Harvard University: Difference between revisions
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| country = United States |
| country = United States |
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| coordinates = {{Coord|42|22|28|N|71|07|01|W|region:US-MA_type:edu|display=title,inline}} |
| coordinates = {{Coord|42|22|28|N|71|07|01|W|region:US-MA_type:edu|display=title,inline}} |
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| campus = Midsize city<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Harvard&s=all&id=166027|title=IPEDS – Harvard University|access-date=October 28, 2022|archive-date=October 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028192553/https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Harvard&s=all&id=166027|url-status=live}}</ref> |
| campus = Midsize city |
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| campus_size = {{Convert|209|acre|ha}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Harvard&s=all&id=166027|title=IPEDS – Harvard University|access-date=October 28, 2022|archive-date=October 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028192553/https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Harvard&s=all&id=166027|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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| campus_size = {{Convert|209|acre|ha}} |
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| sporting_affiliations = {{hlist|[[NCAA Division I]] [[NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision|FCS]] – [[Ivy League]]|[[ECAC Hockey]]|[[New England Intercollegiate Sailing Association|NEISA]]|[[Collegiate Water Polo Association|CWPA]]|[[Intercollegiate Rowing Association|IRA]]|[[Eastern Association of Women's Rowing Colleges|EAWRC]]|[[Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges|EARC]]|[[Eastern Intercollegiate Ski Association|EISA]]}} |
| sporting_affiliations = {{hlist|[[NCAA Division I]] [[NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision|FCS]] – [[Ivy League]]|[[ECAC Hockey]]|[[New England Intercollegiate Sailing Association|NEISA]]|[[Collegiate Water Polo Association|CWPA]]|[[Intercollegiate Rowing Association|IRA]]|[[Eastern Association of Women's Rowing Colleges|EAWRC]]|[[Eastern Association of Rowing Colleges|EARC]]|[[Eastern Intercollegiate Ski Association|EISA]]}} |
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| sports_nickname = [[Harvard Crimson|Crimson]] |
| sports_nickname = [[Harvard Crimson|Crimson]] |
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'''Harvard University''' is a [[Private university|private]] [[Ivy League]] [[research university]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]. Founded in 1636 as [[Harvard College]] and named for its first benefactor, [[History of the Puritans in North America|Puritan]] clergyman [[John Harvard (clergyman)|John Harvard]], it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Its influence, wealth, and rankings have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world. |
'''Harvard University''' is a [[Private university|private]] [[Ivy League]] [[research university]] in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]. Founded in 1636 as [[Harvard College]] and named for its first benefactor, [[History of the Puritans in North America|Puritan]] clergyman [[John Harvard (clergyman)|John Harvard]], it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Its influence, wealth, and rankings have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.<ref>Examples include: |
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# {{cite book|title=Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University|url=https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod0000kell|url-access=registration|last1=Keller|first1=Morton|last2=Keller|first2=Phyllis|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-514457-0|quote=Harvard's professional schools... won world prestige of a sort rarely seen among social institutions. [...] Harvard's age, wealth, quality, and prestige may well shield it from any conceivable vicissitudes.|year=2001|pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod0000kell/page/463 463]–481}} |
# {{cite book|title=Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University|url=https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod0000kell|url-access=registration|last1=Keller|first1=Morton|last2=Keller|first2=Phyllis|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-514457-0|quote=Harvard's professional schools... won world prestige of a sort rarely seen among social institutions. [...] Harvard's age, wealth, quality, and prestige may well shield it from any conceivable vicissitudes.|year=2001|pages=[https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod0000kell/page/463 463]–481}} |
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# {{Cite book|title=How Harvard Rules: Reason in the Service of Empire|quote=... [Harvard's] tremendous institutional power and prestige [...] Within the nation's (arguably) most prestigious institution of higher learning ...|chapter=Sexual Shakedown|pages=[https://archive.org/details/howharvardrulesr00trum/page/326 326–336]|year=1989|publisher=South End Press|isbn=0-89608-284-9|editor1-first=John|last=Spaulding|first=Christina|editor-last=Trumpbour|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/howharvardrulesr00trum/page/326}} |
# {{Cite book|title=How Harvard Rules: Reason in the Service of Empire|quote=... [Harvard's] tremendous institutional power and prestige [...] Within the nation's (arguably) most prestigious institution of higher learning ...|chapter=Sexual Shakedown|pages=[https://archive.org/details/howharvardrulesr00trum/page/326 326–336]|year=1989|publisher=South End Press|isbn=0-89608-284-9|editor1-first=John|last=Spaulding|first=Christina|editor-last=Trumpbour|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/howharvardrulesr00trum/page/326}} |
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# {{Cite news |last=Leonhardt |first=David |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/weekinreview/17leonhardt.html |title=Ending Early Admissions: Guess Who Wins? |date=September 17, 2006 |work=The New York Times |access-date=March 27, 2020 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |quote=The most prestigious college in the world, of course, is Harvard, and the gap between it and every other university is often underestimated. |archive-date=March 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327234643/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/weekinreview/17leonhardt.html |url-status=live }} |
# {{Cite news |last=Leonhardt |first=David |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/weekinreview/17leonhardt.html |title=Ending Early Admissions: Guess Who Wins? |date=September 17, 2006 |work=The New York Times |access-date=March 27, 2020 |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |quote=The most prestigious college in the world, of course, is Harvard, and the gap between it and every other university is often underestimated. |archive-date=March 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327234643/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/weekinreview/17leonhardt.html |url-status=live }} |
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# {{cite book |last1=Hoerr |first1=John |title=We Can't Eat Prestige: The Women Who Organized Harvard |year=1997 |url=https://archive.org/details/wecanteatprestig00hoer |url-access=registration |publisher=Temple University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/wecanteatprestig00hoer/page/3 3] |isbn=978-1-56639-535-9 }} |
# {{cite book |last1=Hoerr |first1=John |title=We Can't Eat Prestige: The Women Who Organized Harvard |year=1997 |url=https://archive.org/details/wecanteatprestig00hoer |url-access=registration |publisher=Temple University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/wecanteatprestig00hoer/page/3 3] |isbn=978-1-56639-535-9 }} |
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# {{cite magazine |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2018/09/america-private-college-tuition/569812/ |title=At Private Colleges, Students Pay for Prestige |magazine=The Atlantic |last=Wong |first=Alia |date=September 11, 2018 |quote=Americans tend to think of colleges as falling somewhere on a vast hierarchy based largely on their status and brand recognition. At the top are the Harvards and the Stanfords, with their celebrated faculty, groundbreaking research, and perfectly manicured quads. |access-date=May 17, 2020 |archive-date=February 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226171501/https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod0000kell |url-status=live }}</ref> |
# {{cite magazine |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2018/09/america-private-college-tuition/569812/ |title=At Private Colleges, Students Pay for Prestige |magazine=The Atlantic |last=Wong |first=Alia |date=September 11, 2018 |quote=Americans tend to think of colleges as falling somewhere on a vast hierarchy based largely on their status and brand recognition. At the top are the Harvards and the Stanfords, with their celebrated faculty, groundbreaking research, and perfectly manicured quads. |access-date=May 17, 2020 |archive-date=February 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226171501/https://archive.org/details/makingharvardmod0000kell |url-status=live }}</ref><!-- see [https://wiki.riteme.site/?oldid=591304650#Use_of_the_word_prestigious] and [https://wiki.riteme.site/wiki/Talk:Harvard_University/Archive_3#RfC%3A_Is_%22Prestigious%22_an_acceptable_term_to_use_in_the_Lead] for extensive, prior discussions and RfCs on the mention of prestige --> |
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Harvard's founding was authorized by the [[Massachusetts General Court|Massachusetts colonial legislature]], "dreading to leave an illiterate [[Minister (Christianity)|ministry]] to the churches". Though never formally affiliated with any [[Religious denomination|denomination]], in its early years [[Harvard College]] primarily trained [[Congregationalism in the United States|Congregational]] clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century. By the 19th century, Harvard emerged as the most prominent academic and cultural institution among the [[Boston Brahmin|Boston elite]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Harvard and the Boston Brahmins: A Study in Institutional and Class Development, 1800–1865|last=Story|first=Ronald|journal=Journal of Social History|volume=8|issue=3 |year=1975|pages=94–121|doi=10.1353/jsh/8.3.94|s2cid=147208647 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Farrell|first=Betty G.|title=Elite Families: Class and Power in Nineteenth-Century Boston|year=1993|isbn=0-7914-1593-7|publisher=State University of New York Press}}</ref> Following the [[American Civil War]], under President [[Charles William Eliot]]'s long tenure (1869–1909), the college developed multiple affiliated professional schools that transformed the college into a modern [[research university]]. In 1900, Harvard co-founded the [[Association of American Universities]].<ref name="AAU">{{cite web |title=Member Institutions and years of Admission |url=http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521132512/http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476 |archive-date=May 21, 2012 |access-date=August 28, 2010 |website=aau.edu |publisher=Association of American Universities |language=en-US}}</ref> [[James B. Conant]] led the university through the [[Great Depression]] and [[World War II]], and liberalized admissions after the war. |
Harvard's founding was authorized by the [[Massachusetts General Court|Massachusetts colonial legislature]], "dreading to leave an illiterate [[Minister (Christianity)|ministry]] to the churches". Though never formally affiliated with any [[Religious denomination|denomination]], in its early years [[Harvard College]] primarily trained [[Congregationalism in the United States|Congregational]] clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century. By the 19th century, Harvard emerged as the most prominent academic and cultural institution among the [[Boston Brahmin|Boston elite]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Harvard and the Boston Brahmins: A Study in Institutional and Class Development, 1800–1865|last=Story|first=Ronald|journal=Journal of Social History|volume=8|issue=3 |year=1975|pages=94–121|doi=10.1353/jsh/8.3.94|s2cid=147208647 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Farrell|first=Betty G.|title=Elite Families: Class and Power in Nineteenth-Century Boston|year=1993|isbn=0-7914-1593-7|publisher=State University of New York Press}}</ref> Following the [[American Civil War]], under President [[Charles William Eliot]]{{'s}} long tenure (1869–1909), the college developed multiple affiliated professional schools that transformed the college into a modern [[research university]]. In 1900, Harvard co-founded the [[Association of American Universities]].<ref name="AAU">{{cite web |title=Member Institutions and years of Admission |url=http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521132512/http://www.aau.edu/about/article.aspx?id=5476 |archive-date=May 21, 2012 |access-date=August 28, 2010 |website=aau.edu |publisher=Association of American Universities |language=en-US}}</ref> [[James B. Conant]] led the university through the [[Great Depression]] and [[World War II]], and liberalized admissions after the war. |
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The university is composed of ten academic faculties and the [[Harvard Radcliffe Institute]]. [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|The Faculty of Arts and Sciences]] offers study in a wide range of undergraduate and graduate [[academic discipline]]s, and other faculties offer only graduate degrees, including professional degrees. Harvard has three main campuses:<ref>{{cite web |title=Faculties and Allied Institutions |url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/09_03OrgChtFac.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611155105/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/09_03OrgChtFac.pdf |archive-date=June 11, 2010 |access-date=August 27, 2010 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Office of the Provost, Harvard University}}</ref> |
The university is composed of ten academic faculties and the [[Harvard Radcliffe Institute]]. [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|The Faculty of Arts and Sciences]] offers study in a wide range of undergraduate and graduate [[academic discipline]]s, and other faculties offer only graduate degrees, including professional degrees. Harvard has three main campuses:<ref>{{cite web |title=Faculties and Allied Institutions |url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/09_03OrgChtFac.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611155105/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/09_03OrgChtFac.pdf |archive-date=June 11, 2010 |access-date=August 27, 2010 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Office of the Provost, Harvard University}}</ref> the {{convert|209|acre|ha|adj=on}} Cambridge campus centered on [[Harvard Yard]]; an adjoining campus immediately across [[Charles River]] in the [[Allston]] neighborhood of [[Boston]]; and the medical campus in Boston's [[Longwood Medical and Academic Area|Longwood Medical Area]].<ref name="Campus">{{cite web |year=2012 |title=Faculties and Allied Institutions |url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/harvard_fact_book_2012_physical_plant.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000940/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/harvard_fact_book_2012_physical_plant.pdf |archive-date=May 23, 2013 |access-date=June 15, 2013 |publisher=Office of the Provost, Harvard University}}</ref> [[Harvard University endowment|Harvard's endowment]] is valued at $50.7 billion, making it the [[List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment|wealthiest academic institution]] in the world.<ref name=BGendow /><ref name=HFRendow/> Endowment income enables the undergraduate college to [[need-blind admission|admit students regardless of financial need]] and provide financial aid with no loans. According to the [[American Library Association]], Harvard University has the fourth-largest library by volumes held in the United States. |
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the {{convert|209|acre|ha|adj=on}} Cambridge campus centered on [[Harvard Yard]]; an adjoining campus immediately across [[Charles River]] in the [[Allston]] neighborhood of [[Boston]]; and the medical campus in Boston's [[Longwood Medical and Academic Area|Longwood Medical Area]].<ref name="Campus">{{cite web |year=2012 |title=Faculties and Allied Institutions |url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/harvard_fact_book_2012_physical_plant.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523000940/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/harvard_fact_book_2012_physical_plant.pdf |archive-date=May 23, 2013 |access-date=June 15, 2013 |publisher=Office of the Provost, Harvard University}}</ref> [[Harvard University endowment|Harvard's endowment]] is valued at $50.7 billion, making it the [[List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment|wealthiest academic institution]] in the world.<ref name=BGendow /><ref name=HFRendow/> Endowment income enables the undergraduate college to [[need-blind admission|admit students regardless of financial need]] and provide financial aid with no loans. According to the [[American Library Association]], Harvard University has the fourth-largest library by volumes held in the United States. |
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Harvard alumni, faculty, and researchers have included [[List of universities by number of billionaire alumni|188 living billionaires]], [[List of presidents of the United States by education|8 U.S. presidents]], numerous heads of state, founders of notable companies, [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation|Nobel laureates]], [[Fields Medalists]], [[United States Congress|members of Congress]], [[MacArthur Fellows]], [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholars]], [[Marshall Scholarship|Marshall Scholars]], [[Turing Award|Turing Award Recipients]], [[Pulitzer Prize]] winners, and [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Scholars]]; by most metrics, Harvard ranks among the top globally in each of these categories.<ref group="Notes" name="laureates">Universities adopt different metrics to claim Nobel or other academic award affiliates, some generous while others more stringent.<br />{{cite web|url=https://www.harvard.edu/about/history/nobel-laureates/ |title=The '''official''' Harvard count (which is '''49''' only includes academicians affiliated at the time of winning the prize. Yet, the figure can be up to '''some 160 Nobel affiliates''', the most worldwide, if visitors and professors of various ranks are all included (the most generous criterium), as what some other universities do.)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322165735/https://www.harvard.edu/about/history/nobel-laureates/ |archive-date=March 22, 2023 }} |
Harvard alumni, faculty, and researchers have included [[List of universities by number of billionaire alumni|188 living billionaires]], [[List of presidents of the United States by education|8 U.S. presidents]], numerous heads of state, founders of notable companies, [[List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation|Nobel laureates]], [[Fields Medalists]], [[United States Congress|members of Congress]], [[MacArthur Fellows]], [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholars]], [[Marshall Scholarship|Marshall Scholars]], [[Turing Award|Turing Award Recipients]], [[Pulitzer Prize]] winners, and [[Fulbright Program|Fulbright Scholars]]; by most metrics, Harvard ranks among the top globally in each of these categories.<ref group="Notes" name="laureates">Universities adopt different metrics to claim Nobel or other academic award affiliates, some generous while others more stringent.<br />{{cite web|url=https://www.harvard.edu/about/history/nobel-laureates/ |title=The '''official''' Harvard count (which is '''49''' only includes academicians affiliated at the time of winning the prize. Yet, the figure can be up to '''some 160 Nobel affiliates''', the most worldwide, if visitors and professors of various ranks are all included (the most generous criterium), as what some other universities do.)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322165735/https://www.harvard.edu/about/history/nobel-laureates/ |archive-date=March 22, 2023 }} |
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Harvard was founded in 1636 during the [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial]], pre-[[American Revolution|Revolutionary era]] by vote of the Great and General Court of [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]. Its first headmaster, [[Nathaniel Eaton]], took office the following year. In 1638, the university acquired [[British North America]]'s first known [[printing press]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Ireland |first=Corydon |date=March 8, 2012 |title=The instrument behind New England's first literary flowering |url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/03/harvard's-first-impressions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214002714/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/03/harvard%27s-first-impressions/ |archive-date=February 14, 2020 |access-date=January 18, 2014 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rowley and Ezekiel Rogers, The First North American Printing Press |url=http://www.hull.ac.uk/mhsc/FarHorizons/Documents/EzekielRogers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123223546/http://www.hull.ac.uk/mhsc/FarHorizons/Documents/EzekielRogers.pdf |archive-date=January 23, 2013 |access-date=January 18, 2014 |website=hull.ac.uk |publisher=Maritime Historical Studies Centre, University of Hull}}</ref> |
Harvard was founded in 1636 during the [[Colonial history of the United States|colonial]], pre-[[American Revolution|Revolutionary era]] by vote of the Great and General Court of [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]. Its first headmaster, [[Nathaniel Eaton]], took office the following year. In 1638, the university acquired [[British North America]]'s first known [[printing press]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Ireland |first=Corydon |date=March 8, 2012 |title=The instrument behind New England's first literary flowering |url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/03/harvard's-first-impressions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214002714/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/03/harvard%27s-first-impressions/ |archive-date=February 14, 2020 |access-date=January 18, 2014 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Rowley and Ezekiel Rogers, The First North American Printing Press |url=http://www.hull.ac.uk/mhsc/FarHorizons/Documents/EzekielRogers.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123223546/http://www.hull.ac.uk/mhsc/FarHorizons/Documents/EzekielRogers.pdf |archive-date=January 23, 2013 |access-date=January 18, 2014 |website=hull.ac.uk |publisher=Maritime Historical Studies Centre, University of Hull}}</ref> |
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In 1639, it was named [[Harvard College]] after [[John Harvard (clergyman)|John Harvard]], an English clergyman who had died soon after immigrating to Massachusetts, bequeathing it |
In 1639, it was named [[Harvard College]] after [[John Harvard (clergyman)|John Harvard]], an English clergyman who had died soon after immigrating to Massachusetts, bequeathing it {{Currency|780|GBP}} and his library of some 320 volumes.<ref>{{cite web |last=Harvard |first=John |title=John Harvard Facts, Information. |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/John_Harvard.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715230532/http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/John_Harvard.aspx |archive-date=July 15, 2009 |access-date=July 17, 2009 |website=encyclopedia.com |publisher=The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008 |language=en-US |quote=He bequeathed £780 (half his estate) and his library of 320 volumes to the new established college at Cambridge, Mass., which was named in his honor.}}</ref> The charter creating [[Harvard Corporation]] was granted in 1650. |
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A 1643 publication defined the college's purpose: "to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust."<ref>{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Louis B. |title=The Cultural Life of the American Colonies |publisher=Dover Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-486-42223-7 |edition=1st |publication-date=May 3, 2002 |page=116 |language=en-US}}</ref> The college trained many [[Puritans|Puritan]] ministers in its early years<ref>{{cite book|last1=Grigg|first1=John A.|last2=Mancall|first2=Peter C.|title=British Colonial America: People and Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6REfahE4TkwC&pg=PA47|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-025-4|page=47|access-date=May 7, 2016|archive-date=January 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102050308/https://books.google.com/books?id=6REfahE4TkwC&pg=PA47|url-status=live}}</ref> and offered a classic curriculum based on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the [[University of Cambridge]]{{mdashb}}conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. Harvard never affiliated with any particular denomination.<ref>{{cite web|author=Harvard Office of News and Public Affairs |url=http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/intro/index.html|title=Harvard guide intro|publisher=Harvard University|date=July 26, 2007|access-date=August 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726133429/http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/intro/index.html|archive-date=July 26, 2007}}</ref> |
A 1643 publication defined the college's purpose: "to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust."<ref>{{cite book |last=Wright |first=Louis B. |title=The Cultural Life of the American Colonies |publisher=Dover Publications |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-486-42223-7 |edition=1st |publication-date=May 3, 2002 |page=116 |language=en-US}}</ref> The college trained many [[Puritans|Puritan]] ministers in its early years<ref>{{cite book|last1=Grigg|first1=John A.|last2=Mancall|first2=Peter C.|title=British Colonial America: People and Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6REfahE4TkwC&pg=PA47|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-025-4|page=47|access-date=May 7, 2016|archive-date=January 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102050308/https://books.google.com/books?id=6REfahE4TkwC&pg=PA47|url-status=live}}</ref> and offered a classic curriculum based on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the [[University of Cambridge]]{{mdashb}}conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. Harvard never affiliated with any particular denomination.<ref>{{cite web|author=Harvard Office of News and Public Affairs |url=http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/intro/index.html|title=Harvard guide intro|publisher=Harvard University|date=July 26, 2007|access-date=August 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070726133429/http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/intro/index.html|archive-date=July 26, 2007}}</ref> |
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=== 20th century === |
=== 20th century === |
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[[File:Rummell, Richard Harvard University.jpg|thumb|A 1906 watercolor painting of the campus, facing northeast<ref>{{Cite web|title=An Iconic College View: Harvard University, circa 1900. Richard Rummell (1848–1924)|url=http://grahamarader.blogspot.com/2011/07/iconic-college-view-harvard-university.html|access-date=January 24, 2022|website=An Iconic College View|archive-date=April 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425163107/http://grahamarader.blogspot.com/2011/07/iconic-college-view-harvard-university.html|url-status=live}}</ref>]] |
[[File:Rummell, Richard Harvard University.jpg|thumb|A 1906 watercolor painting of the campus, facing northeast<ref>{{Cite web|title=An Iconic College View: Harvard University, circa 1900. Richard Rummell (1848–1924)|url=http://grahamarader.blogspot.com/2011/07/iconic-college-view-harvard-university.html|access-date=January 24, 2022|website=An Iconic College View|archive-date=April 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425163107/http://grahamarader.blogspot.com/2011/07/iconic-college-view-harvard-university.html|url-status=live}}</ref>]] |
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Harvard's graduate schools began admitting women in small numbers in the late 19th century. During [[World War II]], students at [[Radcliffe College]] (which, since its 1879 founding, had been paying Harvard professors to repeat their lectures for women) began attending Harvard classes alongside men.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schwager |first=Sally |title=Yards and Gates: Gender in Harvard and Radcliffe History |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2004 |isbn=1-4039-6098-4 |editor=Laurel Thatcher Ulrich |edition=1st |location=New York |page=115 |language=en-US |chapter=Taking up the Challenge: The Origins of Radcliffe}}</ref> In 1945, women were first admitted to the [[Harvard Medical School|medical school]].<ref>{{cite report |title=First class of women admitted to Harvard Medical School, 1945 |publisher=Countway Repository, Harvard University Library |url=http://repository.countway.harvard.edu/xmlui/handle/10473/1782 |access-date=May 2, 2016 |date= |archive-date=June 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623235357/http://repository.countway.harvard.edu/xmlui/handle/10473/1782 }}</ref> |
Harvard's graduate schools began admitting women in small numbers in the late 19th century. During [[World War II]], students at [[Radcliffe College]] (which, since its 1879 founding, had been paying Harvard professors to repeat their lectures for women) began attending Harvard classes alongside men.<ref>{{cite book |last=Schwager |first=Sally |title=Yards and Gates: Gender in Harvard and Radcliffe History |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2004 |isbn=1-4039-6098-4 |editor=Laurel Thatcher Ulrich |edition=1st |location=New York |page=115 |language=en-US |chapter=Taking up the Challenge: The Origins of Radcliffe}}</ref> In 1945, women were first admitted to the [[Harvard Medical School|medical school]].<ref>{{cite report |title=First class of women admitted to Harvard Medical School, 1945 |publisher=Countway Repository, Harvard University Library |url=http://repository.countway.harvard.edu/xmlui/handle/10473/1782 |access-date=May 2, 2016 |date= |archive-date=June 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623235357/http://repository.countway.harvard.edu/xmlui/handle/10473/1782 }}</ref> Since 1971, Harvard had controlled essentially all aspects of undergraduate admission, instruction, and housing for Radcliffe women; in 1999, Radcliffe was formally merged into Harvard.<ref>{{cite report |title=Radcliffe Enters Historic Merger With Harvard |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1999/4/21/radcliffe-enters-historic-merger-with-harvard |access-date=May 6, 2016 |date= |archive-date=October 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011031437/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1999/4/21/radcliffe-enters-historic-merger-with-harvard/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Since 1971, Harvard had controlled essentially all aspects of undergraduate admission, instruction, and housing for Radcliffe women; in 1999, Radcliffe was formally merged into Harvard.<ref>{{cite report |title=Radcliffe Enters Historic Merger With Harvard |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1999/4/21/radcliffe-enters-historic-merger-with-harvard |access-date=May 6, 2016 |date= |archive-date=October 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011031437/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1999/4/21/radcliffe-enters-historic-merger-with-harvard/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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In the 20th century, Harvard's reputation grew as its endowment burgeoned and prominent intellectuals and professors affiliated with the university. The university's rapid enrollment growth also was a product of both the founding of new graduate academic programs and an expansion of the [[Harvard College|undergraduate college]]. Radcliffe College emerged as the female counterpart of Harvard College, becoming one of the most prominent schools for women in the United States. In 1900, Harvard became a founding member of the [[Association of American Universities]].<ref name="AAU" /> |
In the 20th century, Harvard's reputation grew as its endowment burgeoned and prominent intellectuals and professors affiliated with the university. The university's rapid enrollment growth also was a product of both the founding of new graduate academic programs and an expansion of the [[Harvard College|undergraduate college]]. Radcliffe College emerged as the female counterpart of Harvard College, becoming one of the most prominent schools for women in the United States. In 1900, Harvard became a founding member of the [[Association of American Universities]].<ref name="AAU" /> |
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=== 21st century === |
=== 21st century === |
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[[File:Harvard Yard at Night 03.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of Harvard University at night in July 2017]] |
[[File:Harvard Yard at Night 03.jpg|thumb|An aerial view of Harvard University at night in July 2017]] |
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[[Drew Gilpin Faust]], who was dean of [[Harvard Radcliffe Institute]], became Harvard's first female president on July 1, 2007.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press|title=Harvard Board Names First Woman President|date=February 11, 2007|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17103390/ns/us_news-education/t/harvard-board-names-first-woman-president/|access-date=August 8, 2015|work=NBC News|archive-date=January 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17103390/ns/us_news-education/t/harvard-board-names-first-woman-president/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Faust retired and joined the board of [[Goldman Sachs]]. On July 1, 2018, [[Lawrence Bacow]] was appointed Harvard's [[President of Harvard University|29th president]].<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=February 11, 2018 |title=Harvard University names Lawrence Bacow its 29th president |language=en-US |work=Fox News |url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2018/02/11/harvard-university-names-lawrence-bacow-its-29th-president.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215084210/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2018/02/11/harvard-university-names-lawrence-bacow-its-29th-president.html |archive-date=February 15, 2018}}</ref> Bacow retired in 2023. |
[[Drew Gilpin Faust]], who was dean of [[Harvard Radcliffe Institute]], became Harvard's first female president on July 1, 2007.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press|title=Harvard Board Names First Woman President|date=February 11, 2007|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17103390/ns/us_news-education/t/harvard-board-names-first-woman-president/|access-date=August 8, 2015|work=NBC News|archive-date=January 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/17103390/ns/us_news-education/t/harvard-board-names-first-woman-president/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Faust retired and joined the board of [[Goldman Sachs]]. On July 1, 2018, [[Lawrence Bacow]] was appointed Harvard's [[President of Harvard University|29th president]].<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=February 11, 2018 |title=Harvard University names Lawrence Bacow its 29th president |language=en-US |work=Fox News |url=http://www.foxnews.com/us/2018/02/11/harvard-university-names-lawrence-bacow-its-29th-president.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215084210/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2018/02/11/harvard-university-names-lawrence-bacow-its-29th-president.html |archive-date=February 15, 2018}}</ref> Bacow retired in 2023. In February 2023, approximately 6,000 Harvard workers attempted to organize a union.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Quinn |first1=Ryan |title=Harvard Postdocs, Other Non-Tenure-Track Trying to Unionize |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2023/02/07/harvard-postdocs-other-non-tenure-track-trying-unionize |date=February 6, 2023 |publisher=Inside Higher Education |access-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208233548/https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2023/02/07/harvard-postdocs-other-non-tenure-track-trying-unionize |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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On July 1, 2023, [[Claudine Gay]], a Harvard professor in the Government and African American Studies departments and Dean of the [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Faculty of Arts and Sciences]], succeeded Bacow as the university's 30th president. In January 2024, Provost [[Alan Garber]] succeeded Gay as interim president after Gay resigned following [[Claudine Gay#Congressional hearing on antisemitism|allegations of antisemitism]] and [[Claudine Gay#Plagiarism investigations|plagiarism]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=HARVARD PRESIDENT CLAUDINE GAY RESIGNS, SHORTEST TENURE IN UNIVERSITY HISTORY |newspaper=The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/1/3/claudine-gay-resign-harvard/ |access-date=January 3, 2024 |archive-date=January 2, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102223704/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/1/3/claudine-gay-resign-harvard/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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In February 2023, approximately 6,000 Harvard workers attempted to organize a union.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Quinn |first1=Ryan |title=Harvard Postdocs, Other Non-Tenure-Track Trying to Unionize |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2023/02/07/harvard-postdocs-other-non-tenure-track-trying-unionize |date=February 6, 2023 |publisher=Inside Higher Education |access-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208233548/https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2023/02/07/harvard-postdocs-other-non-tenure-track-trying-unionize |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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On April 24, 2024, the student-led group Harvard out of Occupied Palestine (HOOP) established a [[Pro-Palestinian encampment protests on university campuses|pro-Palestinian encampment]] on [[Harvard Yard]]. As a result, the university blocked access to the yard. On May 14, 2024, HOOP ended the encampment, and President Garber released the following statement following the settlement per [[Harvard Magazine|''Harvard Magazine'']]: He would "facilitate a meeting with the chair of the Corporation Committee on Shareholder Responsibility and other University officials to address questions about the endowment", and that Garber and dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences [[Hopi Hoekstra]] will "meet with students to hear their perspectives on academic matters related to longstanding conflicts in the Middle East."<ref>{{Cite web |last=max_krupnick@harvard.edu |date=2024-05-20 |title=Update: Harvard Encampment Ends {{!}} Harvard Magazine |url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/node/86542 |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=www.harvardmagazine.com |language=en}}</ref> Over 20 students were placed on probation and 5 suspended from the university as a result of the encampment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harvard Students, Faculty Denounce Suspensions of Pro-Palestine Protesters {{!}} News {{!}} The Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2024/5/20/harvard-student-petition-disciplinary-action/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=www.thecrimson.com}}</ref> Additionally, 13 students were not allowed to walk at commencement, despite a faculty vote too allow them to do so.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> |
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== Campuses == |
== Campuses == |
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The Yard and adjacent areas include the main academic buildings of the [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Faculty of Arts and Sciences]], including the college, such as [[Sever Hall]] and [[Harvard Hall (Harvard University)|Harvard Hall]].[[File:harvard memorial church winter 2009.JPG|thumb|[[Memorial Church of Harvard University|Memorial Church]]]] [[List of Harvard dormitories|Freshman dormitories]] are in, or adjacent to, the Yard. Upperclassmen live in the twelve [[Harvard House system|residential houses]]{{snd}}nine south of the Yard near the [[Charles River]], the others half a mile northwest of the Yard at the [[Radcliffe Quadrangle (Harvard)|Radcliffe Quadrangle]] (which formerly housed [[Radcliffe College]] students). Each house is a community of undergraduates, faculty deans, and resident tutors, with its own dining hall, library, and recreational facilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dso.college.harvard.edu/houses |title=The Houses |publisher=Harvard College Dean of Students Office |access-date=December 13, 2019 |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214033329/https://dso.college.harvard.edu/houses |url-status=live }}</ref> |
The Yard and adjacent areas include the main academic buildings of the [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Faculty of Arts and Sciences]], including the college, such as [[Sever Hall]] and [[Harvard Hall (Harvard University)|Harvard Hall]].[[File:harvard memorial church winter 2009.JPG|thumb|[[Memorial Church of Harvard University|Memorial Church]]]] [[List of Harvard dormitories|Freshman dormitories]] are in, or adjacent to, the Yard. Upperclassmen live in the twelve [[Harvard House system|residential houses]]{{snd}}nine south of the Yard near the [[Charles River]], the others half a mile northwest of the Yard at the [[Radcliffe Quadrangle (Harvard)|Radcliffe Quadrangle]] (which formerly housed [[Radcliffe College]] students). Each house is a community of undergraduates, faculty deans, and resident tutors, with its own dining hall, library, and recreational facilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dso.college.harvard.edu/houses |title=The Houses |publisher=Harvard College Dean of Students Office |access-date=December 13, 2019 |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214033329/https://dso.college.harvard.edu/houses |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Also in Cambridge are the [[Harvard Law School|Law]], [[Harvard Divinity School|Divinity]] (theology), [[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences|Engineering and Applied Science]], [[Harvard Graduate School of Design|Design]] (architecture), [[Harvard Graduate School of Education|Education]], [[Harvard Kennedy School|Kennedy]] (public policy), and [[Harvard Extension School|Extension]] schools, as well as the [[Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study]] in Radcliffe Yard.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University |url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2022 |website=Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University |language=en |archive-date=October 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005022734/https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/ }}</ref> |
Also in Cambridge are the [[Harvard Law School|Law]], [[Harvard Divinity School|Divinity]] (theology), [[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences|Engineering and Applied Science]], [[Harvard Graduate School of Design|Design]] (architecture), [[Harvard Graduate School of Education|Education]], [[Harvard Kennedy School|Kennedy]] (public policy), and [[Harvard Extension School|Extension]] schools, as well as the [[Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study]] in Radcliffe Yard.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University |url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2022 |website=Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University |language=en |archive-date=October 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005022734/https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/ }}</ref> Harvard also has commercial real estate holdings in Cambridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/~/media/Files/CDD/Maps/Institutions/cddmap_institutions_ownership.pdf|title=Institutional Ownership Map – Cambridge Massachusetts|access-date=September 8, 2016|archive-date=October 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022201633/https://www.cambridgema.gov/~/media/Files/CDD/Maps/Institutions/cddmap_institutions_ownership.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tartakoff |first1=Joseph M. |first2= Jessica R. |last2=Rubin-wills |date=January 7, 2005 |title=Harvard Purchases Doubletree Hotel Building |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/1/7/harvard-purchases-doubletree-hotel-in-the/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920021640/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/1/7/harvard-purchases-doubletree-hotel-in-the/ |archive-date=September 20, 2016 |access-date=September 8, 2016 |website=The Harvard Crimson |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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Harvard also has commercial real estate holdings in Cambridge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cambridgema.gov/~/media/Files/CDD/Maps/Institutions/cddmap_institutions_ownership.pdf|title=Institutional Ownership Map – Cambridge Massachusetts|access-date=September 8, 2016|archive-date=October 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022201633/https://www.cambridgema.gov/~/media/Files/CDD/Maps/Institutions/cddmap_institutions_ownership.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Tartakoff |first1=Joseph M. |first2= Jessica R. |last2=Rubin-wills |date=January 7, 2005 |title=Harvard Purchases Doubletree Hotel Building |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/1/7/harvard-purchases-doubletree-hotel-in-the/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920021640/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/1/7/harvard-purchases-doubletree-hotel-in-the/ |archive-date=September 20, 2016 |access-date=September 8, 2016 |website=The Harvard Crimson |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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=== Allston === |
=== Allston === |
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{{See also|Harvard University's expansion in Allston, Massachusetts}} |
{{See also|Harvard University's expansion in Allston, Massachusetts}} |
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[[Harvard Business School]], [[Harvard Innovation Labs]], and many athletics facilities, including [[Harvard Stadium]], are located on a {{convert|358|acre|ha|adj=on}} campus in [[Allston]],<ref>{{Cite web|first=Tim|last=Logan|date=April 13, 2016|title=Harvard continues its march into Allston, with science complex|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/04/13/harvard-continues-its-march-into-allston-with-science-complex/7EVJQcLlS3XtbzKnGegR9M/story.html|access-date=January 24, 2022|website=BostonGlobe.com|language=en-US|archive-date=May 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518165423/https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/04/13/harvard-continues-its-march-into-allston-with-science-complex/7EVJQcLlS3XtbzKnGegR9M/story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> |
[[Harvard Business School]], [[Harvard Innovation Labs]], and many athletics facilities, including [[Harvard Stadium]], are located on a {{convert|358|acre|ha|adj=on}} campus in [[Allston]],<ref>{{Cite web|first=Tim|last=Logan|date=April 13, 2016|title=Harvard continues its march into Allston, with science complex|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/04/13/harvard-continues-its-march-into-allston-with-science-complex/7EVJQcLlS3XtbzKnGegR9M/story.html|access-date=January 24, 2022|website=BostonGlobe.com|language=en-US|archive-date=May 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518165423/https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2016/04/13/harvard-continues-its-march-into-allston-with-science-complex/7EVJQcLlS3XtbzKnGegR9M/story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> a Boston neighborhood just across the [[Charles River]] from the Cambridge campus. The [[John W. Weeks Bridge]], a pedestrian bridge over the Charles River, connects the two campuses. |
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a Boston neighborhood just across the [[Charles River]] from the Cambridge campus. The [[John W. Weeks Bridge]], a pedestrian bridge over the Charles River, connects the two campuses. |
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The university is actively expanding into Allston, where it now owns more land than in Cambridge.<ref>{{cite web |title=Allston Planning and Development / Office of the Executive Vice President |url=http://evp.harvard.edu/allston-planning-and-development |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508133917/https://evp.harvard.edu/allston-planning-and-development |archive-date=May 8, 2017 |access-date=September 7, 2016 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard University}}</ref> |
The university is actively expanding into Allston, where it now owns more land than in Cambridge.<ref>{{cite web |title=Allston Planning and Development / Office of the Executive Vice President |url=http://evp.harvard.edu/allston-planning-and-development |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508133917/https://evp.harvard.edu/allston-planning-and-development |archive-date=May 8, 2017 |access-date=September 7, 2016 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard University}}</ref> Plans include new construction and renovation for the Business School, a hotel and conference center, graduate student housing, Harvard Stadium, and other athletics facilities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bayliss |first=Svea Herbst |date=January 21, 2007 |title=Harvard unveils big campus expansion |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-harvard-expansion-idUSN1110846820070112 |access-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105603/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-harvard-expansion-idUSN1110846820070112 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Plans include new construction and renovation for the Business School, a hotel and conference center, graduate student housing, Harvard Stadium, and other athletics facilities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bayliss |first=Svea Herbst |date=January 21, 2007 |title=Harvard unveils big campus expansion |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-harvard-expansion-idUSN1110846820070112 |access-date=January 24, 2022 |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105603/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-harvard-expansion-idUSN1110846820070112 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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In 2021, the [[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences]] expanded into a new, 500,000+ square foot Science and Engineering Complex (SEC) in Allston.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Rourke |first1=Brigid |title=SEAS moves opening of Science and Engineering Complex to spring semester '21 |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/04/opening-of-new-science-and-engineering-complex-moves-to-spring-21/ |website=The Harvard Gazette |date=April 10, 2020 |access-date=May 14, 2020 |archive-date=May 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515230512/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/04/opening-of-new-science-and-engineering-complex-moves-to-spring-21/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
In 2021, the [[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences]] expanded into a new, 500,000+ square foot Science and Engineering Complex (SEC) in Allston.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Rourke |first1=Brigid |title=SEAS moves opening of Science and Engineering Complex to spring semester '21 |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/04/opening-of-new-science-and-engineering-complex-moves-to-spring-21/ |website=The Harvard Gazette |date=April 10, 2020 |access-date=May 14, 2020 |archive-date=May 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515230512/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/04/opening-of-new-science-and-engineering-complex-moves-to-spring-21/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The SEC is adjacent to the Enterprise Research Campus, the Business School, and the Harvard Innovation Labs to encourage technology- and life science-focused startups, as well as collaborations with mature companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Campus |url=https://www.seas.harvard.edu/about-us/our-campus/allston |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207222706/https://www.seas.harvard.edu/about-us/our-campus/allston |archive-date=December 7, 2019 |access-date=December 20, 2019 |website=harvard.edu}}</ref> |
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The SEC is adjacent to the Enterprise Research Campus, the Business School, and the Harvard Innovation Labs to encourage technology- and life science-focused startups as well as collaborations with mature companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Campus |url=https://www.seas.harvard.edu/about-us/our-campus/allston |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207222706/https://www.seas.harvard.edu/about-us/our-campus/allston |archive-date=December 7, 2019 |access-date=December 20, 2019 |website=harvard.edu}}</ref> |
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=== Longwood === |
=== Longwood === |
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{{See also|Longwood Medical and Academic Area}} |
{{See also|Longwood Medical and Academic Area}} |
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[[File:Harvard Medical School HDR.jpg|thumb|[[Harvard Medical School]]]] |
[[File:Harvard Medical School HDR.jpg|thumb|[[Harvard Medical School]]]] |
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The schools of [[Harvard Medical School|Medicine]], [[Harvard School of Dental Medicine|Dental Medicine]], and [[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health|Public Health]] are located on a {{convert|21|acre|ha|adj=on}} campus in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area in Boston, about {{convert|3.3|mi|km}} south of the Cambridge campus.<ref name="Campus" /> |
The schools of [[Harvard Medical School|Medicine]], [[Harvard School of Dental Medicine|Dental Medicine]], and [[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health|Public Health]] are located on a {{convert|21|acre|ha|adj=on}} campus in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area in Boston, about {{convert|3.3|mi|km}} south of the Cambridge campus.<ref name="Campus" /> Several Harvard-affiliated hospitals and research institutes are also in Longwood, including [[Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center]], [[Boston Children's Hospital]], [[Brigham and Women's Hospital]], [[Dana–Farber Cancer Institute]], [[Joslin Diabetes Center]], and the [[Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering]]. Additional affiliates, most notably [[Massachusetts General Hospital]], are located throughout the Greater Boston area. |
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Several Harvard-affiliated hospitals and research institutes are also in Longwood, including [[Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center]], [[Boston Children's Hospital]], [[Brigham and Women's Hospital]], [[Dana–Farber Cancer Institute]], [[Joslin Diabetes Center]], and the [[Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering]]. Additional affiliates, most notably [[Massachusetts General Hospital]], are located throughout the Greater Boston area. |
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=== Other === |
=== Other === |
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Harvard owns the [[Dumbarton Oaks|Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection]] in Washington, D.C., [[Harvard Forest]] in [[Petersham, Massachusetts]], the Concord Field Station in [[Estabrook Woods]] in [[Concord, Massachusetts]],<ref>{{cite web|website=mcz.harvard.edu|url=http://cfs.mcz.harvard.edu/|title=Concord Field Station|publisher=Harvard University|access-date=March 4, 2017|archive-date=February 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213183455/http://cfs.mcz.harvard.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
Harvard owns the [[Dumbarton Oaks|Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection]] in Washington, D.C., [[Harvard Forest]] in [[Petersham, Massachusetts]], the Concord Field Station in [[Estabrook Woods]] in [[Concord, Massachusetts]],<ref>{{cite web|website=mcz.harvard.edu|url=http://cfs.mcz.harvard.edu/|title=Concord Field Station|publisher=Harvard University|access-date=March 4, 2017|archive-date=February 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213183455/http://cfs.mcz.harvard.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref> the [[Villa I Tatti]] research center in [[Florence]], Italy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itatti.it/|title=Villa I Tatti: The Harvard University Center for Italian Renaissance Studies|publisher=Itatti.it|access-date=June 30, 2010|archive-date=July 2, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702154341/http://www.itatti.it/}}</ref> the Harvard Shanghai Center in Shanghai, China,<ref>{{cite web|website=Harvard.edu|title=Shanghai Center|url=http://shanghaicenter.harvard.edu/|access-date=January 3, 2014|archive-date=December 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217232815/http://shanghaicenter.harvard.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Arnold Arboretum]] in the [[Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts|Jamaica Plain]] neighborhood of [[Boston]]. |
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the [[Villa I Tatti]] research center in [[Florence]], Italy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itatti.it/|title=Villa I Tatti: The Harvard University Center for Italian Renaissance Studies|publisher=Itatti.it|access-date=June 30, 2010|archive-date=July 2, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702154341/http://www.itatti.it/}}</ref> |
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the Harvard Shanghai Center in Shanghai, China,<ref>{{cite web|website=Harvard.edu|title=Shanghai Center|url=http://shanghaicenter.harvard.edu/|access-date=January 3, 2014|archive-date=December 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217232815/http://shanghaicenter.harvard.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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and the [[Arnold Arboretum]] in the [[Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts|Jamaica Plain]] neighborhood of [[Boston]]. |
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== Organization and administration == |
== Organization and administration == |
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| [[Harvard Kennedy School|Government]]|| 1936 |
| [[Harvard Kennedy School|Government]]|| 1936 |
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Harvard is governed by a combination of its [[Harvard Board of Overseers|Board of Overseers]] and the [[President and Fellows of Harvard College]] (also known as the Harvard Corporation), which in turn appoints the [[President of Harvard University]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bethell |first1=John T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGrBJFRw1GsC&pg=PA166 |title=Harvard A to Z |last2=Hunt |first2=Richard M. |last3=Shenton |first3=Robert |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-674-02089-4 |pages=166– |language=en-US |access-date=May 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102142607/https://books.google.com/books?id=WGrBJFRw1GsC&pg=PA166 |archive-date=January 2, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> |
Harvard is governed by a combination of its [[Harvard Board of Overseers|Board of Overseers]] and the [[President and Fellows of Harvard College]] (also known as the Harvard Corporation), which in turn appoints the [[President of Harvard University]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bethell |first1=John T. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGrBJFRw1GsC&pg=PA166 |title=Harvard A to Z |last2=Hunt |first2=Richard M. |last3=Shenton |first3=Robert |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-674-02089-4 |pages=166– |language=en-US |access-date=May 7, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102142607/https://books.google.com/books?id=WGrBJFRw1GsC&pg=PA166 |archive-date=January 2, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> There are 16,000 staff and faculty,<ref>Burlington Free Press, June 24, 2009, page 11B, ""Harvard to cut 275 jobs" Associated Press</ref> including 2,400 professors, lecturers, and instructors.<ref>{{cite book|last=Office of Institutional Research|title=Harvard University Fact Book 2009–2010|year=2009|url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_Harvard_Fact_Book_2009-10_FINAL_new.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723162517/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_Harvard_Fact_Book_2009-10_FINAL_new.pdf|archive-date=July 23, 2011}} ("Faculty")</ref> |
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There are 16,000 staff and faculty,<ref>Burlington Free Press, June 24, 2009, page 11B, ""Harvard to cut 275 jobs" Associated Press</ref> |
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including 2,400 professors, lecturers, and instructors.<ref>{{cite book|last=Office of Institutional Research|title=Harvard University Fact Book 2009–2010|year=2009|url=http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_Harvard_Fact_Book_2009-10_FINAL_new.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723162517/http://www.provost.harvard.edu/institutional_research/Provost_-_Harvard_Fact_Book_2009-10_FINAL_new.pdf|archive-date=July 23, 2011}} ("Faculty")</ref> |
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The [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Faculty of Arts and Sciences]] is the largest Harvard faculty and has primary responsibility for instruction in [[Harvard College]], the [[Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]], the [[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences|John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS)]], and the [[Harvard Division of Continuing Education|Division of Continuing Education]], which includes [[Harvard Summer School]] and [[Harvard Extension School]]. There are nine other graduate and professional faculties as well as the [[Harvard Radcliffe Institute|Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study]]. |
The [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Faculty of Arts and Sciences]] is the largest Harvard faculty and has primary responsibility for instruction in [[Harvard College]], the [[Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences|Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]], the [[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences|John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS)]], and the [[Harvard Division of Continuing Education|Division of Continuing Education]], which includes [[Harvard Summer School]] and [[Harvard Extension School]]. There are nine other graduate and professional faculties as well as the [[Harvard Radcliffe Institute|Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study]]. |
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{{Main|Harvard University endowment}} |
{{Main|Harvard University endowment}} |
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⚫ | Harvard has the largest [[List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment|university endowment]] in the world, valued at about $50.7 billion as of 2023.<ref name=BGendow/><ref name=HFRendow/> During the [[Great Recession|recession of 2007–2009]], it suffered significant losses that forced large budget cuts, in particular temporarily halting construction on the Allston Science Complex.<ref>{{cite news |author=Vidya B. Viswanathan and Peter F. Zhu |date=March 5, 2009 |title=Residents Protest Vacancies in Allston |language=en-US |newspaper=Harvard Crimson |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2009/3/5/residents-protest-vacancies-in-allston-span/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429025755/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2009/3/5/residents-protest-vacancies-in-allston-span/ |archive-date=April 29, 2011}}</ref> The endowment has since recovered.<ref>{{cite news |author=Healy |first=Beth |date=January 28, 2010 |title=Harvard endowment leads others down |newspaper=The Boston Globe |url=https://www.boston.com/business/markets/articles/2010/01/28/harvard_endowment_leads_others_down/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821024541/http://www.boston.com/business/markets/articles/2010/01/28/harvard_endowment_leads_others_down/ |archive-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|first=John|last=Hechinger|title=Harvard Hit by Loss as Crisis Spreads to Colleges|page=A1|date=December 4, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Munk|first=Nina|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2009/08/harvard200908?printable=true¤tPage=all|title=Nina Munk on Hard Times at Harvard|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=August 2009|access-date=August 29, 2010|archive-date=August 29, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829115742/http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2009/08/harvard200908?printable=true¤tPage=all|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Andrew M. Rosenfield |url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/03/03/harvard-university-investment-opinions-contributors_endowment_print.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319001438/http://www.forbes.com/2009/03/03/harvard-university-investment-opinions-contributors_endowment_print.html|archive-date=March 19, 2009|title=Understanding Endowments, Part I|work=Forbes|date=March 4, 2009 |access-date=August 29, 2010}}</ref> |
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Harvard has the largest [[List of colleges and universities in the United States by endowment|university endowment]] in the world, valued at about $50.7 billion as of 2023.<ref name=BGendow/><ref name=HFRendow/> |
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During the [[Great Recession|recession of 2007–2009]], it suffered significant losses that forced large budget cuts, in particular temporarily halting construction on the Allston Science Complex.<ref>{{cite news |author=Vidya B. Viswanathan and Peter F. Zhu |date=March 5, 2009 |title=Residents Protest Vacancies in Allston |language=en-US |newspaper=Harvard Crimson |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2009/3/5/residents-protest-vacancies-in-allston-span/ |url-status=live |access-date=February 10, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429025755/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2009/3/5/residents-protest-vacancies-in-allston-span/ |archive-date=April 29, 2011}}</ref> |
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⚫ | The endowment has since recovered.<ref>{{cite news |author=Healy |first=Beth |date=January 28, 2010 |title=Harvard endowment leads others down |newspaper=The Boston Globe |url=https://www.boston.com/business/markets/articles/2010/01/28/harvard_endowment_leads_others_down/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821024541/http://www.boston.com/business/markets/articles/2010/01/28/harvard_endowment_leads_others_down/ |archive-date=August 21, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|first=John|last=Hechinger|title=Harvard Hit by Loss as Crisis Spreads to Colleges|page=A1|date=December 4, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|last=Munk|first=Nina|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2009/08/harvard200908?printable=true¤tPage=all|title=Nina Munk on Hard Times at Harvard|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=August 2009|access-date=August 29, 2010|archive-date=August 29, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829115742/http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2009/08/harvard200908?printable=true¤tPage=all|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Andrew M. Rosenfield |url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/03/03/harvard-university-investment-opinions-contributors_endowment_print.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090319001438/http://www.forbes.com/2009/03/03/harvard-university-investment-opinions-contributors_endowment_print.html|archive-date=March 19, 2009|title=Understanding Endowments, Part I|work=Forbes|date=March 4, 2009 |access-date=August 29, 2010}}</ref> |
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About $2 billion of investment income is annually distributed to fund operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hmc.harvard.edu/about/|title=A Singular Mission|access-date=December 14, 2019|archive-date=December 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209142638/https://www.hmc.harvard.edu/about/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
About $2 billion of investment income is annually distributed to fund operations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hmc.harvard.edu/about/|title=A Singular Mission|access-date=December 14, 2019|archive-date=December 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209142638/https://www.hmc.harvard.edu/about/|url-status=live}}</ref> Harvard's ability to fund its degree and financial aid programs depends on the performance of its endowment; a poor performance in fiscal year 2016 forced a 4.4% cut in the number of graduate students funded by the [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Faculty of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/2/16/gsas-admissions-reaction/|title=Admissions Cuts Concern Some Graduate Students|access-date=December 14, 2019|archive-date=December 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225022732/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/2/16/gsas-admissions-reaction/|url-status=live}}</ref> Endowment income is critical, as only 22% of revenue is from students' tuition, fees, room, and board.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 24, 2019 |title=Financial Report |url=https://finance.harvard.edu/files/fad/files/fy19_harvard_financial_report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205181152/https://finance.harvard.edu/files/fad/files/fy19_harvard_financial_report.pdf |archive-date=December 5, 2019 |access-date=December 14, 2019 |website=harvard.edu}}</ref> |
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Harvard's ability to fund its degree and financial aid programs depends on the performance of its endowment; a poor performance in fiscal year 2016 forced a 4.4% cut in the number of graduate students funded by the [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences|Faculty of Arts and Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/2/16/gsas-admissions-reaction/|title=Admissions Cuts Concern Some Graduate Students|access-date=December 14, 2019|archive-date=December 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225022732/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2017/2/16/gsas-admissions-reaction/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Endowment income is critical, as only 22% of revenue is from students' tuition, fees, room, and board.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 24, 2019 |title=Financial Report |url=https://finance.harvard.edu/files/fad/files/fy19_harvard_financial_report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205181152/https://finance.harvard.edu/files/fad/files/fy19_harvard_financial_report.pdf |archive-date=December 5, 2019 |access-date=December 14, 2019 |website=harvard.edu}}</ref> |
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==== Divestment ==== |
==== Divestment ==== |
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Since the 1970s, several student-led campaigns have advocated [[divestment|divesting]] Harvard's endowment from controversial holdings, including investments in [[apartheid]] South Africa, [[Sudan]] during the [[Darfur genocide]], and the [[tobacco industry|tobacco]], [[fossil fuel]], and [[private prison]] industries.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Alli |last=Welton|title=Harvard Students Vote 72 Percent Support for Fossil Fuel Divestment|magazine=The Nation|date=November 20, 2012|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/harvard-students-vote-72-percent-support-fossil-fuel-divestment/|access-date=July 27, 2015|archive-date=July 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725011546/http://www.thenation.com/article/harvard-students-vote-72-percent-support-fossil-fuel-divestment/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Alexandra A.|last=Chaidez|title=Harvard Prison Divestment Campaign Delivers Report to Mass. Hall|newspaper=The Harvard Crimson|date=October 22, 2019|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/10/22/prison-divestment-petition/|access-date=December 15, 2019|archive-date=March 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306152230/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/10/22/prison-divestment-petition/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
Since the 1970s, several student-led campaigns have advocated [[divestment|divesting]] Harvard's endowment from controversial holdings, including investments in [[apartheid]] South Africa, [[Sudan]] during the [[Darfur genocide]], and the [[tobacco industry|tobacco]], [[fossil fuel]], and [[private prison]] industries.<ref>{{cite magazine|first=Alli |last=Welton|title=Harvard Students Vote 72 Percent Support for Fossil Fuel Divestment|magazine=The Nation|date=November 20, 2012|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/harvard-students-vote-72-percent-support-fossil-fuel-divestment/|access-date=July 27, 2015|archive-date=July 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725011546/http://www.thenation.com/article/harvard-students-vote-72-percent-support-fossil-fuel-divestment/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Alexandra A.|last=Chaidez|title=Harvard Prison Divestment Campaign Delivers Report to Mass. Hall|newspaper=The Harvard Crimson|date=October 22, 2019|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/10/22/prison-divestment-petition/|access-date=December 15, 2019|archive-date=March 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306152230/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2019/10/22/prison-divestment-petition/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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In the late 1980s, during the [[divestment from South Africa]] movement, student activists erected a symbolic "shantytown" on Harvard Yard and blockaded a speech by South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.<ref name="GeorgeKaufman2012">{{cite news|first1=Michael C.|last1=George|first2=David W.|last2=Kaufman|title=Students Protest Investment in Apartheid South Africa|newspaper=The Harvard Crimson|date=May 23, 2012|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/5/23/Protest-Divestment-Apartheid/?page=single|access-date=July 27, 2015|archive-date=January 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/5/23/Protest-Divestment-Apartheid/?page=single|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Anjali|last=Cadambi|title=Harvard University community campaigns for divestment from apartheid South Africa, 1977–1989|website=Global Nonviolent Action Database|date=September 19, 2010|url=http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/harvard-university-community-campaigns-divestment-apartheid-south-africa-1977-1989|access-date=July 27, 2015|archive-date=September 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918195125/http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/harvard-university-community-campaigns-divestment-apartheid-south-africa-1977-1989|url-status=live}}</ref> |
In the late 1980s, during the [[Disinvestment from South Africa|divestment from the South Africa]] movement, student activists erected a symbolic "shantytown" on Harvard Yard and blockaded a speech by South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.<ref name="GeorgeKaufman2012">{{cite news|first1=Michael C.|last1=George|first2=David W.|last2=Kaufman|title=Students Protest Investment in Apartheid South Africa|newspaper=The Harvard Crimson|date=May 23, 2012|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/5/23/Protest-Divestment-Apartheid/?page=single|access-date=July 27, 2015|archive-date=January 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2012/5/23/Protest-Divestment-Apartheid/?page=single|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Anjali|last=Cadambi|title=Harvard University community campaigns for divestment from apartheid South Africa, 1977–1989|website=Global Nonviolent Action Database|date=September 19, 2010|url=http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/harvard-university-community-campaigns-divestment-apartheid-south-africa-1977-1989|access-date=July 27, 2015|archive-date=September 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918195125/http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/harvard-university-community-campaigns-divestment-apartheid-south-africa-1977-1989|url-status=live}}</ref> The university eventually reduced its South African holdings by $230 million (out of $400 million) in response to the pressure.<ref name="GeorgeKaufman2012" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Anthony Waters Jr.|title=Historical Dictionary of United States-Africa Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQzZ0hhvGZAC&pg=PA77|date=March 20, 2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6291-3|page=77|access-date=October 14, 2015|archive-date=January 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/https://books.google.com/books?id=LQzZ0hhvGZAC&pg=PA77|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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The university eventually reduced its South African holdings by $230 million (out of $400 million) in response to the pressure.<ref name="GeorgeKaufman2012" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Anthony Waters Jr.|title=Historical Dictionary of United States-Africa Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQzZ0hhvGZAC&pg=PA77|date=March 20, 2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6291-3|page=77|access-date=October 14, 2015|archive-date=January 24, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124132732/https://books.google.com/books?id=LQzZ0hhvGZAC&pg=PA77|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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== Academics == |
== Academics == |
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[[File:Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University.JPG|thumb|[[Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)|Massachusetts Hall]] (1720), Harvard's oldest building<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.college.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k61161&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup85886|title=A Brief History of Harvard College|author=Harvard College|publisher=Harvard College|access-date=July 25, 2011|author-link=Harvard College|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424033857/http://college.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k61161&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup85886|archive-date=April 24, 2011}}</ref>]] |
[[File:Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University.JPG|thumb|[[Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)|Massachusetts Hall]] (1720), Harvard's oldest building<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.college.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k61161&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup85886|title=A Brief History of Harvard College|author=Harvard College|publisher=Harvard College|access-date=July 25, 2011|author-link=Harvard College|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424033857/http://college.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k61161&tabgroupid=icb.tabgroup85886|archive-date=April 24, 2011}}</ref>]] |
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[[File:HarvardYard.jpg|thumb|[[Harvard Yard]]]] |
[[File:HarvardYard.jpg|thumb|[[Harvard Yard]]]] |
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Harvard is a large, highly residential research university<ref name="Carnegie">{{cite web |title=Carnegie Classifications – Harvard University |url=http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=166027 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807163149/https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=166027 |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2010 |website=iu.edu |publisher=The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching |language=en-US}}</ref> |
Harvard is a large, highly residential research university<ref name="Carnegie">{{cite web |title=Carnegie Classifications – Harvard University |url=http://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=166027 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807163149/https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/lookup/view_institution.php?unit_id=166027 |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |access-date=August 28, 2010 |website=iu.edu |publisher=The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching |language=en-US}}</ref> offering 50 [[Harvard College|undergraduate]] majors,<ref name="liberal">{{cite web |title=Liberal Arts & Sciences |url=https://college.harvard.edu/academics/liberal-arts-sciences |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005022949/https://college.harvard.edu/academics/liberal-arts-sciences |archive-date=October 5, 2021 |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard College |language=en-US}}</ref> 134 graduate degrees,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/images/stories/pdfs/handbook.pdf|title=Degree Programs|work=Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Handbook|pages=28–30|access-date=August 28, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909232153/http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/images/stories/pdfs/handbook.pdf|archive-date=September 9, 2015}}</ref> and 32 professional degrees.<ref name="Degrees" /> During the 2018–2019 academic year, Harvard granted 1,665 baccalaureate degrees, 1,013 graduate degrees, and 5,695 professional degrees.<ref name="Degrees">{{cite web |title=Degrees Awarded |url=https://oir.harvard.edu/fact-book/degrees-awarded-summary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728204157/https://oir.harvard.edu/fact-book/degrees-awarded-summary |archive-date=July 28, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2019 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Office of Institutional Research, Harvard University |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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offering 50 [[Harvard College|undergraduate]] majors,<ref name="liberal">{{cite web |title=Liberal Arts & Sciences |url=https://college.harvard.edu/academics/liberal-arts-sciences |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005022949/https://college.harvard.edu/academics/liberal-arts-sciences |archive-date=October 5, 2021 |access-date=December 12, 2019 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard College |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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134 graduate degrees,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/images/stories/pdfs/handbook.pdf|title=Degree Programs|work=Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Handbook|pages=28–30|access-date=August 28, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909232153/http://www.gsas.harvard.edu/images/stories/pdfs/handbook.pdf|archive-date=September 9, 2015}}</ref> |
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and 32 professional degrees.<ref name="Degrees" /> |
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During the 2018–2019 academic year, Harvard granted 1,665 baccalaureate degrees, 1,013 graduate degrees, and 5,695 professional degrees.<ref name="Degrees">{{cite web |title=Degrees Awarded |url=https://oir.harvard.edu/fact-book/degrees-awarded-summary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728204157/https://oir.harvard.edu/fact-book/degrees-awarded-summary |archive-date=July 28, 2021 |access-date=December 13, 2019 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Office of Institutional Research, Harvard University |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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[[Harvard College]], the four-year, full-time undergraduate program, has a [[liberal arts education|liberal arts and sciences]] focus.<ref name="Carnegie" /><ref name = "liberal"/> To graduate in the usual four years, undergraduates normally take four courses per semester.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science Degrees |url=https://handbook.fas.harvard.edu/book/bachelor-arts-and-bachelor-science-degrees |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207214304/https://handbook.fas.harvard.edu/book/bachelor-arts-and-bachelor-science-degrees |archive-date=December 7, 2019 |access-date=December 8, 2019 |website=college.harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard College |language=en-US}}</ref> In most majors, an honors degree requires advanced coursework and a senior thesis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343095|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20101205233358/http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343095|archive-date=December 5, 2010|title=Academic Information: The Concentration Requirement|work=Handbook for Students|publisher=Harvard College|access-date=August 28, 2010}}</ref> Though some introductory courses have large enrollments, the median class size is 12 students.<ref>{{cite web |title=How large are classes? |url=https://college.harvard.edu/resources/faq/how-large-are-classes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414135247/https://college.harvard.edu/resources/faq/how-large-are-classes |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |access-date=December 14, 2019 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard College |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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[[Harvard College]], the four-year, full-time undergraduate program, has a [[liberal arts education|liberal arts and sciences]] focus.<ref name="Carnegie" /><ref name = "liberal"/> |
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To graduate in the usual four years, undergraduates normally take four courses per semester.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science Degrees |url=https://handbook.fas.harvard.edu/book/bachelor-arts-and-bachelor-science-degrees |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207214304/https://handbook.fas.harvard.edu/book/bachelor-arts-and-bachelor-science-degrees |archive-date=December 7, 2019 |access-date=December 8, 2019 |website=college.harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard College |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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In most majors, an honors degree requires advanced coursework and a senior thesis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343095|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20101205233358/http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k69286&pageid=icb.page343095|archive-date=December 5, 2010|title=Academic Information: The Concentration Requirement|work=Handbook for Students|publisher=Harvard College|access-date=August 28, 2010}}</ref> |
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Though some introductory courses have large enrollments, the median class size is 12 students.<ref>{{cite web |title=How large are classes? |url=https://college.harvard.edu/resources/faq/how-large-are-classes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414135247/https://college.harvard.edu/resources/faq/how-large-are-classes |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |access-date=December 14, 2019 |website=harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard College |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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<!--ESTEEMED FELLOW EDITORS: here let's something on GSAS/FAS and something on each professional school -- possibly a paragraph each, possibly a subsection each --> |
<!--ESTEEMED FELLOW EDITORS: here let's something on GSAS/FAS and something on each professional school -- possibly a paragraph each, possibly a subsection each --> |
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==== Professional schools ==== |
==== Professional schools ==== |
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=== Research === |
=== Research === |
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Harvard is a founding member of the [[Association of American Universities]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aau.edu/about/default.aspx?id=5476 |title=Member Institutions and Years of Admission |publisher=Association of American Universities |access-date=September 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028050512/http://www.aau.edu/about/default.aspx?id=5476 |archive-date=October 28, 2012 }}</ref> and a preeminent research university with "very high" research activity (R1) and comprehensive doctoral programs across the arts, sciences, engineering, and medicine according to the Carnegie Classification.<ref name="Carnegie" /> |
Harvard is a founding member of the [[Association of American Universities]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aau.edu/about/default.aspx?id=5476 |title=Member Institutions and Years of Admission |publisher=Association of American Universities |access-date=September 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028050512/http://www.aau.edu/about/default.aspx?id=5476 |archive-date=October 28, 2012 }}</ref> and a preeminent research university with "very high" research activity (R1) and comprehensive doctoral programs across the arts, sciences, engineering, and medicine according to the [[Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education|Carnegie Classification]].<ref name="Carnegie" /> |
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With the [[Harvard Medical School|medical school]] consistently ranking first among medical schools for research,<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Best Medical Schools: Research |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/research-rankings/21775470034_control |access-date=February 17, 2022 |website=usnews.com |language=en-US |archive-date=July 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716110736/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/research-rankings/21775470034_control |url-status=live }}</ref> biomedical research is an area of particular strength for the university. More than 11,000 faculty and over 1,600 graduate students conduct research at the medical school as well as its 15 affiliated hospitals and research institutes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Research at Harvard Medical School |url=https://hms.harvard.edu/research |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006113655/https://hms.harvard.edu/research |archive-date=October 6, 2021 |access-date=December 9, 2019 |website=hms.harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard Medical School |language=en-US}}</ref> The medical school and its affiliates attracted $1.65 billion in competitive research grants from the [[National Institutes of Health]] in 2019, more than twice as much as any other university.<ref>{{cite web |title=Which schools get the most research money? |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/most-research-money-rankings |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105603/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/most-research-money-rankings |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |access-date=March 30, 2020 |website=U.S. News & World Report |language=en-US}}</ref> |
With the [[Harvard Medical School|medical school]] consistently ranking first among medical schools for research,<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Best Medical Schools: Research |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/research-rankings/21775470034_control |access-date=February 17, 2022 |website=usnews.com |language=en-US |archive-date=July 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716110736/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/research-rankings/21775470034_control |url-status=live }}</ref> biomedical research is an area of particular strength for the university. More than 11,000 faculty and over 1,600 graduate students conduct research at the medical school as well as its 15 affiliated hospitals and research institutes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Research at Harvard Medical School |url=https://hms.harvard.edu/research |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006113655/https://hms.harvard.edu/research |archive-date=October 6, 2021 |access-date=December 9, 2019 |website=hms.harvard.edu |publisher=Harvard Medical School |language=en-US}}</ref> The medical school and its affiliates attracted $1.65 billion in competitive research grants from the [[National Institutes of Health]] in 2019, more than twice as much as any other university.<ref>{{cite web |title=Which schools get the most research money? |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/most-research-money-rankings |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414105603/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-medical-schools/most-research-money-rankings |archive-date=April 14, 2021 |access-date=March 30, 2020 |website=U.S. News & World Report |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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| THES_W = 4 |
| THES_W = 4 |
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| USNWR_W = 1 |
| USNWR_W = 1 |
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}}Harvard University is [[Higher education accreditation in the United States|accredited]] by the [[New England Commission of Higher Education]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Massachusetts Institutions |url=https://www.neche.org/institutions/ma/ |access-date=May 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817130729/https://www.neche.org/institutions/ma/ |archive-date=August 17, 2021 |url-status=live |publisher=[[New England Commission of Higher Education]]}}</ref>The university has held the first place on the ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]'' since its release in 2003. It held the top spot in the [[Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings|''Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings'']] from 2004 to 2009, every year that the ranking was published. Since then, Harvard has held first place on the ''[[World Reputation Rankings|Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings]]'' every year since its release in 2011.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only|magazine=[[Times Higher Education]]|title=World Reputation Rankings 2016|year=2016|access-date=September 7, 2016|archive-date=March 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305000224/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only|url-status=live}}</ref> |
}}Harvard University is [[Higher education accreditation in the United States|accredited]] by the [[New England Commission of Higher Education]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Massachusetts Institutions |url=https://www.neche.org/institutions/ma/ |access-date=May 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817130729/https://www.neche.org/institutions/ma/ |archive-date=August 17, 2021 |url-status=live |publisher=[[New England Commission of Higher Education]]}}</ref> The university has held the first place on the ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]'' since its release in 2003. It held the top spot in the [[Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings|''Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings'']] from 2004 to 2009, every year that the ranking was published. Since then, Harvard has held first place on the ''[[World Reputation Rankings|Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings]]'' every year since its release in 2011.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only|magazine=[[Times Higher Education]]|title=World Reputation Rankings 2016|year=2016|access-date=September 7, 2016|archive-date=March 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180305000224/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2016/reputation-ranking#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank_label/sort_order/asc/cols/rank_only|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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Harvard was also ranked in the first tier of American research universities, along with Columbia, MIT, and Stanford, in the 2023 report from the [[Center for Measuring University Performance]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Lombardi|first1=John V.|last2=Abbey|first2=Craig W.|last3=Craig|first3=Diane D. |first4=Lynne N. |last4=Collis |date=2021 |title=The Top American Research Universities: 2023 Annual Report|url=https://mup.umass.edu/sites/default/files/annual_report_2020.pdf|access-date=November 23, 2023|website=mup.umass.edu|archive-date=January 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121030323/https://mup.umass.edu/sites/default/files/annual_report_2020.pdf}}</ref> |
Harvard was also ranked in the first tier of American research universities, along with Columbia, MIT, and Stanford, in the 2023 report from the [[Center for Measuring University Performance]].<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Lombardi|first1=John V.|last2=Abbey|first2=Craig W.|last3=Craig|first3=Diane D. |first4=Lynne N. |last4=Collis |date=2021 |title=The Top American Research Universities: 2023 Annual Report|url=https://mup.umass.edu/sites/default/files/annual_report_2020.pdf|access-date=November 23, 2023|website=mup.umass.edu|archive-date=January 21, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121030323/https://mup.umass.edu/sites/default/files/annual_report_2020.pdf}}</ref> |
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Among rankings of specific indicators, Harvard topped both the [[University Ranking by Academic Performance]] (2019–2020) and ''[[Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities]]'' (2011), which measured universities' numbers of alumni holding CEO positions in [[Fortune Global 500|''Fortune'' Global 500]] companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Ranking |url=https://www.urapcenter.org/Rankings/2019-2020/world-2019 |website=University Ranking by Academic Performance |access-date=January 22, 2020 |archive-date=December 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218074911/https://www.urapcenter.org/Rankings/2019-2020/world-2019 }}</ref> According to annual polls done by [[The Princeton Review|''The Princeton Review'']], Harvard is consistently among the top two most commonly named dream colleges in the United States, both for students and parents<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release|title=College Hopes & Worries Press Release|publisher=The Princeton Review |year=2016|access-date=September 7, 2016|archive-date=September 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919064436/http://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/princeton-reviews-2012-college-hopes--worries-survey-reports-on-10650-students--parents-top-10-dream-colleges-and-application-perspectives-144338495.html|title=Princeton Review's 2012 "College Hopes & Worries Survey" Reports on 10,650 Students' & Parents' Top 10 "Dream Colleges" and Application Perspectives|publisher=The Princeton Review |year=2012|access-date=December 10, 2019|archive-date=December 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210172634/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/princeton-reviews-2012-college-hopes--worries-survey-reports-on-10650-students--parents-top-10-dream-colleges-and-application-perspectives-144338495.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |year=2019 |title=2019 College Hopes & Worries Press Release |language=en-US |url=https://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release |url-status=live |access-date=December 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007224857/https://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release |archive-date=October 7, 2019}}</ref> |
Among rankings of specific indicators, Harvard topped both the [[University Ranking by Academic Performance]] (2019–2020) and ''[[Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities]]'' (2011), which measured universities' numbers of alumni holding CEO positions in [[Fortune Global 500|''Fortune'' Global 500]] companies.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Ranking |url=https://www.urapcenter.org/Rankings/2019-2020/world-2019 |website=University Ranking by Academic Performance |access-date=January 22, 2020 |archive-date=December 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218074911/https://www.urapcenter.org/Rankings/2019-2020/world-2019 }}</ref> According to annual polls done by [[The Princeton Review|''The Princeton Review'']], Harvard is consistently among the top two most commonly named dream colleges in the United States, both for students and parents<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release|title=College Hopes & Worries Press Release|publisher=The Princeton Review |year=2016|access-date=September 7, 2016|archive-date=September 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919064436/http://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/princeton-reviews-2012-college-hopes--worries-survey-reports-on-10650-students--parents-top-10-dream-colleges-and-application-perspectives-144338495.html|title=Princeton Review's 2012 "College Hopes & Worries Survey" Reports on 10,650 Students' & Parents' Top 10 "Dream Colleges" and Application Perspectives|publisher=The Princeton Review |year=2012|access-date=December 10, 2019|archive-date=December 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210172634/https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/princeton-reviews-2012-college-hopes--worries-survey-reports-on-10650-students--parents-top-10-dream-colleges-and-application-perspectives-144338495.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |year=2019 |title=2019 College Hopes & Worries Press Release |language=en-US |url=https://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release |url-status=live |access-date=December 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007224857/https://www.princetonreview.com/press/college-hopes-worries-press-release |archive-date=October 7, 2019}}</ref>—even in 2024, after elite universities faced a decline in their public perception following the [[2023 United States Congress hearing on antisemitism|2023 Congressional hearing on antisemitism]] that led to the resignations of Harvard and Penn presidents.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dickler |first=Jessica |date=2024-03-05 |title=Harvard is back on top as college hopefuls' ultimate 'dream' school, despite recent turmoil |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2024/03/05/harvard-is-the-no-1-dream-school-princeton-review-poll-finds.html |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, having made significant investments in its [[Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences|engineering school]] in recent years, Harvard was ranked third worldwide for Engineering and Technology in 2019 by the ''[[Times Higher Education]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=contact |first=Press |date=February 11, 2019 |title=Harvard is #3 in World University Engineering Rankings |language=en-US |url=https://www.seas.harvard.edu/news/2019/02/harvard-3-world-university-engineering-rankings |url-status=live |access-date=December 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210213722/https://www.seas.harvard.edu/news/2019/02/harvard-3-world-university-engineering-rankings |archive-date=December 10, 2019}}</ref> |
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In [[international relations]], ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' magazine ranks Harvard best in the world at the undergraduate level and second in the world at the graduate level, behind the [[Walsh School of Foreign Service]] at [[Georgetown University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Best International Relations Schools in the World |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/20/top-fifty-schools-international-relations-foreign-policy/ |website=Foreign Policy |access-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-date=January 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129011647/https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/20/top-fifty-schools-international-relations-foreign-policy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
In [[international relations]], ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' magazine ranks Harvard best in the world at the undergraduate level and second in the world at the graduate level, behind the [[Walsh School of Foreign Service]] at [[Georgetown University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Best International Relations Schools in the World |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/20/top-fifty-schools-international-relations-foreign-policy/ |website=Foreign Policy |access-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-date=January 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129011647/https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/02/20/top-fifty-schools-international-relations-foreign-policy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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Harvard College competes in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[Division I (NCAA)|Division I]] [[Ivy League]] conference. The school fields 42 intercollegiate sports teams, more than any other college in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gocrimson.com/sports/fh/2012-13/releases/2012080853mnlh |title=Harvard: Women's Rugby Becomes 42nd Varsity Sport at Harvard University |publisher=Gocrimson.com |date=August 9, 2012 |access-date=July 5, 2013 |archive-date=September 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929092318/http://www.gocrimson.com/sports/fh/2012-13/releases/2012080853mnlh }}</ref> Every two years, the Harvard and [[Yale]] track and field teams come together to compete against a combined [[Oxford University|Oxford]] and [[Cambridge University|Cambridge]] team in the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yale and Harvard Defeat Oxford/Cambridge Team|url=http://www.yalebulldogs.com/sports/w-track/recaps/041009aac.html|publisher=Yale University Athletics|access-date=September 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013022655/http://www.yalebulldogs.com/sports/w-track/recaps/041009aac.html|archive-date=October 13, 2011}}</ref> As with other Ivy League universities, Harvard does not offer [[athletic scholarship]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/students/stu6.html|title=The Harvard Guide: Financial Aid at Harvard|publisher=Harvard University|date=September 2, 2006|access-date=August 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902182731/http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/students/stu6.html|archive-date=September 2, 2006}}</ref> The school color is crimson.<ref>{{cite web |title=Colors |url=https://identityguide.hms.harvard.edu/brand-design/colors |website=Identity Guide |publisher=Harvard University}}</ref> |
Harvard College competes in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] [[Division I (NCAA)|Division I]] [[Ivy League]] conference. The school fields 42 intercollegiate sports teams, more than any other college in the country.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gocrimson.com/sports/fh/2012-13/releases/2012080853mnlh |title=Harvard: Women's Rugby Becomes 42nd Varsity Sport at Harvard University |publisher=Gocrimson.com |date=August 9, 2012 |access-date=July 5, 2013 |archive-date=September 29, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929092318/http://www.gocrimson.com/sports/fh/2012-13/releases/2012080853mnlh }}</ref> Every two years, the Harvard and [[Yale]] track and field teams come together to compete against a combined [[Oxford University|Oxford]] and [[Cambridge University|Cambridge]] team in the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.<ref>{{cite web|title=Yale and Harvard Defeat Oxford/Cambridge Team|url=http://www.yalebulldogs.com/sports/w-track/recaps/041009aac.html|publisher=Yale University Athletics|access-date=September 13, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013022655/http://www.yalebulldogs.com/sports/w-track/recaps/041009aac.html|archive-date=October 13, 2011}}</ref> As with other Ivy League universities, Harvard does not offer [[athletic scholarship]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/students/stu6.html|title=The Harvard Guide: Financial Aid at Harvard|publisher=Harvard University|date=September 2, 2006|access-date=August 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902182731/http://www.hno.harvard.edu/guide/students/stu6.html|archive-date=September 2, 2006}}</ref> The school color is crimson.<ref>{{cite web |title=Colors |url=https://identityguide.hms.harvard.edu/brand-design/colors |website=Identity Guide |publisher=Harvard University}}</ref> |
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Harvard's athletic rivalry with [[Yale Bulldogs|Yale]] |
Harvard's athletic rivalry with [[Yale Bulldogs|Yale]] came to a climax each fall in the [[Harvard–Yale football rivalry|annual football meeting]], which dates back to 1875.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bracken |first=Chris |date=November 17, 2017 |title=A game unlike any other |url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2017/11/17/a-game-unlike-any-other/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021215707/https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2017/11/17/a-game-unlike-any-other/ |archive-date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=September 9, 2020 |website=yaledailynews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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== ''Harvard University Gazette'' == |
== ''Harvard University Gazette'' == |
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The ''Harvard Gazette'', also called the '''''Harvard University Gazette''''', is the official press organ of Harvard University. Formerly a print publication, it is now a web site. It publicizes research, faculty, teaching and events at the university. Initiated in 1906, it was originally a weekly calendar of news and events. In 1968 it became a weekly newspaper. |
The ''Harvard Gazette'', also called the '''''Harvard University Gazette''''', is the official press organ of Harvard University. Formerly a print publication, it is now a web site. It publicizes research, faculty, teaching and events at the university. Initiated in 1906, it was originally a weekly calendar of news and events. In 1968, it became a weekly newspaper. |
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When the ''Gazette'' was a print publication, it was considered a good way of keeping up with Harvard news: "If weekly reading suits you best, the most comprehensive and authoritative medium is the ''Harvard University Gazette''." |
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In 2010, the ''Gazette'' "shifted from a print-first to a digital-first and mobile-first" publication, and reduced its publication calendar to biweekly, while keeping the same number of reporters, including some who had previously worked for the ''[[Boston Globe]]'', ''[[Miami Herald]]'', and the [[Associated Press]]. |
In 2010, the ''Gazette'' "shifted from a print-first to a digital-first and mobile-first" publication, and reduced its publication calendar to biweekly, while keeping the same number of reporters, including some who had previously worked for the ''[[Boston Globe]]'', ''[[Miami Herald]]'', and the [[Associated Press]]. |
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== Notable people == |
== Notable people == |
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=== Alumni === |
=== Alumni === |
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⚫ | {{Main|List of Harvard University people|List of Harvard University non-graduate alumni|List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Harvard University}}Harvard's affiliates include [[List of presidents of the United States by education|eight U.S. presidents]], 188 [[List of universities by number of billionaire alumni|living billionaires]], 162 Nobel laureates (official count 48 active faculty at the time of the award),<ref group="Notes" name="laureates"></ref> 7 Fields Medal winners, 9 Turing Award laureates, 369 [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholars]], 252 [[Marshall Scholarship|Marshall Scholars]], and 13 [[Mitchell Scholarship|Mitchell Scholars]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siliezar |first=Juan |date=November 23, 2020 |title=2020 Rhodes, Mitchell Scholars named |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/11/harvard-students-alum-awarded-rhodes-mitchell-scholarships/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124113104/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/11/harvard-students-alum-awarded-rhodes-mitchell-scholarships/ |archive-date=November 24, 2020 |access-date=November 25, 2020 |website=harvard.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Communications |first=FAS |date=November 24, 2019 |title=Five Harvard students named Rhodes Scholars |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/11/five-harvard-students-named-american-rhodes-scholars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128055252/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/11/five-harvard-students-named-american-rhodes-scholars/ |archive-date=November 28, 2019 |access-date=November 24, 2019 |website=The Harvard Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Kathleen Elkins |date=May 18, 2018 |title=More billionaires went to Harvard than to Stanford, MIT and Yale combined |language=en-US |work=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/18/the-universities-that-produce-the-most-billionaires.html |url-status=live |access-date=October 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522013005/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/18/the-universities-that-produce-the-most-billionaires.html |archive-date=May 22, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics |url=http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126211334/http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics |archive-date=January 26, 2017 |access-date=December 1, 2015 |website=www.marshallscholarship.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Harvard students and alumni have won 10 [[Academy Awards]], 48 [[Pulitzer Prize]]s, and [[List of American universities with Olympic medals|108 Olympic medals]] (including 46 gold medals), and they have founded many notable companies worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pulitzer Prize Winners |url=https://www.harvard.edu/about-harvard/harvard-glance/honors/pulitzer-prize-winners |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905090033/https://www.harvard.edu/about-harvard/harvard-glance/honors/pulitzer-prize-winners |archive-date=September 5, 2015 |access-date=February 2, 2018 |website=Harvard University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entrepreneurship.hbs.edu/founders/Pages/companies.aspx|title=Companies – Entrepreneurship – Harvard Business School|website=entrepreneurship.hbs.edu|access-date=March 28, 2019|archive-date=March 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328152958/https://entrepreneurship.hbs.edu/founders/Pages/companies.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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{{Main|List of Harvard University people|List of Harvard University non-graduate alumni|List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Harvard University}} |
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Over more than three and a half centuries, Harvard alumni have contributed creatively and significantly to society, the arts and sciences, business, and national and international affairs. |
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⚫ | Harvard's affiliates include [[List of presidents of the United States by education|eight U.S. presidents]], 188 [[List of universities by number of billionaire alumni|living billionaires]], 162 Nobel laureates (official count 48 active faculty at the time of the award),<ref group="Notes" name="laureates"></ref> 7 Fields Medal winners, 9 Turing Award laureates, 369 [[Rhodes Scholarship|Rhodes Scholars]], 252 [[Marshall Scholarship|Marshall Scholars]], and 13 [[Mitchell Scholarship|Mitchell Scholars]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siliezar |first=Juan |date=November 23, 2020 |title=2020 Rhodes, Mitchell Scholars named |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/11/harvard-students-alum-awarded-rhodes-mitchell-scholarships/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124113104/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2020/11/harvard-students-alum-awarded-rhodes-mitchell-scholarships/ |archive-date=November 24, 2020 |access-date=November 25, 2020 |website=harvard.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Communications |first=FAS |date=November 24, 2019 |title=Five Harvard students named Rhodes Scholars |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/11/five-harvard-students-named-american-rhodes-scholars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128055252/https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/11/five-harvard-students-named-american-rhodes-scholars/ |archive-date=November 28, 2019 |access-date=November 24, 2019 |website=The Harvard Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Kathleen Elkins |date=May 18, 2018 |title=More billionaires went to Harvard than to Stanford, MIT and Yale combined |language=en-US |work=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/18/the-universities-that-produce-the-most-billionaires.html |url-status=live |access-date=October 1, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522013005/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/18/the-universities-that-produce-the-most-billionaires.html |archive-date=May 22, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics |url=http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126211334/http://www.marshallscholarship.org/about/statistics |archive-date=January 26, 2017 |access-date=December 1, 2015 |website=www.marshallscholarship.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Harvard students and alumni have won 10 [[Academy Awards]], 48 [[Pulitzer Prize]]s, and [[List of American universities with Olympic medals|108 Olympic medals]] (including 46 gold medals), and they have founded many notable companies worldwide.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pulitzer Prize Winners |url=https://www.harvard.edu/about-harvard/harvard-glance/honors/pulitzer-prize-winners |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905090033/https://www.harvard.edu/about-harvard/harvard-glance/honors/pulitzer-prize-winners |archive-date=September 5, 2015 |access-date=February 2, 2018 |website=Harvard University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entrepreneurship.hbs.edu/founders/Pages/companies.aspx|title=Companies – Entrepreneurship – Harvard Business School|website=entrepreneurship.hbs.edu|access-date=March 28, 2019|archive-date=March 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328152958/https://entrepreneurship.hbs.edu/founders/Pages/companies.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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<gallery class="center" classes="center" mode="nolines" caption="Notable Harvard alumni include:"> |
<gallery class="center" classes="center" mode="nolines" caption="Notable Harvard alumni include:"> |
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[[File:Clock Tower University of Puerto Rico-San Marcos-Harvard.jpg|thumb|Tower at the [[University of Puerto Rico]], showing the emblem of Harvard (on right), the oldest in the United States, and that of [[National University of San Marcos]], Lima (left), the oldest in the Americas]] |
[[File:Clock Tower University of Puerto Rico-San Marcos-Harvard.jpg|thumb|Tower at the [[University of Puerto Rico]], showing the emblem of Harvard (on right), the oldest in the United States, and that of [[National University of San Marcos]], Lima (left), the oldest in the Americas]] |
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The perception of Harvard as a center of either elite achievement, or elitist privilege, has made it a frequent literary and cinematic backdrop |
The perception of Harvard as a center of either elite achievement, or elitist privilege, has made it a frequent literary and cinematic backdrop.<ref>{{cite news |last=Thomas |first=Sarah |title='Social Network' taps other campuses for Harvard role |website=Boston.com |date=September 24, 2010 |url=https://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/cambridge/2010/09/harvard_at_the_movies_schools.html |quote='In the grammar of film, Harvard has come to mean both tradition, and a certain amount of stuffiness.... Someone from Missouri who has never lived in Boston ... can get this idea that it's all trust fund babies and ivy-covered walls.' |access-date=February 20, 2020 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304232549/http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/cambridge/2010/09/harvard_at_the_movies_schools.html }}</ref> |
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=== Literature === |
=== Literature === |
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=== Film === |
=== Film === |
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Harvard permits filming on its property only rarely, so most scenes set at Harvard (especially indoor shots, but excepting aerial footage and shots of public areas such as Harvard Square) are |
Harvard permits filming on its property only rarely, so most scenes set at Harvard (especially indoor shots, but excepting aerial footage and shots of public areas such as Harvard Square) are shot elsewhere.<ref name="HFilm">{{cite news |last=Schwartz |first=Nathaniel L. |date=September 21, 1999 |title=University, Hollywood Relationship Not Always a 'Love Story' |language=en-US |newspaper=Harvard Crimson |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1999/9/21/university-hollywood-relationship-not-always-a/ |url-status=live |access-date=September 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910022326/https://www.thecrimson.com/article/1999/9/21/university-hollywood-relationship-not-always-a/ |archive-date=September 10, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/cambridge/2010/09/harvard_at_the_movies_schools.html|title='Social Network' taps other campuses for Harvard role|author=Sarah Thomas|date=September 24, 2010|website=boston.com|access-date=February 20, 2020|archive-date=March 4, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304232549/http://www.boston.com/yourtown/news/cambridge/2010/09/harvard_at_the_movies_schools.html}}</ref> |
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* ''[[Love Story (1970 film)|Love Story]]'' (1970) concerns a romance between a wealthy Harvard hockey player ([[Ryan O'Neal]]) and a brilliant Radcliffe student of modest means ([[Ali MacGraw]]): it is screened annually for incoming freshmen.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1996/6/3/never-having-to-say-youre-sorry/ |title=Never Having To Say You're Sorry for 25 Years... |work=Harvard Crimson |date=June 3, 1996 |access-date=September 15, 2013 |archive-date=July 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717001127/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1996/6/3/never-having-to-say-youre-sorry/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{refn|{{cite news|title=The Disease: Fatal. The Treatment: Mockery|first=Thomas | last=Vinciguerra |date=August 20, 2010|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/movies/22love.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310224906/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/movies/22love.html |archive-date=March 10, 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=August 21, 2010}} }}{{refn|{{cite news|date=February 8, 1996 |work=Harvard University Gazette |title=A Many-Splendored 'Love Story'. Movie filmed at Harvard 25 years ago helped to define a generation|first=Ken |last=Gewertz}} }} |
* ''[[Love Story (1970 film)|Love Story]]'' (1970) concerns a romance between a wealthy Harvard hockey player ([[Ryan O'Neal]]) and a brilliant Radcliffe student of modest means ([[Ali MacGraw]]): it is screened annually for incoming freshmen.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1996/6/3/never-having-to-say-youre-sorry/ |title=Never Having To Say You're Sorry for 25 Years... |work=Harvard Crimson |date=June 3, 1996 |access-date=September 15, 2013 |archive-date=July 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717001127/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1996/6/3/never-having-to-say-youre-sorry/ |url-status=live }}</ref>{{refn|{{cite news|title=The Disease: Fatal. The Treatment: Mockery|first=Thomas | last=Vinciguerra |date=August 20, 2010|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/movies/22love.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310224906/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/08/22/movies/22love.html |archive-date=March 10, 2016 |url-status=live |access-date=August 21, 2010}} }}{{refn|{{cite news|date=February 8, 1996 |work=Harvard University Gazette |title=A Many-Splendored 'Love Story'. Movie filmed at Harvard 25 years ago helped to define a generation|first=Ken |last=Gewertz}} }} |
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* ''[[The Paper Chase (film)|The Paper Chase]]'' (1973){{refn|{{cite news|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/10/the-paper-chase-at-40/|title=The Paper Chase at 40|date=October 2, 2012|first=Colleen|last= Walsh|work=Harvard Gazette|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203171406/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/10/the-paper-chase-at-40/|archive-date=December 3, 2012|url-status=live|access-date=October 16, 2012}} }} |
* ''[[The Paper Chase (film)|The Paper Chase]]'' (1973){{refn|{{cite news|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/10/the-paper-chase-at-40/|title=The Paper Chase at 40|date=October 2, 2012|first=Colleen|last= Walsh|work=Harvard Gazette|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203171406/http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2012/10/the-paper-chase-at-40/|archive-date=December 3, 2012|url-status=live|access-date=October 16, 2012}} }} |
Revision as of 10:21, 7 June 2024
![]() | |
Latin: Universitas Harvardiana | |
Former names | Harvard College |
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Motto | Veritas (Latin)[1] |
Motto in English | "Truth" |
Type | Private research university |
Established | 1636[2] |
Founder | Massachusetts General Court |
Accreditation | NECHE |
Academic affiliations | |
Endowment | $50.7 billion (2023)[3][4] |
President | Alan Garber (interim) |
Provost | John F. Manning (interim)[5] |
Academic staff | ~2,400 faculty members (and >10,400 academic appointments in affiliated teaching hospitals)[6] |
Students | 21,613 (Fall 2022)[7] |
Undergraduates | 7,240 (Fall 2022)[7] |
Postgraduates | 14,373 (Fall 2022)[7] |
Location | , , United States 42°22′28″N 71°07′01″W / 42.37444°N 71.11694°W |
Campus | Midsize city, 209 acres (85 ha)[8] |
Newspaper | The Harvard Crimson |
Colors | Crimson, white, and black[9] |
Nickname | Crimson |
Sporting affiliations | |
Mascot | John Harvard |
Website | harvard |
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Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States. Its influence, wealth, and rankings have made it one of the most prestigious universities in the world.[10]
Harvard's founding was authorized by the Massachusetts colonial legislature, "dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches". Though never formally affiliated with any denomination, in its early years Harvard College primarily trained Congregational clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century. By the 19th century, Harvard emerged as the most prominent academic and cultural institution among the Boston elite.[11][12] Following the American Civil War, under President Charles William Eliot's long tenure (1869–1909), the college developed multiple affiliated professional schools that transformed the college into a modern research university. In 1900, Harvard co-founded the Association of American Universities.[13] James B. Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II, and liberalized admissions after the war.
The university is composed of ten academic faculties and the Harvard Radcliffe Institute. The Faculty of Arts and Sciences offers study in a wide range of undergraduate and graduate academic disciplines, and other faculties offer only graduate degrees, including professional degrees. Harvard has three main campuses:[14] the 209-acre (85 ha) Cambridge campus centered on Harvard Yard; an adjoining campus immediately across Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston; and the medical campus in Boston's Longwood Medical Area.[15] Harvard's endowment is valued at $50.7 billion, making it the wealthiest academic institution in the world.[3][4] Endowment income enables the undergraduate college to admit students regardless of financial need and provide financial aid with no loans. According to the American Library Association, Harvard University has the fourth-largest library by volumes held in the United States.
Harvard alumni, faculty, and researchers have included 188 living billionaires, 8 U.S. presidents, numerous heads of state, founders of notable companies, Nobel laureates, Fields Medalists, members of Congress, MacArthur Fellows, Rhodes Scholars, Marshall Scholars, Turing Award Recipients, Pulitzer Prize winners, and Fulbright Scholars; by most metrics, Harvard ranks among the top globally in each of these categories.[Notes 1] Additionally, students and alumni have won 10 Academy Awards and 110 Olympic medals (46 gold).
History
Colonial era
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/A_Westerly_View_of_the_Colledges_in_Cambridge_New_England_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg/220px-A_Westerly_View_of_the_Colledges_in_Cambridge_New_England_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg)
Harvard was founded in 1636 during the colonial, pre-Revolutionary era by vote of the Great and General Court of Massachusetts Bay Colony. Its first headmaster, Nathaniel Eaton, took office the following year. In 1638, the university acquired British North America's first known printing press.[16][17]
In 1639, it was named Harvard College after John Harvard, an English clergyman who had died soon after immigrating to Massachusetts, bequeathing it £780 and his library of some 320 volumes.[18] The charter creating Harvard Corporation was granted in 1650.
A 1643 publication defined the college's purpose: "to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity, dreading to leave an illiterate ministry to the churches when our present ministers shall lie in the dust."[19] The college trained many Puritan ministers in its early years[20] and offered a classic curriculum based on the English university model—many leaders in the colony had attended the University of Cambridge—conformed to the tenets of Puritanism. Harvard never affiliated with any particular denomination.[21]
Increase Mather served as Harvard College's president from 1681 to 1701. In 1708, John Leverett became the first president who was not also a clergyman.[22]
19th century
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/John_Harvard_statue_at_Harvard_University.jpg/220px-John_Harvard_statue_at_Harvard_University.jpg)
In the 19th century, Enlightenment ideas of reason and free will were widespread among Congregational ministers, placing those ministers and their congregations at odds with more traditionalist, Calvinist parties.[23]: 1–4 When Hollis Professor of Divinity David Tappan died in 1803 and President Joseph Willard died a year later, a struggle broke out over their replacements. Henry Ware was elected Hollis chair in 1805, and liberal Samuel Webber was appointed president two years later, signaling a shift from traditional ideas at Harvard to liberal, Arminian ideas.[23]: 4–5 [24]: 24
From 1869 to 1909, Charles William Eliot was Harvard University's president. He decreased the favored position of Christianity from the curriculum, and opened it to student self-direction. Though Eliot was an influential figure in the secularization of American higher education, he was motivated primarily by Transcendentalist and Unitarian convictions influenced by William Ellery Channing, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and others of the time, rather than secularism.[25]
In 1816, Harvard University launched new programs in the study of French and Spanish, and appointed George Ticknor the university's first professor for these language programs.
20th century
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rummell%2C_Richard_Harvard_University.jpg/220px-Rummell%2C_Richard_Harvard_University.jpg)
Harvard's graduate schools began admitting women in small numbers in the late 19th century. During World War II, students at Radcliffe College (which, since its 1879 founding, had been paying Harvard professors to repeat their lectures for women) began attending Harvard classes alongside men.[27] In 1945, women were first admitted to the medical school.[28] Since 1971, Harvard had controlled essentially all aspects of undergraduate admission, instruction, and housing for Radcliffe women; in 1999, Radcliffe was formally merged into Harvard.[29]
In the 20th century, Harvard's reputation grew as its endowment burgeoned and prominent intellectuals and professors affiliated with the university. The university's rapid enrollment growth also was a product of both the founding of new graduate academic programs and an expansion of the undergraduate college. Radcliffe College emerged as the female counterpart of Harvard College, becoming one of the most prominent schools for women in the United States. In 1900, Harvard became a founding member of the Association of American Universities.[13]
The student body in its first decades of the 20th century was predominantly "old-stock, high-status Protestants, especially Episcopalians, Congregationalists, and Presbyterians", according to sociologist and author Jerome Karabel.[30] In 1923, a year after the percentage of Jewish students at Harvard reached 20%, President A. Lawrence Lowell supported a policy change that would have capped the admission of Jewish students to 15% of the undergraduate population. But Lowell's idea was rejected. Lowell also refused to mandate forced desegregation in the university's freshman dormitories, writing that, "We owe to the colored man the same opportunities for education that we do to the white man, but we do not owe to him to force him and the white into social relations that are not, or may not be, mutually congenial."[31][32][33][34]
President James B. Conant led the university from 1933 to 1953; Conant reinvigorated creative scholarship in an effort to guarantee Harvard's preeminence among the nation and world's emerging research institutions. Conant viewed higher education as a vehicle of opportunity for the talented rather than an entitlement for the wealthy. As such, he devised programs to identify, recruit, and support talented youth. An influential 268-page report issued by Harvard faculty in 1945 under Conant's leadership, General Education in a Free Society, remains one of the most important works in curriculum studies.[35]
Between 1945 and 1960, admissions standardized to open the university to a more diverse group of students; for example, after World War II, special exams were developed so veterans could be considered for admission.[36] No longer drawing mostly from select New England prep schools, the undergraduate college became accessible to striving middle class students from public schools; many more Jews and Catholics were admitted, but still few Blacks, Hispanics, or Asians versus the representation of these groups in the general population.[37] Throughout the latter half of the 20th century, Harvard incrementally became vastly more diverse.[38]
21st century
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Harvard_Yard_at_Night_03.jpg/220px-Harvard_Yard_at_Night_03.jpg)
Drew Gilpin Faust, who was dean of Harvard Radcliffe Institute, became Harvard's first female president on July 1, 2007.[39] In 2018, Faust retired and joined the board of Goldman Sachs. On July 1, 2018, Lawrence Bacow was appointed Harvard's 29th president.[40] Bacow retired in 2023. In February 2023, approximately 6,000 Harvard workers attempted to organize a union.[41]
On July 1, 2023, Claudine Gay, a Harvard professor in the Government and African American Studies departments and Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, succeeded Bacow as the university's 30th president. In January 2024, Provost Alan Garber succeeded Gay as interim president after Gay resigned following allegations of antisemitism and plagiarism.[42]
On April 24, 2024, the student-led group Harvard out of Occupied Palestine (HOOP) established a pro-Palestinian encampment on Harvard Yard. As a result, the university blocked access to the yard. On May 14, 2024, HOOP ended the encampment, and President Garber released the following statement following the settlement per Harvard Magazine: He would "facilitate a meeting with the chair of the Corporation Committee on Shareholder Responsibility and other University officials to address questions about the endowment", and that Garber and dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences Hopi Hoekstra will "meet with students to hear their perspectives on academic matters related to longstanding conflicts in the Middle East."[43] Over 20 students were placed on probation and 5 suspended from the university as a result of the encampment.[44] Additionally, 13 students were not allowed to walk at commencement, despite a faculty vote too allow them to do so.[45]
Campuses
Cambridge
Harvard's 209-acre (85 ha) main campus is centered on Harvard Yard ("the Yard") in Cambridge, about 3 miles (5 km) west-northwest of downtown Boston, and extends into the surrounding Harvard Square neighborhood. The Yard contains administrative offices such as University Hall and Massachusetts Hall; libraries such as Widener, Pusey, Houghton, and Lamont; and Memorial Church.
The Yard and adjacent areas include the main academic buildings of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, including the college, such as Sever Hall and Harvard Hall.
Freshman dormitories are in, or adjacent to, the Yard. Upperclassmen live in the twelve residential houses – nine south of the Yard near the Charles River, the others half a mile northwest of the Yard at the Radcliffe Quadrangle (which formerly housed Radcliffe College students). Each house is a community of undergraduates, faculty deans, and resident tutors, with its own dining hall, library, and recreational facilities.[46]
Also in Cambridge are the Law, Divinity (theology), Engineering and Applied Science, Design (architecture), Education, Kennedy (public policy), and Extension schools, as well as the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study in Radcliffe Yard.[47] Harvard also has commercial real estate holdings in Cambridge.[48][49]
Allston
Harvard Business School, Harvard Innovation Labs, and many athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located on a 358-acre (145 ha) campus in Allston,[50] a Boston neighborhood just across the Charles River from the Cambridge campus. The John W. Weeks Bridge, a pedestrian bridge over the Charles River, connects the two campuses.
The university is actively expanding into Allston, where it now owns more land than in Cambridge.[51] Plans include new construction and renovation for the Business School, a hotel and conference center, graduate student housing, Harvard Stadium, and other athletics facilities.[52]
In 2021, the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences expanded into a new, 500,000+ square foot Science and Engineering Complex (SEC) in Allston.[53] The SEC is adjacent to the Enterprise Research Campus, the Business School, and the Harvard Innovation Labs to encourage technology- and life science-focused startups, as well as collaborations with mature companies.[54]
Longwood
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg/220px-Harvard_Medical_School_HDR.jpg)
The schools of Medicine, Dental Medicine, and Public Health are located on a 21-acre (8.5 ha) campus in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area in Boston, about 3.3 miles (5.3 km) south of the Cambridge campus.[15] Several Harvard-affiliated hospitals and research institutes are also in Longwood, including Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, and the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering. Additional affiliates, most notably Massachusetts General Hospital, are located throughout the Greater Boston area.
Other
Harvard owns the Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection in Washington, D.C., Harvard Forest in Petersham, Massachusetts, the Concord Field Station in Estabrook Woods in Concord, Massachusetts,[55] the Villa I Tatti research center in Florence, Italy,[56] the Harvard Shanghai Center in Shanghai, China,[57] and the Arnold Arboretum in the Jamaica Plain neighborhood of Boston.
Organization and administration
Governance
School | Founded |
Harvard College | 1636 |
Medicine | 1782 |
Divinity | 1816 |
Law | 1817 |
Engineering and Applied Sciences | 1847 |
Dental Medicine | 1867 |
Arts and Sciences | 1872 |
Business | 1908 |
Extension | 1910 |
Design | 1936 |
Education | 1920 |
Public Health | 1913 |
Government | 1936 |
Harvard is governed by a combination of its Board of Overseers and the President and Fellows of Harvard College (also known as the Harvard Corporation), which in turn appoints the President of Harvard University.[58] There are 16,000 staff and faculty,[59] including 2,400 professors, lecturers, and instructors.[60]
The Faculty of Arts and Sciences is the largest Harvard faculty and has primary responsibility for instruction in Harvard College, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS), and the Division of Continuing Education, which includes Harvard Summer School and Harvard Extension School. There are nine other graduate and professional faculties as well as the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study.
Joint programs with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology include the Harvard–MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, the Broad Institute, The Observatory of Economic Complexity, and edX.
Endowment
Harvard has the largest university endowment in the world, valued at about $50.7 billion as of 2023.[3][4] During the recession of 2007–2009, it suffered significant losses that forced large budget cuts, in particular temporarily halting construction on the Allston Science Complex.[61] The endowment has since recovered.[62][63][64][65]
About $2 billion of investment income is annually distributed to fund operations.[66] Harvard's ability to fund its degree and financial aid programs depends on the performance of its endowment; a poor performance in fiscal year 2016 forced a 4.4% cut in the number of graduate students funded by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences.[67] Endowment income is critical, as only 22% of revenue is from students' tuition, fees, room, and board.[68]
Divestment
Since the 1970s, several student-led campaigns have advocated divesting Harvard's endowment from controversial holdings, including investments in apartheid South Africa, Sudan during the Darfur genocide, and the tobacco, fossil fuel, and private prison industries.[69][70]
In the late 1980s, during the divestment from the South Africa movement, student activists erected a symbolic "shantytown" on Harvard Yard and blockaded a speech by South African Vice Consul Duke Kent-Brown.[71][72] The university eventually reduced its South African holdings by $230 million (out of $400 million) in response to the pressure.[71][73]
Academics
Teaching and learning
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/HarvardYard.jpg/220px-HarvardYard.jpg)
Harvard is a large, highly residential research university[75] offering 50 undergraduate majors,[76] 134 graduate degrees,[77] and 32 professional degrees.[78] During the 2018–2019 academic year, Harvard granted 1,665 baccalaureate degrees, 1,013 graduate degrees, and 5,695 professional degrees.[78]
Harvard College, the four-year, full-time undergraduate program, has a liberal arts and sciences focus.[75][76] To graduate in the usual four years, undergraduates normally take four courses per semester.[79] In most majors, an honors degree requires advanced coursework and a senior thesis.[80] Though some introductory courses have large enrollments, the median class size is 12 students.[81]
Professional schools
School | Founded | Enrollment[82] |
---|---|---|
Harvard University | 1636 | 31,345 |
Medicine | 1782 | 660 |
Divinity | 1816 | 377 |
Law | 1817 | 1,990 |
Dental Medicine | 1867 | 280 |
Arts and Sciences | 1872 | 4,824 |
Business | 1908 | 2,011 |
Extension | 1910 | 3,428 |
Design | 1914 | 878 |
Education | 1920 | 876 |
Public Health | 1922 | 1,412 |
Government | 1936 | 1,100 |
Engineering | 2007 | 1,750 |
Research
Harvard is a founding member of the Association of American Universities[83] and a preeminent research university with "very high" research activity (R1) and comprehensive doctoral programs across the arts, sciences, engineering, and medicine according to the Carnegie Classification.[75]
With the medical school consistently ranking first among medical schools for research,[84] biomedical research is an area of particular strength for the university. More than 11,000 faculty and over 1,600 graduate students conduct research at the medical school as well as its 15 affiliated hospitals and research institutes.[85] The medical school and its affiliates attracted $1.65 billion in competitive research grants from the National Institutes of Health in 2019, more than twice as much as any other university.[86]
Libraries and museums
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Widener_Library.jpg/220px-Widener_Library.jpg)
The Harvard Library system is centered in Widener Library in Harvard Yard and comprises nearly 80 individual libraries holding about 20.4 million items.[87][88][89] According to the American Library Association, it is the 4th largest library by volumes held in the United States.[90][6]
Houghton Library, the Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, and the Harvard University Archives consist principally of rare and unique materials. America's oldest collection of maps, gazetteers, and atlases is stored in Pusey Library and open to the public. The largest collection of East-Asian language material outside of East Asia is held in the Harvard-Yenching Library.
The Harvard Art Museums comprise three museums. The Arthur M. Sackler Museum covers Asian, Mediterranean, and Islamic art, the Busch–Reisinger Museum (formerly the Germanic Museum) covers central and northern European art, and the Fogg Museum covers Western art from the Middle Ages to the present emphasizing Italian early Renaissance, British pre-Raphaelite, and 19th-century French art. The Harvard Museums of Science and Culture are made up of the Harvard Museum of Natural History, which itself includes the Harvard Mineralogical and Geological Museum, the Harvard University Herbaria featuring the Blaschka Glass Flowers exhibit, and the Museum of Comparative Zoology; the Harvard Collection of Historical Scientific Instruments, found in the Harvard Science Center; the Harvard Museum of the Ancient Near East featuring artifacts from excavations in the Middle East; and the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, specializing in the cultural history and civilizations of the Western Hemisphere. Other museums include the Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, designed by Le Corbusier and housing the film archive; the Warren Anatomical Museum, found at Harvard Medical School's Center for the History of Medicine; and the Ethelbert Cooper Gallery of African & African American Art at the Hutchins Center for African and African American Research.
Reputation and rankings
Academic rankings | |
---|---|
National | |
ARWU[91] | 1 |
Forbes[92] | 9 |
U.S. News & World Report[93] | 3 (tie) |
Washington Monthly[94] | 1 |
WSJ/College Pulse[95] | 6 |
Global | |
ARWU[91] | 1 |
QS[96] | 4 |
THE[97] | 4 |
U.S. News & World Report[98] | 1 |
Harvard University is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education.[99] The university has held the first place on the Academic Ranking of World Universities since its release in 2003. It held the top spot in the Times Higher Education–QS World University Rankings from 2004 to 2009, every year that the ranking was published. Since then, Harvard has held first place on the Times Higher Education World Reputation Rankings every year since its release in 2011.[100]
Harvard was also ranked in the first tier of American research universities, along with Columbia, MIT, and Stanford, in the 2023 report from the Center for Measuring University Performance.[101]
Among rankings of specific indicators, Harvard topped both the University Ranking by Academic Performance (2019–2020) and Mines ParisTech: Professional Ranking of World Universities (2011), which measured universities' numbers of alumni holding CEO positions in Fortune Global 500 companies.[102] According to annual polls done by The Princeton Review, Harvard is consistently among the top two most commonly named dream colleges in the United States, both for students and parents[103][104][105]—even in 2024, after elite universities faced a decline in their public perception following the 2023 Congressional hearing on antisemitism that led to the resignations of Harvard and Penn presidents.[106] Additionally, having made significant investments in its engineering school in recent years, Harvard was ranked third worldwide for Engineering and Technology in 2019 by the Times Higher Education.[107]
In international relations, Foreign Policy magazine ranks Harvard best in the world at the undergraduate level and second in the world at the graduate level, behind the Walsh School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University.[108]
Student life
Race and ethnicity[109] | Total | ||
---|---|---|---|
White | 36% | ||
Asian | 21% | ||
Hispanic | 12% | ||
Foreign national | 11% | ||
Black | 11% | ||
Other[Notes 2] | 9% | ||
Economic diversity | |||
Low-income[Notes 3] | 18% | ||
Affluent[Notes 4] | 82% |
Student government
The Undergraduate Council represented College students, until it was dissolved in 2022,[110] and replaced by the Undergraduate Association. The Graduate Council represents students at all twelve graduate and professional schools, most of which also have their own student government.[111]
Athletics
Both the undergraduate College and the graduate schools have intramural sports programs.
Harvard College competes in the NCAA Division I Ivy League conference. The school fields 42 intercollegiate sports teams, more than any other college in the country.[112] Every two years, the Harvard and Yale track and field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford and Cambridge team in the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world.[113] As with other Ivy League universities, Harvard does not offer athletic scholarships.[114] The school color is crimson.[115]
Harvard's athletic rivalry with Yale came to a climax each fall in the annual football meeting, which dates back to 1875.[116]
Harvard University Gazette
The Harvard Gazette, also called the Harvard University Gazette, is the official press organ of Harvard University. Formerly a print publication, it is now a web site. It publicizes research, faculty, teaching and events at the university. Initiated in 1906, it was originally a weekly calendar of news and events. In 1968, it became a weekly newspaper.
In 2010, the Gazette "shifted from a print-first to a digital-first and mobile-first" publication, and reduced its publication calendar to biweekly, while keeping the same number of reporters, including some who had previously worked for the Boston Globe, Miami Herald, and the Associated Press.
Notable people
Alumni
Harvard's affiliates include eight U.S. presidents, 188 living billionaires, 162 Nobel laureates (official count 48 active faculty at the time of the award),[Notes 1] 7 Fields Medal winners, 9 Turing Award laureates, 369 Rhodes Scholars, 252 Marshall Scholars, and 13 Mitchell Scholars.[117][118][119][120] Harvard students and alumni have won 10 Academy Awards, 48 Pulitzer Prizes, and 108 Olympic medals (including 46 gold medals), and they have founded many notable companies worldwide.[121][122]
- Notable Harvard alumni include:
-
2nd President of the United States John Adams (AB, 1755; AM, 1758)[123]
-
Essayist, lecturer, philosopher, and poet Ralph Waldo Emerson (AB, 1821)
-
Naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher Henry David Thoreau (AB, 1837)
-
19th President of the United States Rutherford B. Hayes (LLB, 1845)[126]
-
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. (AB, 1861, LLB)
-
Philosopher, logician, and mathematician Charles Sanders Peirce (AB, 1862, SB 1863)
-
26th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Theodore Roosevelt (AB, 1880)[127]
-
Sociologist and civil rights activist
W. E. B. Du Bois (PhD, 1895) -
Poet Robert Frost (no degree)
-
32nd President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt (AB, 1903)[128]
-
Author, political activist, and lecturer Helen Keller (AB, 1904, Radcliffe College)
-
Poet and Nobel laureate in literature T. S. Eliot (AB, 1909; AM, 1910)
-
Physicist and leader of the Manhattan Project J. Robert Oppenheimer (AB, 1925)
-
Economist and Nobel laureate in economics Paul Samuelson (AM, 1936; PhD, 1941)
-
Musician and composer Leonard Bernstein (AB, 1939)
-
35th President of the United States John F. Kennedy (AB, 1940)[129]
-
15th prime minister of Canada Pierre Trudeau (MA, 1947)
-
Mathematician and domestic terrorist Ted Kaczynski (AB, 1962)
-
7th President of Ireland and United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Mary Robinson (LLM, 1968)
-
45th Vice President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Al Gore (AB, 1969)
-
24th President of Liberia and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (MPA, 1971)[130]
-
Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer (AB, 1971; JD, 1975)
-
11th Prime Minister of Pakistan Benazir Bhutto (AB, 1973, Radcliffe College)
-
14th Chair of the Federal Reserve and Nobel laureate in economics Ben Bernanke (AB, 1975; AM, 1975)
-
43rd President of the United States George W. Bush (MBA, 1975)[131]
-
17th Chief Justice of the United States John Roberts (AB, 1976; JD, 1979)
-
8th Secretary-General of the United Nations Ban Ki-moon (MPA, 1984)
-
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Elena Kagan (JD, 1986)
-
Biochemist and Nobel laureate in chemistry Jennifer Doudna (PhD, 1989)[132]
-
44th President of the United States and Nobel Peace Prize laureate Barack Obama (JD, 1991)[133][134]
-
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Neil Gorsuch (JD, 1991)
-
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States Ketanji Brown Jackson (AB, 1992; JD, 1996)
Faculty
- Notable past and present Harvard faculty include:
Literature and popular culture
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Clock_Tower_University_of_Puerto_Rico-San_Marcos-Harvard.jpg/220px-Clock_Tower_University_of_Puerto_Rico-San_Marcos-Harvard.jpg)
The perception of Harvard as a center of either elite achievement, or elitist privilege, has made it a frequent literary and cinematic backdrop.[135]
Literature
- The Sound and the Fury (1929) and Absalom, Absalom! (1936) by William Faulkner both depict Harvard student life.[136]
- Of Time and the River (1935) by Thomas Wolfe is a fictionalized autobiography that includes his alter ego's time at Harvard.[137]
- The Late George Apley (1937) by John P. Marquand parodies Harvard men at the opening of the 20th century;[137] it won the Pulitzer Prize.[138]
- The Second Happiest Day (1953) by John P. Marquand Jr. portrays the Harvard of the World War II generation.[139][140][141][142][143]
Film
Harvard permits filming on its property only rarely, so most scenes set at Harvard (especially indoor shots, but excepting aerial footage and shots of public areas such as Harvard Square) are shot elsewhere.[144][145]
- Love Story (1970) concerns a romance between a wealthy Harvard hockey player (Ryan O'Neal) and a brilliant Radcliffe student of modest means (Ali MacGraw): it is screened annually for incoming freshmen.[146][147][148]
- The Paper Chase (1973)[149]
- A Small Circle of Friends (1980)[144]
See also
- Academic regalia of Harvard University
- Gore Hall
- Harvard College social clubs
- Harvard University Police Department
- Harvard University Press
- Harvard/MIT Cooperative Society
- I, Too, Am Harvard
- List of Harvard University named chairs
- List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Harvard University
- List of oldest universities in continuous operation
- Outline of Harvard University
- Secret Court of 1920
Notes
- ^ a b Universities adopt different metrics to claim Nobel or other academic award affiliates, some generous while others more stringent.
"The official Harvard count (which is 49 only includes academicians affiliated at the time of winning the prize. Yet, the figure can be up to some 160 Nobel affiliates, the most worldwide, if visitors and professors of various ranks are all included (the most generous criterium), as what some other universities do.)". Archived from the original on March 22, 2023.- Rachel Sugar (May 29, 2015). "Where MacArthur 'Geniuses' Went to College". businessinsider.com. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
- "Top Producers". us.fulbrightonline.org. Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved November 4, 2020.
- "Statistics". www.marshallscholarship.org. Archived from the original on January 26, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
- "US Rhodes Scholars Over Time". www.rhodeshouse.ox.ac.uk. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
- "Harvard, Stanford, Yale Graduate Most Members of Congress". Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
- "The complete list of Fields Medal winners". areppim AG. 2014. Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
- ^ Other consists of Multiracial Americans and those who prefer not to say.
- ^ The percentage of students who received an income-based federal Pell grant intended for low-income students.
- ^ The percentage of students who are a part of the American middle class at the bare minimum.
References
- ^ Samuel Eliot Morison (1968). The Founding of Harvard College. Harvard University Press. p. 329. ISBN 978-0-674-31450-4. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2020.
- ^ An appropriation of £400 toward a "school or college" was voted on October 28, 1636 (OS), at a meeting which convened on September 8 and was adjourned to October 28. Some sources consider October 28, 1636 (OS) (November 7, 1636, NS) to be the date of founding. Harvard's 1936 tercentenary celebration treated September 18 as the founding date, though 1836 bicentennial was celebrated on September 8, 1836. Sources: meeting dates, Quincy, Josiah (1860). The History of Harvard University. Crosby, Nichols, Lee & Company. p. 586. ISBN 978-0-405-10016-1. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015., "At a Court holden September 8th, 1636 and continued by adjournment to the 28th of the 8th month (October, 1636)... the Court agreed to give £400 towards a School or College, whereof £200 to be paid next year...." Tercentenary dates: "Cambridge Birthday". Time. September 28, 1936. Archived from the original on December 5, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2006.: "Harvard claims birth on the day the Massachusetts Great and General Court convened to authorize its founding. This was Sept. 8, 1637 under the Julian calendar. Allowing for the ten-day advance of the Gregorian calendar, Tercentenary officials arrived at Sept. 18 as the date for the third and last big Day of the celebration;" "on Oct. 28, 1636 ... £400 for that 'school or college' [was voted by] the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony." Bicentennial date: Marvin Hightower (September 2, 2003). "Harvard Gazette: This Month in Harvard History". Harvard University. Archived from the original on September 8, 2006. Retrieved September 15, 2006., "Sept. 8, 1836 – Some 1,100 to 1,300 alumni flock to Harvard's Bicentennial, at which a professional choir premieres "Fair Harvard." ... guest speaker Josiah Quincy Jr., Class of 1821, makes a motion, unanimously adopted, 'that this assembly of the Alumni be adjourned to meet at this place on September 8, 1936.'" Tercentary opening of Quincy's sealed package: The New York Times, September 9, 1936, p. 24, "Package Sealed in 1836 Opened at Harvard. It Held Letters Written at Bicentenary": "September 8th, 1936: As the first formal function in the celebration of Harvard's tercentenary, the Harvard Alumni Association witnessed the opening by President Conant of the 'mysterious' package sealed by President Josiah Quincy at the Harvard bicentennial in 1836."
- ^ a b c "Harvard posts investment gain in fiscal 2023, endowment stands at $50.7 billion". Reuters.com. October 20, 2023. Archived from the original on October 20, 2023. Retrieved October 20, 2023.
- ^ a b c Financial Report Fiscal Year 2023 (PDF) (Report). Harvard University. October 19, 2023. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 23, 2023. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
- ^ Haidar, Emma H.; Kettles, Cam E. (March 1, 2024). "Harvard Law School Dean John Manning '82 Named Interim Provost by Garber". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved March 2, 2024.
- ^ a b "Harvard University Graphic Identity Standards Manual" (PDF). July 14, 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 19, 2022. Retrieved June 25, 2022.
- ^ a b c "Common Data Set 2022–2023" (PDF). Office of Institutional Research. Harvard University. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2023. Retrieved September 7, 2023.
- ^ "IPEDS – Harvard University". Archived from the original on October 28, 2022. Retrieved October 28, 2022.
- ^ "Color Scheme" (PDF). Harvard Athletics Brand Identity Guide. July 27, 2021. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
- ^ Examples include:
- Keller, Morton; Keller, Phyllis (2001). Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University. Oxford University Press. pp. 463–481. ISBN 0-19-514457-0.
Harvard's professional schools... won world prestige of a sort rarely seen among social institutions. [...] Harvard's age, wealth, quality, and prestige may well shield it from any conceivable vicissitudes.
- Spaulding, Christina (1989). "Sexual Shakedown". In Trumpbour, John (ed.). How Harvard Rules: Reason in the Service of Empire. South End Press. pp. 326–336. ISBN 0-89608-284-9.
... [Harvard's] tremendous institutional power and prestige [...] Within the nation's (arguably) most prestigious institution of higher learning ...
- David Altaner (March 9, 2011). "Harvard, MIT Ranked Most Prestigious Universities, Study Reports". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on March 14, 2011. Retrieved March 1, 2012.
- Collier's Encyclopedia. Macmillan Educational Co. 1986.
Harvard University, one of the world's most prestigious institutions of higher learning, was founded in Massachusetts in 1636.
- Newport, Frank (August 26, 2003). "Harvard Number One University in Eyes of Public Stanford and Yale in second place". Gallup. Archived from the original on September 25, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
- Leonhardt, David (September 17, 2006). "Ending Early Admissions: Guess Who Wins?". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on March 27, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
The most prestigious college in the world, of course, is Harvard, and the gap between it and every other university is often underestimated.
- Hoerr, John (1997). We Can't Eat Prestige: The Women Who Organized Harvard. Temple University Press. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-56639-535-9.
- Wong, Alia (September 11, 2018). "At Private Colleges, Students Pay for Prestige". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved May 17, 2020.
Americans tend to think of colleges as falling somewhere on a vast hierarchy based largely on their status and brand recognition. At the top are the Harvards and the Stanfords, with their celebrated faculty, groundbreaking research, and perfectly manicured quads.
- Keller, Morton; Keller, Phyllis (2001). Making Harvard Modern: The Rise of America's University. Oxford University Press. pp. 463–481. ISBN 0-19-514457-0.
- ^ Story, Ronald (1975). "Harvard and the Boston Brahmins: A Study in Institutional and Class Development, 1800–1865". Journal of Social History. 8 (3): 94–121. doi:10.1353/jsh/8.3.94. S2CID 147208647.
- ^ Farrell, Betty G. (1993). Elite Families: Class and Power in Nineteenth-Century Boston. State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-1593-7.
- ^ a b "Member Institutions and years of Admission". aau.edu. Association of American Universities. Archived from the original on May 21, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2010.
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External links
- Official website
- Harvard University at College Navigator, a tool from the National Center for Education Statistics
- Harvard University
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- Educational institutions established in the 1630s
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- Private universities and colleges in Massachusetts
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