1998 East Java ninja scare
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The 1998 East Java ninja scare was an outbreak of mass hysteria in East Java, Indonesia, in which the local population believed they were being targeted by sorcerers. In response, unidentified vigilantes, known as ninja due to their all-black garb, killed a number of suspected sorcerers, including religious leaders. In response to these killings, other Indonesians attacked and killed suspected ninjas.[1][2] The scare began in February, with most of the deaths during the scare occurring between August and September.[3]
The killings largely ended by the end of 1998, but another group of similar killings occurred in December 1999.[4][5]
According to the National Commission on Human Rights, 307 people were killed during the scare in total: 194 people in Banyuwangi, 108 in Jember, and seven in Malang.[6]
Background
[edit]According to Jason Brown, Banyuwangi is a centre of belief in black magic in Indonesia. Black magic practiced in Banyuwangi is a mix of animist beliefs and Islamic mysticism which developed from inter-religious conflict during the 16th century Mataram court period. Belief in black magic, or dukun santet, is widespread in the area.[7] Suspected sorcerers were also killed in Indonesia in 1965.[6]
Indonesia saw other political and economic tensions during 1998, including the May riots and the resignation of President Suharto.[6]
Events
[edit]In early 1998, residents in Kaligondo, Banyuwangi Regency became concerned with sorcery after multiple cattle became sick and died. Local resident Soemarno Adi was suspected and was lynched on 4 February. His death sparked a number of other killings by vigilante groups. Some vigilantes dressed in all black, leading to them being called ninjas. Most victims were ordinary civilians, local leaders, or clerics affiliated with Nahdlatul Ulama.[6]
In response, communities targeted by the sorcerer killings began to attack and kill suspected ninjas, many of whom were people out after dark or without identity documents. The killing of suspected ninja spread to Central and West Java, although no killings by suspected ninja had been reported in those regions. By November, police in Central Java had detained around 200 mentally ill people, as they were at risk of being attacked if they were out at night and unable to explain themselves.[8]
On 18 October 1998, five men were killed in the Turen area. One was beaten to death, one was burned and three were beheaded. On 20 October 1998, three killings occurred. Two had been seized from a police car by vigilantes who reportedly slit their throats; the third man was beheaded and his head paraded around on a stake.[3]
On 24 October at Gondanglegi, Malang Regency, another five suspected ninjas were killed by villagers. One victim was burnt to death while another one was beheaded.[citation needed] On 31 October and 1 November, three policemen were killed in Madura after being suspected to be ninjas[citation needed]. On 31 October, one man in north Jakarta was attacked on suspicions of being a ninja, marking the first time the scare had impacted Jakarta.[1]
Local press reports
[edit]On 1 October 1998, the Surabaya Post reported "a rumour about the existence of attacks by ninja-like squads" that were targeting "community leaders as well as ulama". In response, the neighbors of ulamas began organizing guard shifts "around the houses of ulamas who have become targets". On 4 October 1998, the Jawa Post reported that "prayer teachers are in the sights of groups of dozens of killers who wear all-black clothes and masks like ninjas".[9]
Theories
[edit]There have been a number of theories regarding who was behind killings.
Some have argued that the killings were encouraged covertly by the military in an effort to destabilize the new Indonesian government, or to weaken Nahdlatul Ulama or the emerging Islamic the National Awakening Party. Nahdlatul Ulama has claimed that security forces were involved. The National Commission on Human Rights concluded in 2018 that the murders were "conducted by 'trained' and 'organized' assailants, and that national security forces enabled the killings by not intervening until September 1998.[6]
Impacts
[edit]The killings sparked discussion on the legal regulation of sorcery, to discourage individuals from "taking the law into their own hands".[6]
References
[edit]- ^ a b "E Java mob lynches three policemen". The Nation. Agence France-Presse. 1998-11-03. pp. A6.
- ^ "'Ninja' killings defy easy analysis". The Telegraph-Herald. Knight Ridder News Service. 1998-12-29. pp. 7A.
- ^ a b Kristof, Nicholas D. (20 October 1998). "Fears of Sorcerers Spur Killings in Java". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
- ^ "Ninja-style murder spree returns to Indonesia". Daily News. Reuters. 1999-12-27.
- ^ Heriwati, Retno (2000-01-06). "Ninja killers haunt Indonesia again". Daily News. Reuters. p. 10.
- ^ a b c d e f Yulisman, Linda (2023-08-01). "25 years after bloody witch hunts in East Java, cases remain unresolved". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 2024-10-17.
- ^ Brown, Jason (2000). "The Banyuwangi murders". Inside Indonesia.
- ^ "Businessmen lynched by Central Java mob". The Nation. Agence France-Presse. 1998-11-08.
- ^ Herriman, Nicholas (3 May 2016). "Hunting and killing ninjas in Indonesia". New Mandala.
Further reading
[edit]- Herriman, Nicholas (2016). Witch-hunt and conspiracy: the 'ninja case' in East Java. Singapore: NUS Press. ISBN 978-981-4722-33-9.