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Al-Haram, Jaffa

Coordinates: 32°11′17″N 34°48′24″E / 32.18806°N 34.80667°E / 32.18806; 34.80667
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Al-Haram
Village
Sidna Ali Mosque in Al-Haram
Sidna Ali Mosque in Al-Haram
1870s map
1940s map
modern map
1940s with modern overlay map
A series of historical maps of the area around Al-Haram, Jaffa (click the buttons)
Al-Haram is located in Mandatory Palestine
Al-Haram
Al-Haram
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 32°11′17″N 34°48′24″E / 32.18806°N 34.80667°E / 32.18806; 34.80667
Palestine grid131/177
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictJaffa
Date of depopulation3 February 1948[3]
Area
[2]
 • Total2,681 dunams (2.681 km2 or 1.035 sq mi)
Population
 (1945)
 • Total520[1][2]
Cause(s) of depopulationFear of being caught up in the fighting

Al-Haram (El Haram ʿAly Ibn ʿAleim, also Sayyiduna Ali or Sidna Ali "sanctuary of ʿAli [Ibn ʿAleim]",[4] Hebrew: אל-חרם, Arabic: الحرم), was a Palestinian Arab village in the Jaffa Subdistrict,[5] in Mandatory Palestine. It was located 16 km (10 miles) north of Jaffa, adjacent to the ruins of the medieval walled city of Arsuf, and its extent was estimated to range between 9,653 and 11,698 dunams of which 5,150 were accounted for in the cadastral registrations.[5] It was depopulated during the 1948 war.

History

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Medieval

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The medieval walled city of Arsuf was captured from the Kingdom of Jerusalem by Baibars in 1265, after 40 days of siege. Its inhabitants were killed or sold as slaves and the town completely razed.[6] The site was fully abandoned for about a century; according to the geographer Abulfeda (writing in c. 1330), the site contained no inhabitants ("Tabula Syriæ", 82). It appears that a minor village was re-established in the 16th century in the vicinity of the Sidna Ali Mosque. The mosque is mentioned by Mujir al-Din (writing c. 1496) as having been dedicated at the tomb of a Muslim saint, ʿAli Ibn ʿAleim (d. 1081), and that Sultan Baybars had prayed at the tomb for victory prior to retaking Arsuf in 1265.[7][8]

Ottoman period

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Al-Haram was one of four villages founded during the Ottoman period, near the coast north of the Yarkon River (along with the villages of Al-Shaykh Muwannis, Ijlil, and Umm Khalid). According to historian Roy Marom, the establishment of Al-Haram "demonstrates that the expansion of settlement in the southern Sharon was the result of the internal expansion of the core settlement by residents of the mountainous highlands of Samaria, and not by Egyptian ‘penetrators’ as previously claimed."[9]

In 1596, in the Ottoman era, a third of the revenues from a place called "Arsuf" went to the waqf of ʿAli Ibn ʿAleim.[10] Pierre Jacotin called the village Ali Ebn harami on his map from 1799.[11]

In 1870/1871 (1288 AH), an Ottoman census listed the village in the nahiya (sub-district) of Bani Sa'b.[12]

In 1880, it was described in the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine as an adobe village of moderate size on high ground, with springs to the north, and on the west a mosque. The full name was recorded as El Haram 'Aly Ibn 'Aleim.[13]

British Mandate

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In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Al-Haran had a population of 172, all Muslims[14] increasing the 1931 census to 313, still all Muslims, in a total of 83 houses.[15]

During the 1920s, the Palestine Land Development Company (PLDC) bought part of the village land on behalf of the American Zion Commonwealth from the Omri family of Beirut, to found the settlement of Herzliya.[16][17] Later purchases of village land by the PLDC, Jewish National Fund, Keren Hayesod and private Jewish buyers was used to establish Kfar Shmaryahu and Rishpon.[18][19] At the time, during the Palestinian revolt against the British Mandate, two al-Haram villagers were brought before the rebel leader Aref Abd al-Razeq, and condemned for having sold land there to the Jews, as documents are showing.[20] According to some testimonies,[21] the relationship between the villagers of Al-Haram and the Jews of Herzliya and Rishpon was friendly. The early settlers of Herzliya mention Arab peddlers in the streets of the town. Some of the villagers were employed in construction. Former Arab residents of al-Haram testified that before the war, representatives of the Jewish towns assured them they were safe.[22]

In the 1945 statistics the village had a population of 880, with 360 Jewish inhabitants.[1][2] Al-Haram had an elementary school for boys founded in 1921, and in 1945 it had an enrollment of 68 students. The village also contained a mosque and the shrine of al-Hasan ibn 'Ali (d. AD 1081), a descendant of the second Muslim caliph, 'Umar ibn al-Khattab.[19]

According to Morris, the villagers were evacuated on 3 February 1948 out of fear of Jewish attack, after Haganah or Irgun attacks on nearby villages.[23]

al-Haram, Jaffa, 1947 from Palmach archive

Today

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The only trace of the former village is the Sidna Ali shrine and the cemetery which surrounds it. The cemetery is used as a parking lot by tourists.[24] Many Muslim graves are mentioned in a 1998 archaeological publication to the west and south of the structure.[25]

The shrine is located between the Sidna Ali Beach aka Nof Yam, and the Reshef neighbourhood of Herzliya.

References

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  1. ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 27
  2. ^ a b c Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 52
  3. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xviii, village #195
  4. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 174
  5. ^ a b Essaid, 2014, pp. 175-213
  6. ^ Templar of Tyre, Gestes des Chiprois, Part III, p.117, ed. Gaston Raynaud, Genève, 1887: The year given by the chronicler known as the Templar of Tyre is 1265.
  7. ^ Taragan, Hana (2004): The Tomb of Sayyidna Ali in Arsuf: the Story of a Holy Place In JRAS (Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society), Series 4, 14, 2 (2004), pp. 83–102.
  8. ^ Essaid, 2014, p. 175 writes: 'The village of Al-Haram was also known as Sayyiduna 'Ali (generally spelt as Sidna 'Ali), meaning 'our lord 'Ali,' because it was built round the shrine of a descendant of 'Umar ibn al-Khatab named al-Hasan ibn 'Ali, who died in AD 1081. However another source claims that the name came from the fighter Abi Hasan 'Ali ibn 'Ulail, who was from the clan of 'Umar ibn al-Khatab, since Abi Hasan 'Abi ibn 'Ulail was known generally by the name of 'Ali ibn 'Alim.'
  9. ^ Roy Marom, “Al-Sheikh Muwannis: Transformations in the Arab Countryside between the Mountainous Interior and the City of Jaffa, 1750-1848,” Cathedra 183 (February 2023), pp. 9-34.
  10. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 140
  11. ^ Karmon, 1960, p. 170 Archived 2019-12-22 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Grossman, David (2004). Arab Demography and Early Jewish Settlement in Palestine. Jerusalem: Magnes Press. p. 255.
  13. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1882, SWP II, p. 134.
  14. ^ Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jaffa, p. 20
  15. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 13.
  16. ^ Avneri, 1982, pp. 70, 176
  17. ^ Glass, 2002, p. 207
  18. ^ Essaid, 2014, p. 180
  19. ^ a b Khalidi, 1992, pp. 240-241
  20. ^ Hillel Cohen, Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism, 1917–1948, University of California Press, 2008
  21. ^ Yahav, Dan. Herzliya, "Mother of the Kibbutzim and the Communal Groups". Yaron Golan Publishers.
  22. ^ Article title[usurped]
  23. ^ Morris, 2004, p. 129, note 514.
  24. ^ Essaid (2013), p. 211, f.n. 61
  25. ^ Diego Barkan & Ayelet Dayan, Sidna 'Ali: Final Report, Hadashot Arkheologiyot 11/11/2018, Volume 130 (2018), quoting Gophna R. & Ayalon E. (1998), Map of Herzliyya (69) (Archaeological Survey of Israel). Accessed 18 September 2020.

Bibliography

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