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-{{Taxobox
-| name = Zebra mussel
-| image = Dreissena_polymorpha.jpg
-| image_width = 250px
-| image_caption = Live zebra mussels underwater with shells open, animals respiring, siphons visible.
-| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
-| phylum = [[Mollusca]]
-| classis = [[Bivalvia]]
-| subclassis = [[Heterodonta]]
-| ordo = [[Veneroida]]
-| superfamilia = [[Dreissenoidea]]
-| familia = [[Dreissenidae]]
-| genus = ''[[Dreissena]]''
-| species = '''''D. polymorpha'''''
-| binomial = ''Dreissena polymorpha''
-| binomial_authority = [[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]], 1771
-}}
-The '''zebra mussel''', ''Dreissena polymorpha'', is a small [[freshwater]] [[mussel]]. This species was originally native to the lakes of southeast [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cisr.ucr.edu/quagga_zebra_mussels.html |title=Center for Invasive Species Research: Zebra Mussels |publisher=Cisr.ucr.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-06-29}}</ref> However, it has been accidentally [[Introduced species|introduced]] in many other areas, and has become an [[invasive species]] in many different countries.
-Zebra mussels superficially resemble marine mussels in the family [[Mytilidae]], and like them, are attached to solid substrates with a [[byssus]]. However, zebra mussels are not at all closely related to the mytilids; they are much more closely related to the [[Veneridae]], the [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]] clams.
-Zebra mussels get their name from a striped pattern which is commonly seen on their shells, though not all shells bear this pattern. They are usually about the size of a fingernail, but can grow to a maximum length of nearly {{convert|2|in|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|author=The National Atlas of the United States of America |url=http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_zm.html |title=Zebra Mussels |publisher=Nationalatlas.gov |date=2009-09-17 |accessdate=2010-06-29}}</ref> The shape of the shell is also somewhat variable.
-== Anatomy ==
-[[file:Zebra mussel GLERL 1.jpg|thumb|left|Drawing of zebra mussel, showing the [[byssus]]]]
-Zebra mussels are relatively small, with adults ranging from {{convert|0.25|to|1.5|in|cm|abbr=on}} long.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/aquaticanimals/zebramussel/index.html |title=Zebra mussel&nbsp;— Invasive species: Minnesota DNR |publisher=Dnr.state.mn.us |date=1999-08-24 |accessdate=2010-06-29}}</ref> They have tiny stripes down their shells. Zebra Mussels have a D-shaped shell. They attach to things with 'strings', [[Byssus|byssal]] threads, which come out of their [[umbo]] on the dorsal (hinged) side. Removal of the mussel is therefore difficult.
-== Ecology ==
-[[file:Dreissena polymorpha1.jpg|thumb|Three color varieties of the shell of the zebra mussel]]
-[[file:Dreissena polymorpha3.jpg|thumb|Close-up of a typical shell of a zebra mussel]]
-Zebra mussels and the closely related and ecologically similar [[quagga mussel]]s are [[filter feeder|filter-feeding]] organisms. They remove particles from the [[water column]]. Some particles are consumed as [[food]], and [[feces]] are deposited on the lake floor. Non-food particles are combined with [[mucus]] and other matter and deposited on lake floors as [[pseudofeces]].
-Lake floor food supplies are enriched by zebra mussels as they filter pollution out of the water. This biomass becomes available to bottom feeding species and to the fish that feed on them.<ref>{{ Cite document | last =Garton | first =D. W. | author-link = | last2 =Berg | first2 =D. J. | author2-link = | last3 =Stoeckmann | first3 =A. M. | last4 =Hagg | first4 =W. R. | year =1993 | date = | title =Biology of recent invertebrate invading species in the Great Lakes: The spiny water flea, Bythotrephes cederstoemi, and the zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha. pages 63-84 | place = Indianapolis, Indiana. | publisher = Indiana Academy of Science. | edition = in B. N. McKnight editor. Biological pollution: The control and impact of invasive exotic species. | volume = | id = | isbn = | url = | ref =harv | postscript =<!--None--> }}</ref> The catch of [[yellow perch]] increased 5 fold after the introduction of zebra mussels into [[Lake Saint Clair (North America)|Lake St. Clair]].<ref>{{ Cite document | last =Saggoff | first =M. | author-link = | year =Accessed July 2007 | date = | title =What’s Wrong with Exotic Species? | place = College Park, Maryland | publisher =Institute for Philosophy and Public Policy, Maryland School of Public Affairs | edition = | volume = | id = | isbn = | url =http://www.puaf.umd.edu/IPPP/fall1999/exotic_species.htm | format ={{dead link|date=July 2010}} | ref =harv | postscript =<!--None--> }}</ref>
-Zebra mussels attach to most [[Substrate (marine biology)|substrates]] including sand, [[silt]], and harder substrates. Other mussel species frequently represent the most stable objects in silty substrates, and zebra mussels attach to, and often kill these mussels.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}} This has eliminated many native mussel species from affected lakes in North America.{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}} This pattern is being repeated in Ireland where zebra mussels have eliminated the two freshwater mussels from several waterways, including some lakes along the [[River Shannon]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}
-=== Life cycle ===
-The life span of a zebra mussel is four to five years.<ref>{{cite web|author=Amy Benson |url=http://fl.biology.usgs.gov/Nonindigenous_Species/Zebra_mussel_FAQs/zebra_mussel_faqs.html |title=Zebra mussel FAQs |publisher=Fl.biology.usgs.gov |date=2009-12-22 |accessdate=2010-06-29}}</ref> A female zebra mussel begins to reproduce within 6-7 weeks of settling. (see Borcherding, J. 1991. The annual reproductive cycle of freshwater mussel ''Dreissena polymorpha'' Pallas in lakes.) Oecologia 87:208-218.
-In terms of reproduction, zebra mussels are among the most prolific of all animals. An adult female zebra mussel may produce between 30,000 and one million eggs per year.<ref>/nationalatlas.gov</ref> [[spawn (biology)|Spawning]] usually begins in the months from late spring to early summer by free-swimming larvae ([[veliger]]s), which are microscopic in size, thus invisible to the naked human eye. About two to five percent of zebra mussels reach adulthood.
-=== Predators ===
-There are a number of natural predators of zebra mussel. Zebra mussels have high nutritional value (Walz, 1979) and are consumed in large quantities by [[crayfish]], [[waterfowl]] and in smaller quantities by [[muskrat]]s.
-Crayfish could have a significant impact on the densities of 1 to 5&nbsp;mm long zebra mussels. An adult crayfish consumes an average of nearly 105 zebra mussels every day, or about 6000 mussels in a season. Predation rates are significantly reduced at cooler water temperatures.
-Several species of fish consume zebra mussels. Of these, [[Rutilus|roach]] seems to have the most significant impact on mussel densities. In some Polish lakes the diet of the roach consists almost exclusively (~95%) of zebra mussels (Stanczykowska, 1957). Despite all this, it seems that fish do not limit the densities of zebra mussels in European lakes. [[Smallmouth bass]] are a predator in the zebra mussels' adopted North American [[Great Lakes]] [[habitat]]. {{Harvnb|Mackie et al.|1989}}
-== As an invasive species ==
-[[file:Zebra mussel warning sign.jpg|thumb|Sign advising boaters on how to prevent zebra mussel spread on [[Titicus Reservoir]] in [[North Salem, New York]]]]
-The native distribution of the species is the [[Black Sea]] and [[Caspian Sea]] in [[Eurasia]]. Zebra mussels have become an [[invasive species]] in [[North America]], [[Great Britain]], [[Ireland]], [[Italy]], [[Spain]], and [[Sweden]].
-The zebra mussel was found and described first in the Roknighani part of Russia, but then it was recognized in the Caspian Sea. In 1991 Lisický described the distribution of this species as [[Pontic]] (Black Sea) and [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] (Caspian Sea).<ref>{{sk icon}} Lisický M. J. 1991. ''Mollusca Slovenska'' [The Slovak molluscs]. VEDA vydavateľstvo [[Slovak Academy of Sciences|Slovenskej akadémie vied]], Bratislava, 344 pp.</ref>
-Grossinger reported it in [[Hungary]] in 1794. Kerney and Morton described the rapid colonization of Britain by the zebra mussel, first in [[Cambridgeshire]] in the 1820s, London in 1824, and in the [[Union Canal (Scotland)|Union Canal]] near [[Edinburgh]] in 1834.
-<ref>{{ Cite document | last =Mackie | first =G | author-link = | last2 =Gibbons | first2 =W | author2-link = | last3 =Muncaster | first3 =B | last4 =Gray | first4 =I | year =1989 | date = | title =The Zebra Mussel, Dreissena polymorpha: A synthesis of European Experiences and a preview for North America | place = | publisher = Ontario Ministry of Environment | edition = | volume = | id = | isbn = | url = | ref =harv | postscript =<!--None--> }}</ref>
-In 1827 zebra mussels were seen in the [[Netherlands]] at [[Rotterdam]]. Canals that artificially link many European waterways facilitated their early dispersal. It is non-indigenous in the [[List of non-marine molluscs of the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]] in [[Elbe river]] in [[Bohemia]] since 1893;<ref>{{ cite journal | journal = Vesmír | pages = 177–178 | title = Do Čech zavlečená slávka: ''Dreissena polymorpha'' Pall | author = | last = Blažka | first = F. | coauthors = | volume = 22 | issue = 15 | month = | year = 1893 | doi = | url = | language = Czech | accessdate= | ref = harv }}</ref> in southern Moravia is probably native.<ref name="Horsák 2010">{{cs icon}} Horsák M., Juřičková L., Beran L., Čejka T. & Dvořák L. (2010). "Komentovaný seznam měkkýšů zjištěných ve volné přírodě České a Slovenské republiky. [Annotated list of mollusc species recorded outdoors in the Czech and Slovak Republics]". ''Malacologica Bohemoslovaca'', Suppl. 1: 1-37. [http://mollusca.sav.sk/pdf/9/Suppl-1.pdf PDF].</ref> Around 1920 the mussels reached Lake [[Mälaren]] in [[Sweden]].
-The first Italian appearance of the organism was in northern [[Italy]] in [[Lake Garda]] in 1973;<ref>{{ cite journal | journal = Mem Mus Civ St Nat Verona | pages = 45–49 | title = Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas) nuovamente in Italia. (Bivalvia, Dreissenidae) | author = Giusti F and Oppi E | last = | first = | coauthors = | volume = 20 | issue = | month = | year = 1973 | doi = | url = | language = Italian | accessdate= | ref = harv }}</ref> in central Italy they appeared in [[Tuscany]] in 2003.<ref>{{ cite journal | journal = Aquatic Invasions | pages = 281–283 | title = New records of ''Dreissena polymorpha'' (Pallas, 1771) (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) from Central Italy | author = Elisabetta Lori and Simone Cianfanelli | last = | first = | coauthors = | volume = 1 | issue = 4 | month = | year = 2006 | doi = 10.3391/ai.2006.1.4.11 | url = http://www.aquaticinvasions.ru/2006/AI_2006_1_4_Lori_Cianfanelli.pdf | accessdate= | ref = harv}}</ref>
-Zebra mussels are also present in [[Cardiff Bay]] in Wales, in great quantities. The local government is very concerned about how easily they have spread to other freshwater bodies in [[Wales]] and it is believed that the spread will continue.
-=== North American invasion ===
-In the U.S. and Canada, they were first detected in the [[Great Lakes]] in 1988, in [[Lake Saint Clair (North America)|Lake St. Clair]], located between [[Detroit, Michigan]], and [[Windsor, Ontario]].<ref name="ithica"/> It is believed they were inadvertently introduced into the lakes in the [[Sailing ballast|ballast]] water of ocean-going ships traversing the [[St. Lawrence Seaway]]. Another possible often neglected mode of introduction is on anchors and chains, although this has not been proven. Since adult zebra mussels can survive out of water for several days or weeks if the temperature is low and humidity is high, chain lockers provide temporary refuge for clusters of adult mussels that could easily be released when transoceanic ships drop anchor in freshwater ports. They have become an [[invasive species]] in North America.
-From their first appearance in American waters in 1988, zebra mussels have spread to a large number of waterways, including [[Lake Simcoe]] the Great Lakes region and the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]], [[Hudson River|Hudson]], [[St Lawrence River|St. Lawrence]], [[Ohio River|Ohio]], [[Cumberland River|Cumberland]], [[Missouri River|Missouri]], [[Tennessee River|Tennessee]], [[Colorado River|Colorado]], and [[Arkansas River|Arkansas]] Rivers. They disrupt the ecosystems by [[Monotypic taxon|monotypic]] [[colonization]], and damage harbors and waterways, ships and boats, and water treatment and power plants. Water treatment plants were initially hit hardest because the water intakes brought the microscopic free-swimming larvae directly into the facilities.
-In July, 2009, The Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation confirmed that zebra mussels had been found in Laurel Lake in the Berkshires, the first documented case in a Massachusetts body of water.<ref>{{ Cite news | title = 2 Mass. towns start fight against zebra mussel | newspaper = Boston Herald | year = 2009 | date = 2009-07-13 | url = http://www.bostonherald.com/news/regional/view/200907132_mass_towns_start_fight_against_zebra_mussel/srvc=home&position=recent | ref = harv | postscript = <!--None--> }}</ref>
-In September, 2009, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources announced that live zebra mussels have been found in [[Pelican Lake (Minnesota)|Pelican Lake, Minnesota]]. This was the first confirmed sighting in the [[Red River Basin]], which extends across the international border into the province of Manitoba.<ref>{{ cite press release | title = Zebra mussels found in Pelican Lake in Otter Tail County | publisher = MN Department of Natural Resources | year = 2009 | date = 2009-09-17 | url = http://news.dnr.state.mn.us/index.php/2009/09/17/zebra-mussels-found-in-pelican-lake-in-otter-tail-county/#more-43227 | accessdate = 2009-09-18 }}</ref>  In July, 2010, the North Dakota Game and Fish Department confirmed the presence of zebra mussel veliger in the Red River between Wahpeton, N.D. and Breckenridge, Minn. <ref>{{ cite press release | title = Zebra Mussel Discovered in North Dakota | publisher = ND Game and Fish Department | year = 2010 | date = 2010-07-01 | url = http://gf.nd.gov/multimedia/news/2010/07/100701.html | accessdate = 2010-07-02}}</ref>
-In 2010 California reported invasions. <ref>http://fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5144740.pdf usda.gov. Zebra mussels found. access date: 5/22/2010 </ref>
-A common inference made by scientists predicts that the zebra mussel will continue spreading passively, by ship and by pleasure craft, to more rivers in North America. Trailered boat traffic is the most likely vector for invasion into [[Western Cordillera (North America)|Western North America]]. This spread is preventable if boaters thoroughly clean and dry their boats and associated equipment before transporting them to new bodies of water. Since no North American predator or combination of predators has been shown to significantly reduce zebra mussel numbers,{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}} such spread would most likely result in permanent establishment of zebra mussels in many North American [[waterway]]s.
-The cost of fighting the pests at power plants and other water-consuming facilities is $500 million a year in the U.S., according to the Center for Invasive Species Research at the University of California, Riverside.<ref name="ithica"/>
-== Effects of zebra mussels ==
-[[file:Zebra mussel infestation Ormond Lock.jpg|thumb|Zebra mussel infestation on the walls of Arthur V. Ormond Lock on the Arkansas River]]
-[[file:Zebra mussel GLERL 3.jpg|thumb|Zebra mussel-encrusted Vector Averaging Current Meter from Lake Michigan]]
-Zebra mussels are [[filter feeder]]s. When in the water, they open their shells to admit [[detritus]].
-Zebra mussels are a great nuisance to people. Since [[colonization]] of the [[Great Lakes]], they have covered the undersides of docks, boats, and anchors. They have also spread into streams and rivers nationwide. In some areas they completely cover the [[Substrate (marine biology)|substrate]], sometimes covering other freshwater mussels. They can grow so densely that they block pipelines, clogging water intakes of municipal water supplies and [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric]] companies.
-As their shells are very sharp, they are known for cutting people's feet, resulting in the need to wear [[water shoe]]s.
-Zebra mussels are also believed to be the source of deadly [[Botulism|avian botulism]] poisoning that has killed tens of thousands of birds in the Great Lakes since the late 1990s.<ref>[http://wgntv.trb.com/chi-loons_15jan15,0,35059.story ]{{dead link|date=June 2010}}</ref>
-However, zebra mussels and other non-native species are credited with the increased population and size of [[smallmouth bass]] in Lake Erie <ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/outdoors/bassmaster/news/story?page=tourn_03_north_open_NY_erie_preview |title=Report at ESPN Sports |publisher=Sports.espn.go.com |date=2005-03-16 |accessdate=2010-06-29}}</ref> and [[yellow perch]] in [[Lake Saint Clair (North America)|Lake St. Clair]].<ref>[http://www.puaf.umd.edu/IPPP/fall1999/exotic_species.htm Exotic species] at PUAF</ref> They cleanse the waters of inland lakes, resulting in increased sunlight penetration and growth of native [[algae]] at greater depths. This cleansing also increases water visibility and filters out pollutants. Each quagga and zebra mussel filters about {{convert|1|USqt|l}} of water a day when confined to small tanks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://michigantoday.umich.edu/2009/07/story.php?id=7510&tr=y&auid=5077806|title=Great Lakes: 'Amazing change'|accessdate=2009-08-06}}</ref> In lakes, their filtering effects are usually spatially restricted (near the lake bottom) due to non-homogeneous [[water column]] mixing.
-Recent research has found that zebra mussels don't attach to [[cupronickel]] alloys, which can be used to coat intake and discharge grates, navigational buoys, boats, motors and so on, where the pests tend to congregate.<ref name="ithica">{{cite web | url=http://www.theithacajournal.com/article/20090806/SPORTS/908060331/1128/Finally++an+answer+for+zebra+mussels | title = Finally, an answer for zebra mussels|accessdate=2009-08-06}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
-== See also ==
-* [[Quagga mussel]]
-== References ==
-{{reflist}}
-== Further reading ==
-* Minchin, D. 2003. The Zebra Mussel ''Dreissena polymopha'' (Pallas) extends its range westwards in Ireland. ''Bull. Ir. biogeog. Soc.'' '''26''': 176 - 18.
-== External links ==
-{{commons|Dreissena polymorpha}}
-* [http://nationalatlas.gov/articles/biology/a_zm.html Zebra Mussel on National Atlas]
-* [http://fl.biology.usgs.gov/Nonindigenous_Species/Zebra_mussel_FAQs/Dreissena_FAQs/dreissena_faqs.html Dreissina FAQs]
-* [http://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatics/zebramussel.shtml Species Profile- Zebra Mussel (''Dreissena polymorpha'')], National Invasive Species Information Center, [[United States National Agricultural Library]].  Lists general information and resources for Zebra Mussel.
-* [http://www.seagrant.wisc.edu/zebramussels/ Zebra Mussel Watch]
-* [http://www.umesc.usgs.gov/invasive_species/zebra_mussels/spread.html# Charting the progression of the Zebra mussel in the Eastern United States]
-* [http://www.ehsni.gov.uk/zebra_2.pdf Zebra mussel in N.I.]
-* [http://cisr.ucr.edu/quagga_zebra_mussels.html CISR - Zebra Mussels] Center for Invasive Species Research summary on Zebra Mussels
-* [http://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/GreatLakes/SpeciesInfo.asp?NoCache=6%2F23%2F2010+3%3A26%3A44+PM&SpeciesID=5&State=&HUCNumber=DGreatLakes/ GLANSIS Species FactSheet]
-* [http://yukna.free.fr/science/zebramussels/grandbanks.html Did the Zebra Mussel affect Atlantic Fishing?]-C.Yukna (EMSE France)
-{{aquatic ecosystem topics}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Zebra Mussel}}
-[[Category:Dreissenidae]]
-[[Category:Animals described in 1771]]
-[[Category:Fauna of Russia]]
-[[Category:Invasive animal species]]
-[[Category:Invasive animal species in the United States]]
-[[an:Dreissena polymorpha]]
-[[ca:Musclo zebrat]]
-[[cs:Slávička mnohotvárná]]
-[[de:Wandermuschel]]
-[[es:Dreissena polymorpha]]
-[[eu:Zebra-muskuilu]]
-[[fr:Moule zébrée]]
-[[it:Dreissena polymorpha]]
-[[hu:Vándorkagyló]]
-[[nl:Driehoeksmossel]]
-[[pl:Racicznica zmienna]]
-[[pt:Mexilhão zebra]]
-[[simple:Zebra mussel]]
-[[fi:Vaeltajasimpukka]]
-[[sv:Vandrarmussla]]
-[[uk:Тригранка]]