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Huang Tzu

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Huang Tzu
Background information
Born(1904-03-23)23 March 1904
Shanghai, China
Died9 May 1938(1938-05-09) (aged 34)
GenresClassical Chinese music, Choir, Symphony
OccupationComposer

Huang Tzu (simplified Chinese: 黄自; traditional Chinese: 黃自; pinyin: Huáng Zì; Wade–Giles: Huang Tzu; 23 March 1904 - 9 May 1938), courtesy name Jinwu (Chinese: 今吾; pinyin: Jīnwú; Wade–Giles: Chin-wu), was a Chinese composer of the early 20th century.[1]

Life

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Huang was born in Chuansha, Shanghai, during the final years of the Qing Dynasty. His father Huang Hongpei was a factory manager, and his mother Lu Meixian founded the first women’s school in Shanghai.[2] He was also a distant relative of Huang Yanpei. He was accepted into Tsinghua College in 1916 and was introduced to Western music there. While at Tsinghua, he studied piano and vocal music, and was well-known within the local community.[3] At that time, he was also influenced by the May Fourth Movement, which occurred in 1919.[4]

After his graduation in 1924, Huang went on to study psychology in Oberlin College in Ohio, United States, assisted by the Boxer Indemnity Scholarship.[2] There, he studied music theory, sight-singing, dictation, and keyboard harmony.[3] In 1928, he was accepted into Yale University, where he studied Western music. In Yale, he composed the overture In Memoriam, which is the first large-scale orchestral work by a Chinese composer.[5] There, he also composed another overture called "Nostalgia", which was played at the Yale School of Music’s graduation concert."[3]

In 1929, Huang returned to China and taught in the University of Shanghai, National Music College and other music schools. After the Mukden Incident in 1931, Huang wrote patriotic songs such as Resist the Enemy Song (抗敌歌).[6] During this time, he also faced censorship from the Chinese government, and had to change "enemy" for "Japan" in the song's title.[7] In 1935, he established the Shanghai Orchestra, the first all-Chinese orchestra. Some of his students, including He Luting, Ding Shande, Zhu Ying, Jiang Dingxian, Lin Sheng, Lin Shengxi and Liu Xue'an, became famous musicians later.

Works

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Huang's best-known works include: Philosophical Song (天倫歌); Plum Blossoms in the Snow (踏雪尋梅), a 1933 large cantata based on Bai Juyi's poem Chang hen ge; Flower in the Mist (花非花); Lotus Song (採蓮謠); Benshi (本事). He also composed the National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China. Huang died of typhoid fever in Shanghai in 1938.

List by year

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Title[8] Year Instrumentation Text
Nostalgia (怀旧) 1929 Orchestra N/A
Missing Homeland (思乡) 1932 Voice and piano Wei Hanzhang
Spring Nostalgia (春思曲) 1932 Voice and piano Wei Hanzhang
Three Wishes From a Rose (玫瑰三愿) 1932 Voice, violin, and piano Long Qi
Present to the Front Line Soldiers (赠前敌将士) 1932 He Xiangning
West Lake After Rain (雨后西湖) 1933 Wei Hanzhang
September 18th (九一八) 1933 Wei Hanzhang
Plum Blossoms in the Snow (踏雪寻梅) 1933 Liu Xue'an
Down to Jiangling (下江陵) 1933 Li Bai
Flower in the Mist (花非花) 1933 Voice and piano Bai Juyi
Ode to Ascending the Tower (点绛唇 · 赋登楼) 1934 Voice and piano Wang Zhuo
Students' Year of National Goods Song (学生国货年歌) 1934 Huang Yanpei
Thoughts on Climbing Beigu Pavilion in Jingkou (南乡子·登京口北固亭有怀) 1934 Xin Qiji
Composed in Residence at Huangzhou Dinghui Garden (卜算子·黄州定慧院寓居作) 1934 Su Shi
The West Wind's Words (西风的话) 1934 Liao Fushu
Swallow Speak (燕语) 1934 Wei Hanzhang
Sleeping Lion (睡狮) 1934 Wei Hanzhang
Lotus Song (采莲谣) 1934 Wei Hanzhang
Philosophical Song (天伦歌) 1936 Zhong Shigen
Song of Enthusiasm (热血歌) 1937 Wu Zonghai

References

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  1. ^ (in Chinese) Huang Tzu (黄自) Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine, Office of Local Chronicles of Shanghai (上海市地方志辦公室).
  2. ^ a b Fu, Jietong. (2022). Zi Huang's art songs: a marriage of Chinese and Western music and thought (DMA thesis). Texas Tech University.
  3. ^ a b c "2. Huang Zi (1904.3.23—1938.5.9), "Nostalgia" – Global Musical Modernisms". 2024-03-04. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
  4. ^ Liu, Xiaoyue. (2022). Selected Art Songs of Chinese Composer Huang Zi: Music, Poetry, and Social-Historical Considerations (DMA thesis). University of North Texas.
  5. ^ "The Art Song Compositions of Huang Tzu | Yale University Library". web.library.yale.edu. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
  6. ^ "Huang Zi: Pioneer of patriotic songs[1]- Chinadaily.com.cn". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
  7. ^ Howard, Joshua H. (2015). ""Music for a National Defense": Making Martial Music during the Anti-Japanese War". Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review. 4 (1): 238–284. ISSN 2158-9674.
  8. ^ Guo, Qian (April 1, 2023). 黄自独唱艺术歌曲集 [Huang Tzu Solo Art Song Anthology] (in Chinese). Anhui Literature and Art Publishing House. ISBN 9787539675312.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)