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Wyeth

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(Redirected from Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories)
This article is about the corporation. For other uses of the word, see Wyeth (disambiguation).

Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc.
FormerlyAmerican Home Products Corporation
Company typePublic
NYSE: AHP (until 2002)
NYSE: WYE (2002–2009)
IndustryPharmaceuticals,
healthcare
Founded(1860) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
FateAcquired by Pfizer
Number of locations
Collegeville, Pennsylvania and Madison, New Jersey United States
Key people
Bernard J. Poussot, CEO, President and Vice Chairman of Wyeth
Robert Essner, Chairman
Joseph Mahady, President, Global Business, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals
John Wyeth, Founder
ProductsPremarin,
Effexor,
Enbrel,
(See more products.)
RevenueIncrease US$ 22.4 billion (2008)
Increase US$ 4.6 billion (2008)
Number of employees
49,732 (2005)
ParentPfizer (formerly), Nestlé (currently)
Website(now part of Pfizer) was www.wyeth.com

Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc. was a pharmaceutical company until it was purchased by Pfizer in 2009. The company was founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1860 as John Wyeth and Brother. Its headquarters moved to Collegeville, Pennsylvania, and Madison, New Jersey, before its headquarters were consolidated with Pfizer's in New York City after the 2009 merger.

Wyeth manufactured over-the-counter (OTC) drugs Robitussin and the analgesic Advil (ibuprofen) as well as prescription drugs Premarin and Effexor.

History

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1860–1899

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In 1860, pharmacists John (1834–1907) and Frank Wyeth opened a drugstore with a small research lab on Walnut Street in Philadelphia. In 1862, on the suggestion of doctors, they began to manufacture large quantities of commonly ordered medicines. They were successful, and in 1864 they began supplying medicines and beef extract to the Union army during the Civil War.[citation needed]

In 1872, Henry Bower, an employee of Wyeth, developed one of the first rotary compressed tablet machines in the United States. This enabled the mass production of medicines with unprecedented precision and speed. It was successful, and the Wyeth brothers won multiple awards at the Centennial Exhibition. In 1883, Wyeth opened its first international facility in Montreal, Canada, and began vaccine production. Six years later a fire destroyed the brothers' original Walnut Street store, and they sold the retail business and focused on mass production.[citation needed]

1900–1929

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John Wyeth died in 1907 and his only son, Stuart, became the company's president. The Whitehall building in downtown Manhattan became the corporation's first headquarters. Global sales increased due to the sales of Wyeth's Kolynos brand of toothpaste. In 1929, Stuart Wyeth died and left controlling interest to Harvard University.[citation needed]

1930–1949

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In 1930, Wyeth purchased Anacin, a product for tension headaches which quickly became the company's flagship product. One year later, Harvard sold Wyeth to American Home Products for US$2.9 million.[citation needed]

In 1935, Alvin G. Brush, a Certified Public Accountant, became CEO of the organization and served for 30 years. Under Brush's leadership, 34 new companies were acquired in 15 years, including Chef Boyardee and the S.M.A. Corporation, a pharmaceutical firm specializing in infant formulas. Wyeth also made its first licensing deal, acquiring an antibiotic for arthritis vaccine research.[citation needed]

In 1941, the US entered World War II, and Wyeth shipped typical wartime drugs such as sulfa bacteriostatics, blood plasma, typhus vaccine, quinine, and atabrine tablets. Wyeth was later rewarded for its contribution to the war effort. During this time, Wyeth launched its penicillin research facility with G. Raymond Rettew. In 1943, Wyeth purchased G. Washington Coffee Refining Company, an instant coffee company created by early 20th century Belgian inventor George Washington.

In 1943, Wyeth merged with Ayerst, McKenna and Harrison, Ltd. of Canada. With this merger came Premarin, the world's first conjugated estrogen medicine, which was a flagship product for Wyeth until 2002, when preliminary results from the Women's Health Initiative linked it to a number of negative effects, including increased risk for breast cancer. Sales subsequently fell off worldwide.

Wyeth was one of 22 companies selected by the government in 1944 to manufacture penicillin for the military, and later for the general public.

In 1945, Wyeth acquired the Fort Dodge Serum Company, entering the animal health field.[citation needed]

1950–1969

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In 1951, Wyeth launched Antabuse, a drug for the treatment of alcoholism, as well as the antihistamine Phenergan. Ansolyen was launched the next year as a high blood pressure medication. The anticonvulsant Mysoline was introduced in 1954. Other drugs introduced during this time include Isordil, a vasodilator for treatment of angina, Dryvax, a freeze-dried smallpox vaccine, and Ovral, a combined oral contraceptive pill. Pharmaceuticals were generating an ever-increasing percentage of Wyeth's sales.

Wyeth became a leading US vaccine producer after supplying polio vaccine for Salk trials. The corporate headquarters were moved to Radnor, Pennsylvania, where they remained until 2003. William F. Laporte became the Chairman and President of AHP in 1965, and served until 1981.[citation needed]

The World Health Organization initiated the Global Smallpox Eradication Program in 1967, and approached Wyeth to develop a better injection system for smallpox vaccines which could be used in the field. Wyeth waived patent royalties on its innovative bifurcated needle, aiding in the delivery of over 200 million smallpox vaccines per year.[citation needed]

1970–1989

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Wyeth's oral contraceptives became popular in the US. John W. Culligan, after becoming Chairman and CEO in 1981, spun off less profitable lines and focused resources on consumer and prescription drugs. Wyeth made history in 1984 with the introduction of Advil, the first nonprescription ibuprofen in America, as well as the most famous prescription-to-OTC switch in history.

John R. Stafford became CEO and Chairman in 1986. He completed the divestiture of non-core businesses such as household products, foods, candy (Brach's Candy), and medical devices (e.g., its Sherwood-Medical Company was sold to Tyco-Kendal in 1997). Wyeth and Ayerst merged to form Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories, thus strengthening and consolidating Wyeth's pharmaceutical operations.

In the late 1980s, Wyeth acquired the animal health businesses of Bristol-Myers and Parke-Davis. Wyeth also acquired A.H. Robins, makers of Robitussin, ChapStick, Dimetapp, and the Dalkon Shield merging it into its Whitehall unit to establish its Whitehall-Robins Division.

1990–1999

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In 1990, Reckitt & Colman (now Reckitt Benckiser) acquired Boyle-Midway from American Home Products. After a dedication of the food business, the PAM trademark becomes part of American Home Foods.

Premarin becomes the most prescribed drug in the US in 1993. Effexor (venlafaxine HCl), the first serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), is introduced for the treatment of clinical depression and is later indicated for generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder.

In 1993, Wyeth founded the Women's Health Research Institute, the only institute in the pharmaceutical industry entirely dedicated to research in women's health. The Institute conducted trials in menopausal issues, endometriosis, contraception, and more.

In 1994, Wyeth acquired American Cyanamid and its subsidiary Lederle Laboratories. This acquisition brought the Lederle Praxis vaccines, new research and development capacity, and Centrum, the leading US multivitamin. Wyeth's sales topped US$13 billion in 1995; two years later, Premarin became the company's first brand to reach US$1 billion in sales.

In 1995, Wyeth acquired the animal health division of Solvay, which was folded into Fort Dodge Animal Health. The acquisition gave Fort Dodge Animal Health strong market presence in Europe and Asia as well as expanding its product portfolio to include swine and poultry vaccines.

In 1996, American Home Products spun off its food unit as International Home Foods. International Home Foods was purchased by ConAgra Foods in 2000. Wyeth also purchases full ownership of Genetics Institute, Inc. after acquiring a majority interest in 1992.[1]

In 1997, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) requested that Wyeth withdraw its controversial diet drug fenfluramine from the market by after several reports of deaths and other health problems associated with the drug combination known as fen-phen occurred.[2]

In 1998, American Home Products was left at the altar by British pharma powerhouse SmithKline Beecham, who pulled the plug on the estimated $70 billion merger. The deal was reportedly killed in response to British regulators who feared losing jobs to a proposed US headquarters location. (SmithKline Beecham merged with fellow Brit Glaxo Wellcome in 1999 to form the world's leading drug company.) This was the start of a three-year losing streak in the mergers and acquisitions game for AHP.

In 1999, another American Home Products merger fell through, this time a proposed $34 billion merger-of-equals with chemical and biotech manufacturer Monsanto Company. Though the companies issued a combined statement saying the breakup was mutual "because (the deal) was not in the best interests of shareholders," rumors circulated that AHP had canceled the deal due to issues in the soon-to-be-combined boardroom. (Monsanto announced in December 1999 that it would merge with Pharmacia & Upjohn instead; the new conglomerate eventually unloaded Monsanto again, before being bought themselves by Pfizer in 2003.)

2000–2009

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  • In 2000, American Home Products lost a US$65 billion friendly takeover bid for rival drug company Warner-Lambert. After the merger announcement, Pfizer offered a competing hostile bid, primarily to save its joint venture with Warner over Lipitor (at the time the #1 prescription drug in the world). At one point talks were under way in which Procter & Gamble would help by buying both companies in a wild three-way merger, a rumor which cost P&G a 10% drop in its stock price[citation needed]. Although both CEOs eventually toured the world to defend the deal to the company's shareholders, Pfizer won Warner-Lambert and formed the second largest drug company in the world, while AHP had to settle for a US$1.8 billion poison-pill payment. This was at the time the biggest poison-pill payment in US history.[3]
  • On May 17, 2000 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin (Mylotarg®; Wyeth Laboratories, now part of Pfizer).[4][5] The drug is a recombinant, humanized anti-CD33 monoclonal antibody (IgG4 κ antibody hP67.6) covalently attached to the cytotoxic antitumor antibiotic calicheamicin (N-acetyl-γ-calicheamicin) via a bifunctional linker (4-(4-acetylphenoxy)butanoic acid). Gemtuzumab ozogamicin was developed in a collaboration between Wyeth-Ayerst Research and Celltech Chiroscience, using Celltech’s antibody-humanization technology and Wyeth-Ayerst’s calicheamicin-conjugation technology. The drug was approved on May 17, 2000 under the FDA's Accelerated Approval regulations, and was indicated for the treatment of patients with CD33-positive Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) in first relapse who are 60 years of age or older and who are not considered candidates for cytotoxic chemotherapy. The approved dose was 9 mg/m i.v. over 4 h and repeated every 14 days. In 2010, after Pfizer acquired Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, gemtuzumab ozogamicin was voluntarily withdrawn from the market. In January 2017 Pfizer’s Biologics License Application (BLA; BLA761060) for gemtuzumab ozogamicin was accepted for filing by the FDA. A Marketing Authorization Application (MAA) for review by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) was validated in December 2016 and on September 1, 2017, the FDA (re)approved gemtuzumab ozogamicin.[6] The (re-)approval included a lower recommended dose, a different schedule in combination with chemotherapy or on its own, and a new patient population.[7]
  • On January 23, 2009, The Wall Street Journal reported that Pfizer was in talks to buy Wyeth at a cost of US$68 billion.[8] On January 25, Pfizer agreed to the purchase, a deal financed with cash, shares and loans.[9] The deal was completed on October 15, 2009.[10] The purchase was approved by the SEC and went into effect later in 2009, although vestiges of Wyeth remained for another year or two while effects of the merger were ironed out.
  • Robert Essner, the company's former CEO, was appointed in 2001. On September 27, 2007, the Wyeth Board of Directors elected Bernard Poussot President and Chief Executive Officer effective on January 1, 2008.[11]
  • On March 11, 2002, American Home Products changed its name to Wyeth, having spun off unrelated businesses in order to focus on pharmaceuticals.[12]
  • As part of the Women's Health Initiative sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, a large-scale clinical trial for Hormone Replacement Therapy showed that long-term use of progestin and estrogen may increase the risk of strokes, heart attacks, blood clots, and breast cancer. Following these results, Wyeth experienced a significant decline in its sales of Premarin, Prempro (conjugated equine estrogens) and related hormones[citation needed], from over $2 billion in 2002 to just over $1 billion in 2006.[13] The results from the study were significant enough that Wyeth terminated the trials early due to a fear that their participants may be at risk.
  • Wyeth, as a corporation, filed a 'citizens complaint' with the United States FDA on October 16, 2005, requesting that the US FDA take action against pharmacies who compound, manufacture, or sell unlicensed Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy (BHRT) drugs to their patients. Specifically, Wyeth asserted that the BHRT drugs are not licensed by the FDA according to section 505 of the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, misbranded and adulterated per sections 501 and 502 of 21 U.S.C. (paragraphs 351, 352, and 355).[14] Drug manufacturers are required to demonstrate through clinical trials that marketed drugs are safe and efficacious, a process that BHRT drugs have not undergone. If honored, the request would require the same safety and efficacy data for those primarily engaged in alternative medicine.
  • The European Commissioner for Health and Consumer Protection blamed the presence of illegal steroids in the food supply on "fraudulent exchange and disposal of pharmaceutical waste". A Wyeth factory disposing of the byproducts from synthetic progesterone manufacture was the source of the contamination.[15]
  • In 2003 Wyeth reportedly contributed funds to a not-for-profit support group, The Meningitis Centre, which lobbied the Australian Government to introduce universal immunisation against pneumococcal disease.[16] Wyeth produced the only pneumococcal vaccine approved for young children in Australia.
  • During June 2009, an Arkansas federal judge granted public access to evidence that Wyeth Pharmaceuticals "ghostwrote" medical articles regarding its hormone therapy drug Prempro. Along with The New York Times, PLoS Medicine, represented by the law firm Public Justice, had sought to intervene in a court case of women bringing an action in relation to Prempro and other hormone therapy drugs, in order to unseal papers that allegedly showed that Wyeth failed to disclose its role in preparing medical journal articles promoting Prempro and in recruiting academic authors to put their names on the articles for publication—that is that they practised ghost writing.[17]
  • On October 15, 2009 Pfizer signed the final acquisition papers making Wyeth a wholly owned subsidiary of Pfizer, thus completing the US$68 billion dollar deal.[10]

2012–present

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  • In 2012, Nestlé bought the infant nutrition division of Pfizer and renamed it as Wyeth Nutrition. The Wyeth brand is still owned by Pfizer.[citation needed]

Subsidiaries

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Wyeth Consumer Healthcare

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Wyeth Consumer Healthcare (formerly Whitehall-Robins Consumer Healthcare) operated throughout the world. The consumer healthcare division had sales of $2.5 billion in 2004 and was at the time the fifth largest over-the-counter health products company in the world.

Wyeth Pharmaceuticals

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Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, formerly Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories, is the original company founded by the Wyeth brothers, originally known as John Wyeth and Brother. They focused on the research, development, and marketing of prescription drugs. The pharmaceuticals division was further subdivided into five subdivisions: Wyeth Research, Prescription Products, Biotech, Vaccines, and Nutritionals.[18][19]

Fort Dodge Animal Health

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Fort Dodge Animal Health was founded in 1912 by Daniel E. Baughman as "Fort Dodge Serum Company". The company was established in Fort Dodge, Iowa, to manufacture hog cholera serum. It became a division of American Home Products in 1945. It is a leading manufacturer of prescription and over-the-counter veterinary vaccines and pharmaceuticals. Its global headquarters are located in Overland Park, Kansas.[20][21]

Innovative Fort Dodge products include West Nile-Innovator, Duramune Adult, CYDECTIN Pour-on, the Pyramid vaccine line, Quest Gel, and EtoGesic Tablets.

Products

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Wyeth Consumer Healthcare Products (changed to Pfizer Consumer Healthcare, GSK Consumer Healthcare, and finally Haleon)

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Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Products

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Fort Dodge Animal Health Products

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  • Barricade[24]
  • Biodectin Sheep Vaccine and wormer (moxidectin)
  • Bursine-2/Bursine Plus/Bursine K Poultry Vaccines
  • Cefa-Lak/Cefa-Dri
  • CYDECTIN (moxidectin)
  • Dicural
  • Duramune Dog Vaccines
  • Duvaxyn Horse Vaccines
  • EtoGesic Tablets
  • Ewegaurd Sheep Vaccine and wormer (moxidectin)
  • Fel-O-Guard Cat Vaccines
  • Fel-O-Vax Cat Vaccines
  • Fluvac Innovator Horse Vaccine
  • GiardiaVax Dog Vaccine
  • Ketaset
  • LeptoVax Dog Vaccine
  • LymeVax Dog Vaccine
  • Nolvasan
  • PestVac Pig Vaccine
  • Pinnacle I.N. Horse Vaccine
  • Pneumobort Horse Vaccine
  • Polyflex
  • Poulvac Poultry Vaccines
  • Presponse Cattle Vaccines
  • ProHeart 6/ProHeart SR-12 (moxidectin) Heartworm preventative
  • ProMeris for dogs and cats
  • Provac Poultry Vaccines
  • PYRAMID Cattle Vaccines
  • Quest/Equest Gel (moxidectin)
  • Rabon Ear Tags for Cattle
  • Rabvac Rabies Vaccine for Dogs
  • Supona
  • Suvaxyn Pig Vaccines
  • Synanthic
  • SYNOVEX Implants
  • Telazol
  • ToDAY/ToMORROW
  • Torbugesic-SA
  • Triangle Cattle Vaccines
  • TriReo Poultry Vaccine
  • Vetdectin (moxidectin) (New Zealand)
  • Weanerguard Sheep Vaccine and wormer (moxidectin)
  • Websters Cattle, Sheep and Poultry Vaccines (Australia)
  • West Nile Innovator Horse Vaccine

Wyeth Nutrition Products

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Prenatal

  • Bonina

Infant

  • S-26
  • S-26 Gold
  • Bonna

Toddler

  • Bonakid
  • S-26 Promil Gold
  • S-26 Promil
  • Ascenda

Pre-school

  • Bonakid Pre-School
  • Promil
  • Promil Gold
  • Ascenda Kid

Special Feeder

  • S-26 Gold Comfortis HW
  • S-26 Gold CS
  • S-26 Gold HA
  • S-26 Gold LF
  • Bonna Low Lactose

Controversies

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Rapamune

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A "whistleblower suit" was filed against Wyeth in 2005 alleging that the company illegally marketed their drug Rapamune. Wyeth is targeted in the suit for off-label marketing, targeting specific doctors and medical facilities to increased sales of Rapamune, trying to get current transplant patients to change from their current transplant drugs to Rapamune and for specifically targeting African-Americans. According to the whistleblowers, Wyeth also provided doctors and hospitals with kickbacks to prescribe the drug in the form of grants, donations and other money.[25][26] As of 2010 a US House of Representatives committee, led by Rep. Edolphus Towns was investigating Wyeth for these abuses.[27][28]

Prempro

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Wyeth was sued for its marketing of Prempro, a hormone replacement therapy, which was implicated in the cancers of 14,000 patients. Wyeth was particularly criticised by observers for its use of 'ghostwriters' to put their names to research papers that Wyeth had paid a third party, DesignWrite, to prepare.[29]

Diet-Drug: Dexfenfluramine (Phentermine/Fenfluramine, aka,"Fen-Phen")

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The drug combination fenfluramine/phentermine, usually called "fen-phen," was an anti-obesity treatment. Fenfluramine was marketed by Wyeth as Pondimin, but was shown to cause potentially fatal pulmonary hypertension and heart valve problems.

For more information refer to the article Fenfluramine/phentermine.

References

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  1. ^ History of Wyeth at ´Fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved 25.10.2012.
  2. ^ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (November 14, 1997). "Cardiac valvulopathy associated with exposure to fenfluramine or dexfenfluramine: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services interim public health recommendations, November 1997". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 46 (45): 1061–1066. PMID 9385873.
  3. ^ "Nun der zweitgrößte Pharmakonzern der Welt". Rheinische Post. February 7, 2000. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
  4. ^ Bross, P. F.; Beitz, J.; Chen, G.; Chen, X. H.; Duffy, E.; Kieffer, L.; Roy, S.; Sridhara, R.; Rahman, A.; Williams, G.; Pazdur, R. (June 7, 2001). "Bross PF, Beitz J, Chen G, Chen XH, Duffy E, Kieffer L, Roy S, Sridhara R, Rahman A, Williams G, Pazdur R. Approval summary: gemtuzumab ozogamicin in relapsed acute myeloid leukemia". Clinical Cancer Research. 7 (6): 1490–1496. PMID 11410481. Retrieved August 14, 2024.
  5. ^ Sorokin, P. (June 7, 2001). "Sorokin P. Mylotarg approved for patients with CD33+ acute myeloid leukemia". Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing. 4 (6): 279–280. PMID 11899326. Retrieved August 14, 2024.
  6. ^ "FDA Approval for Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin: Reintroduction Based on Favorable Risk:Benefit Profile". ADCReview. September 2, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2024.
  7. ^ "Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin (Mylotarg®) Drug Description". ADCReview. Retrieved August 14, 2024.
  8. ^ "Pfizer in talks to acquire Wyeth in $60 billion deal: WSJ". MarketWatch. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
  9. ^ Pettypiece, Shannon (January 26, 2009). "Pfizer's $68 Billion Wyeth Deal Eases Lipitor Loss". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
  10. ^ a b "Pfizer: Wyeth Transaction". Archived from the original on May 24, 2013. Retrieved October 25, 2009.
  11. ^ http://www.forbes.com/finance/mktguideapps/personinfo/FromPersonIdPersonTearsheet.jhtml?passedPersonId=895899[dead link‍]
  12. ^ "Wyeth's investor FAQ". Archived from the original on December 18, 2008. Retrieved December 18, 2007.
  13. ^ "Wyeth Reports Earnings Report for the 2006 Fourth Quarter and Full Year" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 20, 2009.
  14. ^ Botha, S (October 6, 2005). "Submission of Citizen Petition on Behalf of Wyeth" (PDF). FDA. Retrieved January 27, 2010.
  15. ^ "Hormone food scandal rocks Europe". Newscientist.com. July 16, 2002. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
  16. ^ "Drug giant linked to immunisation campaign". Theage.com.au. December 22, 2003. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
  17. ^ "Successful intervention by PLoS Medicine and The New York Times in Federal court grants public access to evidence that drug company 'ghostwrote' medical articles about hormone therapy drug, Prempro". Archived from the original on August 14, 2009. Retrieved August 10, 2009.
  18. ^ Gina kolata (March 28, 2004). "Ideas & Trends: Of Mice and Men; Why Test Animals to Cure Human Depression?". The New York Times. Retrieved December 26, 2010. But Dr. Robert R. Ruffolo, president of research and development at Wyeth,...
  19. ^ Andrew pollack (June 14, 2010). "Awaiting the Genome Payoff". The New York Times. Retrieved December 26, 2010. "If on the first day we had discovered a new molecular target, it's still going to take 15 to 20 years to make the drug," said Robert R. Ruffolo Jr., who ran research and development at Wyeth until 2008.
  20. ^ "Pfizer Animal Health Information - Cows, Cattle, Pig, Cat, Dog & Horse". Pfizerah.com. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
  21. ^ "Press Releases | Pfizer: the world's largest research-based pharmaceutical company". Pfizer. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
  22. ^ "Wyeth Over-the-Counter Products". Wyeth.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2010. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
  23. ^ "Wyeth Prescription Products". Wyeth.com. Archived from the original on March 15, 2010. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
  24. ^ "Wyeth Animal Health Products". Wyeth.com. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
  25. ^ "Wyeth Marketing Targeted Blacks Illegally: Lawsuit // Pharmalot". Pharmalot.com. May 24, 2010. Archived from the original on May 28, 2010. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
  26. ^ Tracy Staton (June 14, 2010). "Congress joins probe into Wyeth's Rapamune marketing". FiercePharma. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
  27. ^ Richwine, Lisa (June 11, 2010). "UPDATE 1-U.S. panel probes marketing of Wyeth transplant drug". Reuters.
  28. ^ "U.S. Lawmakers to Investigate Wyeth Illegal Marketing (Update2) - BusinessWeek". Archived from the original on June 15, 2010. Retrieved June 14, 2010.
  29. ^ Medical ghostwriters who build a brand | Comment is free | The Guardian, The Guardian
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