1938 Austrian Anschluss referendum
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A sham referendum on the Anschluss with Germany was held in German-occupied Austria on 10 April 1938,[1] alongside one in Germany.[2] German troops had already occupied Austria one month earlier, on 12 March 1938. The official result was reported as 99.73% in favour,[3] with a 99.71% turnout.[4]
The Austrian government had planned a referendum to assert its sovereignty for 13 March 1938, but Germany invaded Austria the day before in order to prevent the vote taking place.
Political enemies (communists, socialists, etc.) and Austrian citizens of Roma or Jewish origin—roughly 360,000 people or 8% of the Austrian population—were not allowed to vote in the plebiscite.[5][6]
Background
[edit]After the end of World War I, the newly founded Austria claimed sovereignty over the majority German-speaking territory of the former Habsburg empire. According to its provisional constitution it declared to be part of the also newly founded German Republic. Later plebiscites [7] in Tyrol and Salzburg in 1921, where majorities of 98.77%[8] and 99.11%[9] voted for a unification with Germany, showed that it was also backed by the population.
In September 1919 Austria had to sign the Treaty of Saint Germain, which not only meant significant losses of territory, but also a forced change of name from "German Austria" to "Austria". Furthermore, Article 88 of the treaty stated that "the independence of Austria is inalienable otherwise than with the consent of the Council of the League of Nations", to prevent any attempt to unite with Germany.
Campaign
[edit]The referendum was supported by the Social Democratic Party of Austria, whose leader Karl Renner endorsed Adolf Hitler on 3 April and Cardinal Theodor Innitzer, the highest representative of the Catholic Church in Austria,[10] which meant that about two-thirds of Austrians could be counted on to vote for the Anschluss.[5] However, Innitzer was intimidated into endorsing Anschluss and was assaulted by Nazi supporters,[11] and the Vatican condemned Nazism and forbade Catholics from supporting the Anschluss.[12]
Conduct
[edit]Hitler's forces suppressed all opposition. Before the first German soldier crossed the border, Heinrich Himmler and a few Schutzstaffel (SS) officers landed in Vienna to arrest prominent representatives of the First Republic, such as Richard Schmitz, Leopold Figl, Friedrich Hillegeist, and Franz Olah. During the few weeks between the Anschluss and the plebiscite, authorities rounded up Social Democrats, Communists, other potential political dissenters, and Austrian Jews, and imprisoned them or sent them to concentration camps. Within a few days of 12 March, 70,000 people had been arrested. The disused northwest railway station in Vienna was converted into a makeshift concentration camp.[13] American historian Evan Burr Bukey warned that the plebiscite result needs to be taken with "great caution".[5] The plebiscite was subject to large-scale Nazi propaganda and to the abrogation of the voting rights of around 360,000 people (8% of the eligible voting population), mainly political enemies such as former members of left-wing parties and Austrian citizens of Jewish or Romani origin.[14][15][16][5]
The ballots featured a large circle for 'yes' votes and a small one for 'no' votes. This was described as a nudge.[17] Several other claims were made that the vote was rigged.[18] The result was "... the outcome of opportunism, ideological conviction, massive pressure, occasional vote rigging, and a propaganda machine that Austria's political culture had never before experienced."[19] The massive pressure to which people were exposed came from the fact that many were marking the ballot paper in front of the campaign workers in order not to be suspected of voting against the Anschluss.[20] The secrecy of the ballot was in practice non-existent.[21] However, Life in 1938 claimed that the results of the referendum and its German counterpart were "largely honest".[22] However, according to the estimates of the Austrian government, with the voting age of 24, about 70% of Austrians would have voted to preserve the Austrian independence.[23] In case of a fair plebiscite, the Anschluss would have been supported only by 20% of the Austrian population.[24][25] According to some Gestapo reports, only a quarter to a third of Austrian voters in Vienna were in favour of the Anschluss,[26] while in most rural areas, especially in Tyrol, the support for the Anschluss was even lower.[27]
Results
[edit]The referendum question was:
Do you agree with the reunification of Austria with the German Reich that was enacted on 13 March 1938 and do you vote for the party of our leader Adolf Hitler?
The officially published results showed 99.73% of voters in favour.
| Choice | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|
| For | 4,453,912 | 99.73 | |
| Against | 11,929 | 0.27 | |
| Total | 4,465,841 | 100.00 | |
| Valid votes | 4,465,841 | 99.87 | |
| Invalid/blank votes | 5,777 | 0.13 | |
| Total votes | 4,471,618 | 100.00 | |
| Registered voters/turnout | 4,484,617 | 99.71 | |
| Source: Direct Democracy | |||
Aftermath
[edit]After the referendum's "approval", Austria was integrated as several administrative divisions into Nazi Germany.
References
[edit]Citations
- ^ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p176 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
- ^ Nohlen & Stöver, p762
- ^ Austria, 10 April 1938: Anschluss with Germany, Reichstag list Direct Democracy (in German)
- ^ The propagandistic preparation for the referendum Archived April 4, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Documentation Centre of Austrian Resistance (in German)
- ^ a b c d Bukey 2000, p. 38.
- ^ Gellately & Stoltzfus 2001, p. 216.
- ^ Scharf, Michaela. "Austrian attempts to unite with Germany from the founding of the republic to the referendums in Tyrol and Salzburg in 1921". The First World War. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
- ^ 24. April 1921: Anschluss with Germany Direct Democracy (in German)
- ^ 29. Mai 1921: Anschluss with Germany Direct Democracy (in German)
- ^ Bukey 2000, p. 36.
- ^ Krieger, Walter (1980). Kardinal Dr. Theodor Innitzer und der Nationalsozialismus (in German). pp. 7–8.
- ^ Phayer, John Michael (2000). The Catholic Church and the Holocaust, 1930–1965 (PDF). Indiana University Press. p. 22.
- ^ Staff (28 March 1938) "Austria: 'Spring Cleaning'" Time
- ^ Staff (ndg). "Austria". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
- ^ Staff (ndg). "Anschluss". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
- ^ "Die propagandistische Vorbereitung der Volksabstimmung". Austrian Resistance Archive. 1988. Archived from the original on 4 April 2007. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
- ^ Sammut, Gordon; Bauer, Martin W. (7 January 2021). The Psychology of Social Influence: Modes and Modalities of Shifting Common Sense. Cambridge University Press. pp. 207–208. ISBN 978-1-108-24441-1. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
- ^ Bukey 2000, p. 34.
- ^ Günther Bischof, Fritz Plasser, Barbara Stelzl-Marx eds. 2009. New Perspectives on Austrian and World War II. In: Contemporary Austrian Studies, Volume 17. New Brunswick. p.11.
- ^ Wilhelm J. Wagner: Der große Bildatlas zur Geschichte Österreichs. Kremayr & Scheriau, 1995, (chapter „Heim ins Reich“).
- ^ Sandra Paweronschitz. 2006. Zwischen Anspruch und Anpassung. Journalisten und der Presseclub Concordia im Dritten Reich. Wien. p.21
- ^ "Germans from England - "Ja" on a Special Trip Out to Sea". Life. 1938-05-02. p. 21. Retrieved November 28, 2011.
- ^ Knaur, Peter (1951). The International Relations of Austria and the Anschluss 1931–1938. University of Wyoming. pp. 367–369.
- ^ Knaur, Peter (1951). The International Relations of Austria and the Anschluss 1931–1938. University of Wyoming. p. 370.
- ^ von Halasz, Joachim (1938). Adolf Hitler from speeches 1933-1938. Terramare Office. p. 23.
- ^ J. Evans 2006, p. 655.
- ^ "1938: Austria". MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 8 September 2009. Retrieved 11 March 2007.
Bibliography
- Bukey, Evan Burr (2000). Hitler's Austria : popular sentiment in the Nazi era, 1938-1945. Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0807853631.
- Gellately, Robert; Stoltzfus, Nathan (2001). Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-08684-2.
- J. Evans, Richard (2006). The Third Reich in Power, 1933-1939. Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-100976-6.
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