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Women in 18th-century warfare

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Women have contributed to military activities including as combatants. The following list describes women known to have participated in military actions in the 18th century. For women in warfare in the United States at this time, please see Timeline of women in war in the United States, pre-1945.

Timeline of women in warfare from 18th century warfare worldwide (except the present US)

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Maratha Queen Tarabai
Tarabai
Mai Bhago
Julianna Géczy
Margareta von Ascheberg
Anna Colbjørnsdatter
Dahomey Amazons
Phoebe Hessel
Hannah Snell
Mah Laqa Bai
Begum Samru
Manuela Beltrán
Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua
Statue of Bartolina Sisa alongside Túpac Katari
Thao Thep Kasattri and Thao Sri Sunthon
Dorothea Maria Lösch
Renée Bordereau
Céleste Bulkeley
Marie-Thérèse Figueur
Franziska Scanagatta

18th century

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1710s

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1720s

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  • 1720–1739: Granny Nanny, a spiritual leader of the Maroons of Jamaica, leads rebel slaves to victory in First Maroon War.[35]
  • 1721: Comtesse de Polignac, previously the lover of Duc de Richelieu, fights a duel with her rival and successor, the Marchioness de Nesle.[36]
  • 1722: Six unnamed females are shipped back to the Netherlands after having been exposed to have served as males in either the Dutch Marines or army in an attempt to emigrate to the Dutch East Indies.[20]
  • 1723: Lumke Thoole serve in the Dutch navy dressed as a male under the name Jan Theunisz.[20]
  • 1725: Dutch woman Maria ter Meetelen serves in the Spanish army dressed as a man.[37]
  • 1726: Maria Elisabeth Meening served in the Dutch navy dressed as a male.[20]
  • 1727: Dahomey Amazons are founded.[38]

1730s

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1740s

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  • 1740: Ann Mills fights on the frigate Maidenstone as a dragoon.[41]
  • 1741–1743: Maria van de Gijessen served in the Dutch navy under then name Claes van de Gijessen.[42]
  • 1743: Johanna Sophia Kettner disguises herself as a man and enlists in the Austrian army.[43]
  • 1744: An unnamed female serve in the Dutch navy dressed as a male.[20]
  • 1745: Jacobina (last name unknown) served in the Dutch navy dressed as a male.[20]
  • 1745: An unnamed female served in the Dutch navy dressed as a male.[20]
  • 1745: Phoebe Hessel fights in the Battle of Fontenoy. She had disguised herself as a man to do so.[44]
  • 1745: Scottish Mary Ralphson fights in the British army in Battle of Fontenoy dressed as a man[45]
  • 1746: Johanna Bennius serve in the Dutch navy dressed as a male under the name Jan Drop.[20]
  • 1746: Elisabeth Huyser serve in the Dutch army dressed as a male.[20]
  • 1746–1769: Maria van Antwerpen serves as a soldier in the Netherlands under the name Jan van Art.[46]
  • 1748: Gertruid van Duiren enlists and briefly serve in the Dutch army before being discovered[47]
  • 1747–1750: Hannah Snell, serve disguised as a man in the Royal Marine: her military service is officially recognized in 1750, and she is granted a pension.[48]

1750s

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  • 1750: Maria Sophia Stording serve in the Dutch navy dressed as a man.[20]
  • 1751: Two unnamed soldiers of the Dutch navy are discovered to be females dressed as males.[20]
  • 1754: An unnamed female serve in the Dutch army dressed as a man.[20]
  • 1755: An unnamed female serve in the Dutch navy dressed as a man.[20]
  • 1756: Soldier Jochem Wiesse of the Dutch army are discovered to be a female dressed as a male.[20]
  • 1757: Sailor "Arthur Douglas" is revealed to be a woman. Her birth-name is unknown.[49]
  • 1757: An unnamed female serve in the Dutch army dressed as a man.[20]
  • 1757–58: Two unnamed females serve in the Dutch navy dressed as a males.[20]
  • 1759–1771: Mary Lacy serves as a Marine carpenter under the name of "William Chandler".[50]

1760s

[edit]
  • 1760s: Petronella van den Kerkhof possibly serve in the Dutch army as a grenadier: however, as she was not discovered during service, this is unconfirmed.[51]
  • 1760–1761: A woman serves in the British Marines as "William Prothero".[49]
  • 1762: Rafaela Herrera inspires the outnumbered Spanish defenders to victory during a 1762 British siege of the Fortress of the Immaculate Conception in El Castillo village within El Castillo municipality, Nicaragua.[52]
  • 1763: After the assassination of her husband Diego, Filipina Gabriela Silang decided to continue his rebellion in Ilocos against Spain but was unsuccessful.[53]
  • 1764: The Dutch soldier Tiesheld is discovered to be a female dressed as a male.[20]
  • 1765: An unnamed member of the Dutch navy is discovered to be a female dressed as a male.[20]
  • 1768: Birth of Mah Laqa Bai. Due to her archery skills, she accompanied the Nizam II (Mir Nizam Ali Khan) in three wars;[54]
  • 1769: Anna Sophia Spiesen serve in the Dutch army dressed as a male under the name Claas Paulusse.[20]

1770s

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  • 1770–1771: Margareta Reymers serve in the Dutch navy dressed as a man: she is discovered by her pregnancy.[55]
  • 1772: Mademoiselle de Guignes and Mademoiselle d'Aguillon fight a duel in Paris.[56]
  • 1775: On Dec. 11, Jemima Warner was killed by an enemy bullet during the siege of Quebec. Mrs. Warner had originally accompanied her husband, PVT James Warner of Thompson's Pennsylvania Rifle Battalion, to Canada because she feared that he would become sick on the campaign trail and she wanted to nurse him. When PVT Warner eventually died in the wilderness en route to Quebec, Mrs. Warner buried him and stayed with the battalion as a cook.[57]
  • 1778: Baltazara Chuiza leads a rebellion against the Spanish in Ecuador.[58]
  • 1778: Sikh princess Bibi Rajindar Kaur leads 3,000 soldiers to rescue her cousin who was defeated by Hari Singh.[59]
  • 1778–1803: The ruling Princess of Sardhana, Begum Samru (Johanna Noblis), leads her armies in war.[60]

1780s

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  • 1780: Rani Velu Nachiar of Sivagangai Poligar leads a female army against the East India Company forces.[61]
  • 1780: Manuela Beltrán organizes a peasant revolt in Colombia.[62]
  • 1780: Ñusta Huillac of the Kolla tribe rebels against the Spanish in Chile.[63]
  • 1780s: Swedish runaway Carin du Rietz becomes a soldier at the royal guard.[64]
  • 1780–1781: Micaela Bastidas Puyucahua recruits and leads men and women in battle during a rebellion against the Spanish rule in Peru. She is eventually captured and executed by the Spanish.[65]
  • 1780–1781: Maria van Spanje serve in the Dutch navy for eight months dressed as a male: she is discovered while trying to repeat this when enlisting anew in 1782.[66]
  • 1781: Lena Catharina Wasmoet serve in the Dutch navy dressed as a man under the name Claas Waal.[20]
  • 1781: Gregoria Apaza, an Aymara woman, leads an uprising against the Spanish in Bolivia.[67]
  • 1781: Margaret Thompson serves in the Royal Marines under the name George Thompson.[68]
  • 1782: Anna Maria Everts serve in the Dutch navy dressed as a man.[20]
  • 1782: Bartolina Sisa, an Aymara woman who led an indigenous uprising against the Spanish in Bolivia, is captured and executed.[69]
  • 1783: Johanna Dorothea Heeght serve in the Dutch navy dressed as a man under the name Johannes Hegt.[20]
  • 1785: According to Thai legend, Thao Thep Kasattri and Thao Sri Sunthon, two sisters, help repel a Burmese invasion of Thailand by dressing as male soldiers and rallying the troops.[70][71][72][73][74]
  • 1787–1807: A woman serves twenty years in the Royal Marines under the name "Tom Bowling"[49]
  • 1787: The wife of the German colonel Schutz is reported to have accompanied her spouse dressed as a male in warfare and having been wounded two times in Russian service.[75]
  • 1788–1790: After the war between Russia and Sweden, several of the soldiers decorated in the Swedish army are discovered to be women in disguise. One of them is Brita Hagberg, who enlisted in search of her husband; she is given a military pension.[76]
  • 1788–1790: During the Russo-Swedish war, Anna Maria Engsten, after a battle at sea, singlehandedly steers one of the boats back to Sweden after having been left alone onboard after its evacuation; she is decorated for bravery at sea.[77]
  • 1788–1790: During the Battle of Svensksund, Dorothea Maria Lösch takes command of a Swedish ship and is rewarded with the rank of captain of the Swedish fleet.[78]

1790s

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See also

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References

[edit]
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  5. ^ Silverblatt, Irene (1987). Moon, sun, and witches: gender ideologies and class in Inca and colonial Peru. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 123. ISBN 0-691-07726-6. OCLC 14165734.
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  32. ^ Norheim, Olav: «Den modige finnekjærringa», Terra Buskerud. Historieboka.no
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  35. ^ "Government of Jamaica, national heroes listing".
  36. ^ Lewis G. M. Thorpe: Nottingham French Studies, V. 41. W. Heffer., 2002.
  37. ^ Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland (DVN)
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  39. ^ "The story of Breffu, a female slave from Ghana who led a massive slave revolt to take over the West Indies in 1733". Ghanaian Museum. 2019-12-23. Retrieved 2020-02-07.
  40. ^ Günther Noé, "Amazonen" in der österreichischen Geschichte. – In: Österreich in Geschichte und Literatur, Band 30 (1986), S. 350–361
  41. ^ Felsenstien, Frank: Unraveling Ann Mills. Some thoughts on Gender Construction and Naval Heroism (2006)
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  43. ^ Reisinger, Klaus (2001). "Frauen und Militär in der Neuzeit. Francesca Scanagatta: Die militärische Karriere einer Frau im ausgehenden 18. Jahrhundert". In Österreichische Gesellschaft zur Erforchung des 18. Jahrhunderts (ed.). Das achtzehnte Jahrhundert und Österreich (in German). Vol. 16. Facultas, WUV. pp. 60–61. ISBN 978-3-85114-659-2.
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  48. ^ Matthew Stephens – Hannah Snell: The Secret Life of a Female Marine, 1723–1792
  49. ^ a b c Suzanne J. Stark: Female tars: women aboard ship in the age of sail. Naval Institute Press, 1996
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  55. ^ "Reymers, Margareta (ca. 1747–na 1771)".
  56. ^ Florence Marryat: Her Father's Name
  57. ^ "Women In Military Service For America Memorial".
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  61. ^ The Hindu – 10-Aug-2010
  62. ^ Phelan, John Leddy: "El pueblo y el rey. La revolución comunera en Colombia, 1781". Bogotá: Carlos Valencia.
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  90. ^ L'histoire tragique de Céleste Bulkeley est racontée dans « Un Vendéen sous la Terreur », d'après le manuscrit de son frère Toussaint Ambroise Talour de la Cartrie ; ce manuscrit, aujourd'hui perdu, a d'abord été édité en anglais puis re-traduit en français par Pierre Amédée Pichot (édition de 1910 et fac-similé de 1988).
  91. ^ Gabriel Dumay, Thérèse Figueur, dite Madame Sans-Gêne, dragon aux 15e et 93 régiments (1793–1815) (1904), with subsequent additions in "Extrait des procès-verbaux du séances", Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences, Arts et Belles-Lettres de Dijon, 4th Series, vol. 11 (1910), pp. xxxii–xxxiv, lviii–lx; Léon Hennet, "Femmes Soldats dans les armees de la révolution", La Nouvelle Revue Français 40 (1919), pp. 341–353 at pp. 347–48; Philippe Lefrancois, "La vraie Madame Sans-Gêne, dragon et blanchisseuse", Miroir de l'histoire 98 (1958), pp. 233–236.
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  98. ^ Bartlett/Dawson/Keough: Thomas Bartlett, Kevin Dawson, Daire Keogh, The 1798 Rebellion: An Illustrated History, Roberts Rinehart, 1998, p. 172
  99. ^ Franz Joseph Gut: Der Überfall in Nidwalden im Jahr 1798 in seinen Ursachen und Folgen. Stans 1862; Neuauflage Kägiswil 1989.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Cook, Bernard, ed. Women and War: Historical Encyclopedia from Antiquity to the Present (2006).
  • Elshtain, Jean Bethke. Women and War (1995)
  • Elshtain Jean, and Sheila Tobias, eds. Women, Militarism, and War (1990)
  • Mayer, Holly A. Belonging to the Army: Camp Followers and Community during the American Revolution (University of South Carolina Press, 1996)
  • Jones, David. Women Warriors: A History (Brassey's, 1997)
  • Martino, Gina M. Women at War in the Borderlands of the Early American Northeast (University of North Carolina Press, 2018).
  • Pennington, Reina. Amazons to Fighter Pilots: A Biographical Dictionary of Military Women (2003).
[edit]
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