sources at the Muslim Brotherhood said a number of the group's members had been detained in Mohandessin before heading to join 25 January demonstration.[88] Essam al-Erian, the main spokesperson for the Muslim Brotherhood, was detained on 28 January,[73] along with other senior Muslim Brotherhood leaders.[90] Reports indicated more arrests on 29 January, following state televisions attempts to delegitimise the Muslim Brotherhood.

Ayman Nour, the founder of the liberal opposition El-Ghad Party, tweeted that his son was taken by an unmarked car.[89] Security forces arrested Guardian reporter Jack Shenker in Cairo, who secretly recorded his subsequent journey in a police van. After stopping near a government security headquarters outside the city, a policeman searched for Ayman Nour's son, however, the detainees overpowered him and escaped.[89] Mohammed ElBaradei was also reported to be under house arrest.[91]

Deaths

In the first days of the protests at least six recent cases of self-immolation have been reported in Egypt, including a man arrested while trying to set himself on fire in downtown Cairo.[92] Abdou Abdel-Moneim Jaafar, a 49-year-old restaurant owner, set himself alight in front of the Egyptian Parliament.[93][94] Those cases of self-immolation were inspired from, and began exactly one month after the acts of self-immolation in Tunisia where it triggered similar events. So far there have been four known people who have attempted Self-immolation: Abdou Abdel-Moneim Jaafar,[93][94] Mohammed Farouk Hassan,[95] Mohammed Ashour Sorour,[96] and Ahmed Hashim al-Sayyed who later died from his injuries.[97]

The death toll from the violence has risen to 54 dead and a thousand injured by the 28th.[82]

Major flash point Death toll by the 28th.
Alexandria 23.[82]
Suez 15.[82]
Cairo 15.[82]
The rest of North Sinai Region 1.[58]
Sheikh Zoweid 1.[60]
Aswan 0.[82]
Other places hit by protests (if any) 0.[58][82]

74 deaths had been reported up to the 29th.[98]

Domestic responses

Mohammed ElBaradei called for ousting the regime, as in Tunisia.[12] He said he was "proud of the protesters" and proud of the military, who by 29 January were the only state force on the streets of Cairo, with police nowhere to be seen. There were numerous individual public displays of affection and respect for soldiers manning positions on the streets.[99]

The head of the Egyptian Shura Council's Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee, and also a part of the ruling party, said he does not believe the protests have ended yet.[100]

The Muslim Brotherhood issued a statement following the speech reiterating demands for Mubarak's resignation and saying it was time for the military to intervene.[101]

The three Egyptian Christian denominations (Orthodox, Catholic and Evangelical) asked its followers not join the demonstrations on pretext that they do not know the goals of those who stand behind.[102] During his weekly sermon Pope Shenouda III asked his followers to be calm for the second day of demonstrations during his weekly sermon.[103] In spite of this, a number of young Christian activists joined the protests led by well-known Copts like member of the Wafd Party Raymond Lakah. Coptic thinker Rafiq Habib condemned the position of the Church but he stressed that the participation of Copts in the demonstrations are increasing day by day.[104]

Mubarak dismisses the government

On 29 January, in response to the previous days events, President Mubarak spoke on national television after midnight local time for the first time since the protests began. He said in his speech that despite a "point of no return" being crossed, national stability and law and order must prevail, that he had requested the government, formed only months ago, to step down, and that a new government would be formed.[105][106] He made no offer to step down himself.[107] On 29 January, Mubarak appointed Omar Suleiman, head of Egyptian Intelligence, as vice president,[108] and Ahmed Shafik as prime minister.[109]

Media censorship

A political cartoon by Carlos Latuff depicting Hosni Mubarak shutting down Internet, and about to be unplugged (ousted) by the country.

Beginning on the first day of protests the Egyptian government censored most of the media outlets inside Egypt and took measures to block social media websites[111] which had helped protesters to spread news about the events on the ground. The success of the protests has been partly attributed to the involvement of tech savvy youth all over Egypt who were able to overcome the government blockades on social media.

On 27 January, it was reported on Twitter by many Egyptian and foreign reporters on the ground that the government had blocked text messaging and BlackBerry messaging services.[112] Twitter was sporadically blocked,[113][114][115] then Facebook.[116][117] Al Jazeera said its television transmission had to be switched to another frequency as its signal on Nilesat was jammed.[118]

Starting just after midnight local time on the night of 27/28 January[20] the Egyptian government almost entirely cut off Egypt from the rest of the Internet[20][21][119] in an act of unprecedented[20][21] Internet censorship. About 3,500 Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) routes to Egyptian networks were shut down from about 12:10 am to 12:35 am 28 January.[20] The shutdown happened within the space of a few tens of minutes, not instantaneously. According to Renesys, Telecom Egypt started shutting down at 12:12am, Raya/Vodafone at 12:13am, Link Egypt at 12:17am, Etisalat Misr at 12:19am, and Internet Egypt at 12:25am.[20] Renesys interpreted the shutdown as people getting phone calls one at a time, telling them to take themselves off the air, rather than an automated system taking all providers down at once.[20] Facebook confirmed a decrease in traffic from Egypt.[120] A Border Gateway Protocol monitoring site in Vancouver, Canada, reported most of the primary AS (ISPs) dropping a large percentage if not all of route advertisements.[121] Virtually all of Egypt's Internet addresses were unreachable, worldwide.[122]

In response, the U.S. State Department spokesman Philip Crowley said that open communications must be allowed.[118] About 24 hours after the blackout began, cellphone and smartphone e-mail access were restored, including Vodafone and Mobinil, though internet access was reportedly still down.[123]

Despite the internet blackout, Egyptians abroad have been leading initiatives to spread the news that they get by calling their relatives' landlines.

Financial markets

On Wednesday 26 January, Egypt's EGX stock market index fell on speculation the instability would spread.[124] The EGX30 has dropped almost 1000 points since 13 January 2011. EGX dropped 6.1% on 26 January, and then another 6.2% on 27 January, before the chief of the stock market temporarily suspended trading[125] due to marked losses in the first minutes of the opening session. The stock index closed the day down by 10.5%.[126]

On 28 January, Fitch Ratings reduced Egypt's rating outlook to negative from stable, saying the upsurge in protests adds uncertainty to the political and economic outlook.[127] Egyptian dollar-denominated bond yields also rose to a record high as oil prices rose and global stock market indices sank.[128] International gold prices jumped more than US$20, the most in 12 weeks, to $1341.[129] The price of oil rose US$3.70 (4.3%) to US$89.34 on concern the instability would spread.[130]

Rumours of Mubarak's family's departure

Gamal Mubarak, President Hosni Mubarak's son—who has been widely tipped as his successor—was reported by the US-based Arabic website Akhbar al-Arab to have fled to London with his family on 25 January.[131] Later reports said that Mubarak's family did not, in fact, flee.[132] Al Jazeera's reporter in Cairo said that Gamal remained in Cairo and was attending a meeting of the ruling National Democratic Party.[53] On Saturday 29th it was reported that Gamal and Alaa Mubarak had arrived in London with their respective families.[133] Egyptian State Television has denied this report.[134]

International reactions

Supranational bodies

  • European Union European Union's foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton said Egyptian authorities should listen to their people, deal with their problems and respect their right to demonstrate, urging the "Egyptian authorities to respect and to protect the right of Egyptian citizens to manifest their political aspirations".[135]
  • United Nations United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon said that world leaders should see the Egyptian protests as a chance to address "legitimate concerns" of the Egyptian people. He also urged local authorities to refrain from violence. The High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay said that most of the frustration and angst has been caused by the emergency laws and urged the government to allow access to the Internet and mobile services. She also said measures should be taken to guarantee rights of peaceful assembly and expression.[136]

Asia

  •  People's Republic of China Foreign Ministry Spokesman Hong Lei states "Egypt is a friendly country of China. China follows the situation in Egypt and hopes it will maintain social stability and normal order" on January 27's regular press conference.[137] China blocked any search for the word "Egypt" from the most popular microblogging website and restricted information of the events in state media.[138] The extent and nature of the block is, however, disputed.[139]
  • Iran Iranian official[who?] called on Egypt to "abide by the rightful demands of the nation."[140] There were also "solidarity" protests outside the Egyptian interests section.[clarification needed]
  • Philippines Philippine Deputy Presidential Spokesperson Abigail Valte calls for peaceful end to strife in Egypt. Valte said the Philippine government was particularly concerned about the safety of the more than 6,500 Filipinos in Egypt. "We hope for a peaceful and just resolution to the political unrest currently taking place and the swift return to stability. We are monitoring the situation and our embassy in Cairo has contingencies in place and is prepared to relocate our citizens to safer areas. As always, the safety of our citizens is the paramount concern and we are doing what we can to anticipate and address their needs."[141]

Middle East

  • Israel Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and the Israeli Foreign Ministry announced on 28 January that they are keeping a close track of the situation in neighbouring Egypt, but are refraining from taking a political stance.[142] The Associated Press reported that security officials anonymously expressed concern the violence could threaten ties with its important ally and spread to the Palestinian Authority.[143] Several members of the Knesset (Israel’s parliament) have expressed opinions on the protests. Binyamin Ben-Eliezer, a Labor MK, said that "all we can do is express our" support for Mubarak and hope the riots pass quietly.[144] Ibrahim Sarsur, the leader of the United Arab Party, expressed “full support: for the protesters in Egypt." He added, " The Arab police states have given their peoples no other option but to take to the streets for a people’s revolution to topple the suppressing regimes and to free themselves from the control of dictators.”[145]
  • Libya Libyan Leader Muammar al-Gaddafi during a telephone conversation with Mubarak expressed confidence in the stability of the Egyptian society and preserving the gains of what Egypt have achieved. He expressed his wishes for the completion of Egypt's march towards the greater good and progress for its people and to continue its central role in the defense of issues of its nation.[146]
  • Saudi Arabia King Abdullah Bin Abdul-Aziz expressed support for Mubarak. "No Arab or Muslim can tolerate any meddling in the security and stability of Arab and Muslim Egypt by those who infiltrated the people in the name of freedom of expression, exploiting it to inject their destructive hatred. As they condemn this, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and its people and government declares it stands with all its resources with the government of Egypt and its people."[147] He also condemned the "people who tried to destabilise the security and stability of Egypt."[148] Thousands of Saudi and Egyptian passengers were stranded at the Cairo, Jeddah and Riyadh airports.[149] On 29 January, Saudi Arabia's Tadawul stock market index fell 6.4 percent, the most since May 25, 2010 on concern over Egypt's instability.[150]

Americas

  • Canada Foreign Affairs Minister Lawrence Cannon said Egypt remains an important partner for Canada and that "We urge the Egyptian government to ensure full freedom of political expression for its citizens." The Canadian embassy in Egypt said it was closely monitoring the situation.[151] *On January 28, Egyptians living in Canada gathered at the embassy in Ottawa as well as the consulate in Montréal. There were also protests in Toronto's Dundas Square and Edmonton's Churchill Square, the next day.
  • Brazil The Brazilian government issued a statement calling for a "political evolution that meets the expectations of their people in a peaceful environment, bereft of foreign interference, so as to foster the ongoing economic and social development" and remembered that "Egypt is an important Mercosur partner".[152]
U.S. President Barack Obama speaks on the phone with Mubarak during the protests.

Violence will not address the grievances of the Egyptian people, and suppressing ideas never succeeds in making them go away....Around the world governments have an obligation to respond to their citizens....All governments must maintain power through consent, not coercion. That is the single standard by which the people of Egypt will achieve the future they deserve.

— Barack Obama[153][154][155]
  • United States U.S. President Barack Obama delivered a televised speech, noting that he had spoken with the Egyptian president after his own televised address. Obama stated that his first concern is preventing injury or loss of life and remarked, "What's needed right now are concrete steps that advance the rights of the Egyptian people... Ultimately the future of Egypt will be determined by the Egyptian people. The United States will always be a committed partner to that future, with the Egyptian government, and with the Egyptian people." Speaking of governments responsibilities he said "Around the world governments have an obligation to respond to their citizens. That's true here in the United States; that's true in Asia; it is true in Europe; it is true in Africa; and it's certainly true in the Arab world, where a new generation of citizens has the right to be heard."[155] Obama further noted that in his Cairo speech he had stated, "All governments must maintain power through consent, not coercion," and called upon the Egyptian government to restore its people's access to the internet. He said "this moment of volatility has to be turned into a moment of promise", and called on all parties to refrain from violence in their efforts to bring about a solution.[156] Vice President Joseph Biden said Hosni Mubarak "has been an ally of ours in a number of things. And he’s been very responsible on, relative to geopolitical interest in the region, the Middle East peace efforts: the actions Egypt has taken relative to normalizing relationship with Israel."[157] US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said "The Egyptian government has an important opportunity to be responsive to the aspirations of the Egyptian people, and pursue political, economic and social reforms that can improve their lives and help Egypt prosper."[158] US Ambassador Margaret Scobey later commented: "we call on the Egyptian authorities to allow peaceful public demonstrations."[159] The White House Press Secretary Robert Gibbs posted a statement on Twitter expressing concern "about violence in Egypt" adding that "government must respect the rights of the Egyptian people & turn on social networking and the internet".[160]
  • Venezuela The Egyptian embassy in Venezuela was temporarily taken over by Venezuelans of Egyptian descent,[161] an action which was condemned by Venezuelan President Hugo Chavez.[162]

Europe

  • Belgium Belgium's Foreign minister Steven Vanackere deplored the deaths. He hopes that the protest will strengthen the process of democratisation and the socio-economic reform in Egypt. He also pointed out the importance of freedom of speech and media.[163]
  • Finland The Foreign Minister of Finland Alexander Stubb, called his Egyptian counterpart[who?] expressing Finland's strong hopes that the conflict is resolved peacefully. In a statement on the Finnish foreign ministry's website Stubb says among other things "Everyone should now strive to steady the situation quickly so that there would be no further fatalities or injuries. Finland condemns the use of force." He further expressed concern over the blocking of communications.[164]
  • France The Egyptian embassy in France was also a location for protests.
  • Germany Germany's Foreign Minister Guido Westerwelle said he was "very concerned" and called on all involved to show restraint.[165] Later Angela Merkel called upon all involved, and especially the Egyptian government and the president, to allow peaceful demonstrations, to give the freedom of opinion a chance. "We have to come to a peaceful dialogue in Egypt because the stability of the country is of extraordinary importance." [166]
  • Republic of Ireland Egyptians in Ireland and members of the Irish Anti-War Movement held a protest outside the embassy in Dublin on 28 January to "show solidarity for the people in Egypt to say to them that we are behind you and we support you."[167]
  • Italy Italy's Foreign Ministry gave a statement where they expressed deep regret over the civilian casualties, urged the immediate cessation of every kind of violence, and respect for civil rights and for freedom of speech and communication, including the right to hold peaceful rallies. They also pointed out that Egypt's stability is a priority for their country.[166]
  • Netherlands The Netherlands' Minister of Foreign Affairs Uri Rosenthal called on "the Egyptian autorities to stop violence, allow the media for all the people and asks the international community to stay on one line to Egypt."[168]
  • Norway Norway's Minister of Foreign Affairs Jonas Gahr Støre called on the Egyptian authorities to refrain from violence, allow peaceful protests and respect basic political and economical rights. "I deeply regret that lives have been lost during these demonstrations. The right to free speech and to demonstrate are basic human rights and prerequisites for democratic development. The extensive demonstrations can be viewed as a sign that there are limits to political free speech in Egypt."[169]
  • Sweden Sweden's foreign minister Carl Bildt criticised Egypt for blocking the internet, comparing it to Myanmar in 2007. "In the long run, free access to information is better for confidence and stability than restrictions and prohibitions. Measures such as this that aim at short-term stability may very well lead to more long-term suppression."[170]
  • Switzerland The president of the Swiss Confederation and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Micheline Calmy-Rey, said she was "worried about the increasing violence in Egypt". She calls on the Egyptian government to "respect freedom of speech and of assembly".[171]
  • United Kingdom United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary William Hague called on the authorities and protesters in Egypt to show restraint and avoid violence. He urged the Egyptian authorities to "listen to the concerns" of demonstrators.[172]

Non-governmental organizations

  • Hacktivist group Anonymous has attacked multiple government websites and is preparing a press release calling for support of the Egyptian people.[173]
  • Human Rights Watch said Egyptian police had escalated the use of force against largely peaceful demonstrations and called it, "wholly unacceptable and disproportionate".[174]
  • Salil Shetty, head of Amnesty International, believes Hosni Mubarak's decision to fire his cabinet will not stop anti-government protests.[175]

See also

References

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