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Wynkyn de Worde

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Portrait and printer's mark of Wynkyn de Worde. From a drawing by Fathorne.
Plaque to Wynkyn de Worde, Stationers Hall, London

Wynkyn de Worde (/ˈwɪŋkɪn də ˈwɜːrd/; died 1534, London) was a printer and publisher in London known for his work with William Caxton, and is recognised as the first to popularise the products of the printing press in England.

Name

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Wynkyn de Worde was a German immigrant to England. His name is given in the forms Wynkyn de Worde, Wynken de Worde, Wynkyn de Word, Wijnkijn de Worde, and Winandus van Worden ("Wynkyn" is a diminutive of "Wynand").[1] [2] It is also given 15 times in the sacrist's roll of Westminster Abbey and in city records as variants of "John Wynkyn", including John Wynkyn, Johannes Wynkyn, Jan Wynkyn, and Jan van Wynkyn.[1][3] [4] He is also recorded as Willelmo Wynkyn ("William Wynkyn") once and as Mr. Wylkyns eight times.[1] His son Richard is recorded as Richard Wynkyn and Rycharde de Worde.[1]

Some authors have therefore concluded that his real name was John Wynkyn (or Wynand) and that "de Worde" was "merely a place name,"[3] while others have concluded that his real name was Wynkyn (or Wynand) de Worde[1][5] and that "John" was an added name: "It is… possible that John Wynkyn was an Anglicized alias devised by de Worde himself for occasional use—though why, and for what occasions, remains obscure."[1]

Life and work

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De Worde was likely born in either Wörth an der Sauer in Alsace or Wörth am Rhein in the Palatinate.[6] Traditionally, he was believed to have accompanied William Caxton to England in 1476; more recently, it has been argued that de Worde actually arrived around 1481, and that Caxton brought him to England to counter the competition of a second printer, John Lettou, who set up a press in London in 1480.[7] Sometime while in England, de Worde married a woman named Elizabeth. De Worde improved the quality of Caxton's product; he was, in this view, "England's first typographer".[8] In 1495, following Caxton's death in 1492 and a three-year litigation, de Worde took over Caxton's print shop.[9]

De Worde is generally credited for moving English printing away from its late-medieval beginnings and toward a "modern" model of functioning. Caxton had depended on noble patrons to sustain his enterprise; while de Worde enjoyed the support of patrons too (principally Margaret Beaufort, mother of King Henry VII), he shifted his emphasis to the creation of relatively inexpensive books for a commercial audience and the beginnings of a mass market.[10] Where Caxton had used paper imported from the Low Countries, de Worde exploited the product of John Tate, the first English papermaker. Manuscripts that served as early printer's copy, studied by Gavin Bone was the earliest attempt to identify and examine setting copy for an incunable edition of a Middle English work. [11] De Worde published more than 400 books in over 800 editions (though some are extant only in single copies and many others are extremely rare). His greatest success, in terms of volume, was the Latin grammar of Robert Whittington, which he issued in 155 editions.[12] Religious works dominated his output, in keeping with the tenor of the time; but de Worde also printed volumes ranging from romantic novels to poetry (he published the work of John Skelton and Stephen Hawes), and from children's books to volumes on household practice and animal husbandry. He innovated in the use of illustrations: while only about 20 of Caxton's editions contained woodcuts, 500 of Wynkyn de Worde's editions were illustrated.[12]

He moved his firm from Caxton's location in Westminster to London; he was the first printer to set up a site on Fleet Street (1500), which for centuries became synonymous with printing. He was also the first person to build a book stall in St Paul's Churchyard, which soon became a centre of the book trade in London. The site of Wynkyn de Worde's press is marked by a plaque on the wall of the hall of the Worshipful Company of Stationers off Ludgate Hill and Ave Maria Lane, near St Paul's Cathedral in London.

De Worde was the first to use italic type (1528) and Hebrew and Arabic characters (1524) in English books; and his 1495 version of Polychronicon by Ranulf Higden was the first English work to use movable type to print music. These musical notes, created using non-musical symbols, are often cited as the first instance of music printing in England. For a long time, De Worde was mistakenly attributed with a songbook from 1530 (frequently named after him), which is considered one of the greatest examples of music printing of that era.[13]

His name lives on via the Wynkyn de Worde Society, founded in the United Kingdom in 1957 for "people dedicated to excellence in all aspects of printing and the various stages of its creation, production, finishing and dissemination".[14][non-primary source needed]

Published works

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Books printed by Wynkyn de Worde include:

References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f Blayney, Peter W. M. (2013). The Stationers' Company and the Printers of London, 1501–1557. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107512405.
  2. ^ Stark, J. Mozley (1869). "An English Bible by Caxton?". Notes and Queries. 4 (3): 218.
  3. ^ a b Duff, Edward Gordon (1900). "Worde, Wynkyn de" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 62. pp. 443–445.
  4. ^ Crépin, André; Buschinger, Danielle & Spiewok, Wolfgang (1993). Études de linguistique et de littérature en l'honneur d'André Crépin. Reineke Verlag. p. 26. ISBN 9783894920029.
  5. ^ Plomer, Henry Robert (1977). Wynkyn de Worde and His Contemporaries from the Death of Caxton to 1535: A Chapter in English Printing. Folcroft Library Editions. p. 43. ISBN 9780841468290. Plomer writes, "It is a mistake to suppose that… his Christian name was Jan or John."
  6. ^ "Biography of Wynkyn de Worde, printer". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29968. Retrieved 28 November 2017. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  7. ^ "Biography of John Lettou, bookbinder and printer". Oxforddnb.com. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
  8. ^ Haley, Allan (1992). Typographic Milestones. John Wiley & Sons. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-471-28894-7.
  9. ^ Hutmacher, William F. (1978). Wynkyn de Worde and Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. Rodopi. pp. 7–8, 13. ISBN 90-6203-502-7.
  10. ^ Gillespie, Vincent; Powell, Susan (2014). A Companion to the Early Printed Book in Britain, 1476–1558. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-1-84384-363-4.
  11. ^ Bone, Gavin. (1931). "Extant Manuscripts Printed from by W. De Worde with Notes on the owner Roger Thorney", The Library, V.s4-XII, Issue 3, (December):284–306.
  12. ^ a b Loewenstein, David; Mueller, Janel, eds. (1999). The Cambridge History of Early Modern English Literature. Cambridge University Press. pp. 86–88. ISBN 0-521-63156-4.
  13. ^ Illing, Robert (1963). Pergamon Dictionary of Musicians and Music. Vol. 1: Musicians. Oxford: Pergamon Press. p. 131.
  14. ^ "About the Society". The Wynkyn de Worde Society. Retrieved 23 February 2014.
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