.bss
In computer programming, the block starting symbol (abbreviated to .bss or bss) is the portion of an object file, executable, or assembly language code that contains statically allocated variables that are declared but have not been assigned a value yet. It is often referred to as the "bss section" or "bss segment".
Typically only the length of the bss section, but no data, is stored in the object file. The program loader allocates memory for the bss section when it loads the program. By placing variables with no value in the .bss section, instead of the .data or .rodata section which require initial value data, the size of the object file is reduced.
On some platforms, some or all of the bss section is initialized to zeroes. Unix-like systems and Windows initialize the bss section to zero, which can thus be used for C and C++ statically allocated variables that are initialized to all zero bits. Operating systems may use a technique called zero-fill-on-demand to efficiently implement the bss segment.[1] In embedded software, the bss segment is mapped into memory that is initialized to zero by the C run-time system before main() is entered. Some C run-time systems may allow part of the bss segment not to be initialized; C variables must explicitly be placed into that portion of the bss segment.[2]
On some computer architectures, the application binary interface also supports an sbss segment for "small data". Typically, these data items can be accessed using shorter instructions that may only be able to access a certain range of addresses. Architectures supporting thread-local storage might use a tbss section for uninitialized, static data marked as thread-local.[3]
Origin
[edit]
Historically, BSS (from Block Started by Symbol) is a pseudo-operation in UA-SAP (United Aircraft Symbolic Assembly Program), the assembler developed in the mid-1950s for the IBM 704 by Roy Nutt, Walter Ramshaw, and others at United Aircraft Corporation.[4][5] The BSS keyword was later incorporated into FORTRAN Assembly Program[6] (FAP) and Macro Assembly Program[7] (MAP), IBM's standard assemblers for its 709 and 7090/94 computers. It defined a label (i.e. symbol) and reserved a block of uninitialized space for a given number of words.[8] In this situation BSS served as a shorthand in place of individually reserving a number of separate smaller data locations. Some assemblers support a complementary or alternative directive BES, for Block Ended by Symbol, where the specified symbol corresponds to the end of the reserved block.[9]
BSS in C
[edit]In C, statically allocated objects without an explicit initializer are initialized to zero (for arithmetic types) or a null pointer (for pointer types). Implementations of C typically represent zero values and null pointer values using a bit pattern consisting solely of zero-valued bits (despite filling bss with zero is not required by the C standard, all variables in .bss are required to be individually initialized to some sort of zeroes according to Section 6.7.8 of C ISO Standard 9899:1999 or section 6.7.9 for newer standards). Hence, the BSS segment typically includes all uninitialized objects (both variables and constants) declared at file scope (i.e., outside any function) as well as uninitialized static local variables (local variables declared with the static keyword); static local constants must be initialized at declaration, however, as they do not have a separate declaration, and thus are typically not in the BSS section, though they may be implicitly or explicitly initialized to zero. An implementation may also assign statically-allocated variables and constants initialized with a value consisting solely of zero-valued bits to the BSS section.
Peter van der Linden, a C programmer and author, says, "Some people like to remember it as 'Better Save Space'. Since the BSS segment only holds variables that don't have any value yet, it doesn't actually need to store the image of these variables. The size that BSS will require at runtime is recorded in the object file, but BSS (unlike the data segment) doesn't take up any actual space in the object file."[10]
BSS in Fortran
[edit]In Fortran, common block variables are allocated in this segment.[11] Some compilers may, for 64-bit instruction sets, limit offsets, in instructions that access this segment, to 32 bits, limiting its size to 2 GB or 4 GB.[12][13][14] Also, note that Fortran does not require static data to be initialized to zero. On those systems where the bss segment is initialized to zero, putting common block variables and other static data into that segment guarantees that it will be zero, but for portability, programmers should not depend on that.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ McKusick, Marshall Kirk; Karels, Michael J. (1986). "A New Virtual Memory Implementation for Berkeley UNIX" (PDF). University of California, Berkeley. p. 3. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.368.432.
- ^ "Memory Sections". AVR Libc Home page.
- ^ "ELF Special Sections". Linux Standard Base PDA Specification 3.0RC1.
- ^ Network Dictionary. Javvin Press, 2007, p. 70.
- ^ Coding for the MIT-IBM 704 Computer October 1957, p. V-10
- ^ FORTRAN ASSEMBLY PROGRAM (FAP) for the IBM 709/7090 (PDF). IBM. 1961. p. 30. J28-6098-1. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
- ^ IBM 7090/7094 IBSYS Operating System Version 13 Macro Assembly Program (MAP) Language (PDF). IBM. 1963. C28-6392-4.
- ^ Timar, Ted; et al. (1996). "Unix - Frequently Asked Questions (1/7)". Question 1.3.
- ^ Free Software Foundation, Inc. "38.9. Directives". Using as: Using as, the Gnu Assembler. Archived from the original on March 19, 2014. Retrieved Feb 22, 2014.
- ^ Peter van der Linden, Expert C Programming: Deep C Secrets, Prentice Hall 1994, p. 141
- ^ How does Fortran 77 allocate common-block variables?
- ^ "IBM RS/6000 and PowerPC Options". Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) – GCC 7.2.0.
- ^ "SPARC Options". Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) – GCC 7.2.0.
- ^ "x86 Options". Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) – GCC 7.2.0.
- Stevens, W. Richard (1992). Advanced Programming in the Unix Environment. Addison–Wesley. Section 7.6. ISBN 0-201-56317-7.